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I-Iwu (易武, Yìwǔ) ingenye yezifunda zetiye ezidume kakhulu esifundazweni saseYunnan, enikeze igama kuso sonke isitayela se-sheng pu’er enesimo esithambile, esimnandi njengoju. Itholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-”Zintaba Zetiye Ezinkulu Eziyisithupha” zasendulo (古六大茶山, gǔ liùdà cháshān) esifundeni saseMengla (勐腊县, Měnglà xiàn) eSifundeni Esizimele SaseXishuangbanna Dai. Ngokomlando, i-Iwu yayiyisizinda sokukhiqiza itiye lentela (贡茶, gòngchá) ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaQing futhi iyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo amamaki etiye amadala adumile asezingeni “lezinombolo”. Namuhla, itiye lase-Iwu lithathwa njengezinga letiye le-pu’er lesitayela “esithambile”, kanti impahla eluhlaza evela ezihlahleni zayo ezindala ingeyebiza kakhulu futhi ifunwa kakhulu emakethe. Isikhundla esithi ‘生普毛茶易武’ sisho impahla eluhlaza exutshwe yashiywa ingacindezelwanga ye-sheng pu’er (maocha) evela kulesi sifunda—umkhiqizo ongakapheli osetshenziselwa ukucindezela amaqebelengwane futhi wona ngokwawo aziswa njengephuzwayo letiye.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa Nomsuka:

Isigaba: I-Pu’er (普洱茶, pǔ’ěrchá).
Uhlobo: I-Sheng pu’er (生普洱, shēng pǔ’ěr—“eluhlaza”, engavutshelwanga ngemuva), ngesimo se-maocha (毛茶, máochá—impahla eluhlaza exutshwe yashiywa ingacindezelwanga yokucubungula okokuqala).
Umsuka: Idolobhana lase-Iwu (易武镇, Yìwǔ zhèn), isifunda saseMengla (勐腊县), isifunda saseXishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán).
Izinhlobonhlobo: I-Yunnan enkulu yamaqabunga (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), uhlobo lwesayensi yezitshalo i-Camellia sinensis var. assamica.
Izinga: I-pu’er njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo ilawulwa yizinga likahulumeni i-GB/T 22111-2008 “Umkhiqizo Onesikhombi Sendawo. I-Pu’er”.

I-Iwu akulona uhlobo oluthile, kodwa isikhombi sesifunda (isitayela/i-terroir). Ngaphansi kwayo kuhlanganiswa itiye elivela ezigodini nasezindaweni eziningi, ngasinye sinephrofayili yaso eyaziwayo.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Ukuchuma: Maphakathi nekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho i-Iwu yaba isikhungo esikhulu sokukhiqiza sezintaba zetiye zasendulo ngemuva kokuwohloka kwe-Ibang (倚邦, Yǐbāng) engumakhelwane.
Itiye Lentela: Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaQing, itiye lalithunyelwa lisuka e-Iwu liya enkantolo. Umkhiqizo othi ‘Чэшуньхао’ (车顺号, Chēshùnhào) ngokwesiko wawuthole ibhodi lokuhlonipha elivela kumbusi elinombhalo othi “瑞贡天朝” (ruìgòng tiāncháo).
Umzila Wamahhashi Wetiye: I-Iwu yayingelinye lamaphuzu okuqala omzila waseningizimu we-Chamagudao (茶马古道, chámǎ gǔdào).

E-Iwu kwaqala khona izindlu zetiye “ezinezinombolo” eziyinganekwane (号级茶庄, hàojí cházhuāng)—i-”Tongqinghao” (同庆号, Tóngqìnghào), i-”Songpinhao” (宋聘号, Sòngpìnhào), i-”Tongxinghao” (同兴号, Tóngxìnghào) nezinye. Itiye labo elicindezelwe lasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 namuhla lingelinye lama-pu’er aqoqiwe abiza kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka okuwohloka maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, isifunda sabuyela ekuvukeni kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990, lapho intshisekelo ezihlahleni ezindala nasemsukeni “ohlanzekile” yabuyisela i-Iwu esimweni sayo esiphezulu.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza:

Uhlobo: I-Camellia sinensis var. assamica—uhlobo lwe-assam olunamaqabunga amakhulu.
Uhlobo Lwamasimu: Izihlahla ezindala (古树, gǔshù), izihlahla ezineminyaka ephakathi, nezitshalo ezincane ezinamahlathi (台地茶, táidìchá).
Iqabunga: likhulu, lidonseleke, linoboya obubonakalayo beqabunga elisagqoloza; impahla eluhlaza yase-Iwu ivame ukunikela ngemisongo emide, eqinile, eluhlaza okotshani ngokumnyama.

Ukubaluleka kwe-Iwu kuhlobene kakhulu nezihlahla ezindala, ezikhula endaweni enehlathi ngazodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Izihlahla ezinjalo zinikeza impahla eluhlaza encane, kodwa zihlinzeka ngokumnandi okuyinkimbinkimbi, okujulile, nokuqhubekayo. Kuvame ukuqoqwa iqabunga elisagqoloza elinamacembe amabili.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

Izixhumanisi: Izindawo ezizungeze idolobhana lase-Iwu—cishe u-22° N, 101.5° E.
Ukuphakama: Izingadi zetiye ikakhulukazi zingamamitha angu-900–1400 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, ezinye izindawo eziphakeme zingaphezulu.
Isimo Sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon climate—ifudumele, inomswakama, inemvula eningi kanye nenkungu evamile; ukushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka kubonakala kahle (isikhathi esomile nesinamanzi).
Inhlabathi: I-lateritic yezintaba ebomvu-nokuphuzi, inothile nge-organic matter emahlathini.

I-Iwu idume ngezindawo eziningi ezincane ze-terroir, ngayinye inedumela layo. Phakathi kwezindawo nezindawo zokuhlala ezaziwa kakhulu:

I-Mahei (麻黑, Máhēi)—iprofayili yakudala, “ethambile” eyizinga.
I-Luoshuidong (落水洞, Luòshuǐdòng)—imnandi, iyabukeka.
I-Guafengzhai (刮风寨, Guāfēngzhài)—itiye elijulile, eligcwele elivela ezingadini zasehlathini, idolobhana labantu bakwaYao (瑶族, Yáozú).
I-Wangong (弯弓, Wāngōng) kanye ne-Bohetang (薄荷塘, Bòhétáng)—izindawo eziphakeme ezihlonishwayo ezinentengo ephezulu.
I-Gaoshanzhai (高山寨, Gāoshānzhài), i-Dingjiazhai (丁家寨, Dīngjiāzhài)—izigodi ezaziwayo zesifunda.

Izingadi eziningi azikona amasimu okutshala isilimo esisodwa, kodwa izihlahla ezisakazeke phakathi kwehlathi, okunomthelela ekunambithekeni futhi kuhlonishwa abathandi betiye.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuvuna (采摘): Ukuvunwa ngesandla kweqabunga elisagqoloza elinamaqabunga amabili, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo.
Ukubuna (摊晾, tānliàng): Iqabunga liyanwetshwa ukuze lilahlekelwe ingxenye yomswakama futhi lithambe.
Ukulungiswa Kobuhlaza (杀青, shāqīng): Ukugazingwa ngesandla ebhodweni ezingeni lokushisa elipholile ukuze kumiswe i-oxidation; isinyathelo esibalulekile nesibucayi kakhulu.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukwakhiwa kwesongo nokucekelwa phansi kwezindonga zamaseli.
Ukomiswa Elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng): Ukomiswa ngaphansi kwelanga—isici esibalulekile esihlukanisa impahla eluhlaza ye-pu’er futhi sishiye ama-enzyme aphilayo ukuze aguge ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umphumela walezi zinyathelo—i-maocha (毛茶), okungukuthi impahla eluhlaza exutshwe yashiywa ingacindezelwanga ye-sheng pu’er. Kukulesi simo lapho kuthengiswa khona isikhundla ‘生普毛茶易武’. Kusuka ku-maocha kamuva kucindezelwa amaqebelengwane (饼, bǐng), izitini, nezinye izinhlobo; ukucindezela kufaka ukubila, ukwakheka, nokomiswa kabusha.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic:

Iqabunga Elomile: Imisongo emide eluhlaza okotshani ngokumnyama, imvamisa inamaqabunga agqolozayo anombala osagolide; iphunga lihlanzekile, linobusi nezimbali.
Ukumnandi: Kusuka kokuphuzi ngokukhanyayo kuya kosagolide ngokukhanyayo, kukhanya, empahleni eluhlaza evuthiwe kuba mnyama.
Iphunga: Amathoni obusi, ezimbali, ngezinye izikhathi ezithelo; ukusha ngaphandle kobukhali.
Ukunambitheka: Kumnene, kumnandi, nebaba eliphansi kanye nobudlabha uma kuqhathaniswa nelinye itiye laseYunnan; ukunambitheka okumnandi okubuyayo okugqamile (回甘, huígān) nokukhiqizwa kwamathe okuningi (生津, shēngjīn).
Umzimba Wokumnandi: Ugcwele, uyasonga, “ubushelelezi”.
Iqabunga Elibilisiwe: Lithambile, liyagobeka, linombala olinganayo, likhulu.

Isici esihlukanisayo sesitayela sase-Iwu—amandla athotshisiwe anokujula okukhulu: itiye alishayi ngebaba, kodwa liziveza ngokunambitheka okusemva nokuqina emigcweni. Abakwazi bayichaza isimo salo ngegama elithi “柔” (róu—thambile, ivumelana nezimo).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol etiye (茶多酚, cháduōfēn): Izinga eliphezulu, elijwayelekile ezinhlobonhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu; ku-sheng pu’er alondolozwa ngezinga elikhulu.
Ama-catechin (儿茶素, érchásù): Iqembu eliyinhloko lama-polyphenol e-sheng esencane.
Ama-amino acid (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān nokunye.): Anikeza ubumnandi ne-umami, athambisa ukunambitheka.
I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): Ikhona ngezinga elibonakalayo.
Ushukela, ama-pectin, amaminerali: Akha ukugcwala kokumnandi nobumnandi.

Ngokukhula kwesikhathi, ama-polyphenol nama-catechin kancane kancane ayaxidizeka futhi aguqulwe, ukwakheka kuguqukela kumakhemikhali amnyama kakhulu, okushintsha umbala, ukunambitheka, nephunga.

8. Izici Eziwusizo:

Ukuqinisa: Ngenxa ye-caffeine kuvusa umoya kahle futhi kwenyusa ukugxilisa ingqondo.
Ama-antioxidant: Ama-polyphenol anomsebenzi ogqamile we-antioxidant.
Ukugaya Ukudla: I-pu’er ngokwesiko iphuzwa ngemuva kokudla, kuthiwa isekela ukugaya ukudla.
Ukufaka amanzi kanye nokulinganisela: Njenganoma iliphi itiye, kungcono ukuphuza ngokulinganisela.

Kufanele kuqondakale ukuthi okubalulwe ngenhla—izici ezijwayelekile zetiye kanye nokubonwa kwesiko letiye, hhayi izeluleko zezokwelapha. I-sheng pu’er encane iyasebenza kakhulu, futhi abantu abanesisu esibucayi akufanele bayiphuze inamandla futhi bengadlile.

9. Ukuphisa:

Izitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma iketela lobumba le-Yixing (紫砂壶, zǐshāhú).
Amanzi: Athambile, izinga lokushisa elingaba ngu-95–100 °C (ku-sheng pu’er amanzi abilayo aphelele ayamukeleka, kodwa impahla eluhlaza ethambile yase-Iwu ivuleka kahle nangamanzi apholile kancane).
Isilinganiso: Cishe u-7–8 g ku-100–150 ml.
Ukugeza: Ukuthela okusheshayo imizuzwana engu-5–10, ukuze “kuvuswe” iqabunga.
Ukuthela: Ukumnandi kokuqala imizuzwana engu-5–10, bese isikhathi sandiswa kancane kancane.
Inani Lokuthela: Impahla eluhlaza yekhwalithi evela ezihlahleni ezindala imelana nokuthela okuyi-10–15 noma ngaphezulu, kancane kancane iveza ubumnandi namathoni obusi.

Ku-maocha, ukuthela nge-gaiwan kulula: ngale ndlela kulula ukulandela ukuvuleka kokunambitheka kusuka ekutheleni kuye kokunye. Kunconywa ukuthi kungabambezi ukumnandi kokuqala isikhathi eside, ukuze kungalahleki ubuncane be-Iwu.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: Indawo engenisa umoya ngaphandle kwephunga elingaziwa, izinga lokushisa elizinzile.
Umswakama: Olinganiselwe, cishe u-55–70 %; umswakama owedlulele uholela ekuboleni, ukoma ngokweqile kubambezela futhi kuphilisane ukuguga.
Ukukhanya: Vikela elangeni eliqondile.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwephunga: Itiye limunca kalula iphunga langaphandle.

I-Sheng pu’er ihloselwe ukuguga isikhathi eside: ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iyafiphala, ilahlekelwe ubukhali bese ithola ubumnene, ukujula, namathoni “ezithelo ezomisiwe”. I-maocha exutshwe yashiywa ingacindezelwanga iguga ngokushesha kunecindezelwe, kodwa futhi ilahlekelwa iphunga eliguquguqukayo ngokushesha, ngakho ukuze igcinwe iminyaka eminingi impahla eluhlaza ivame ukucindezelwa ibe amaqebelengwane.

11. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi:

Izinga Lentengo: Impahla eluhlaza yase-Iwu—ingenye yezibiza kakhulu eYunnan; itiye elivela ezihlahleni ezindala zezindawo ezithile (i-Bohetang, i-Wangong, i-Guafengzhai) lingelesigaba esiphezulu.
Ukwandiswa: Intengo incike kakhulu esigodini esithile, iminyaka yezihlahla, isizini, nonyaka; impahla eluhlaza evamile ibiza ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziningi kancane kunezindawo ezincane eziphezulu.

Kungenxa yentengo ephezulu leyo i-Iwu iyisisulu esivamile sokukhwabanisa. Izindlela ezijwayelekile: ukudayisa itiye elivela kwezinye izifunda njengelase-Iwu, ukudayisa impahla eluhlaza yamahlathi (台地茶) ngaphansi kwegama lezihlahla ezindala (古树), ukunamathisela itiye elivamile emagameni amakhulu ezigodi ezihlonishwayo. Akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokuthembekile umsuka oqondile ngokubukeka, ngakho kufanele kuncike edume lenkabi, ukunambitha, kanye nokungaguquguquki kokuthenga kumthengisi oyedwa. Izinkomba ezingaqondile ze-Iwu yekhwalithi: iphunga elihlanzekile lobusi nezimbali, ukungena okuthambile, i-huigan egqamile nende, i-shengjin eningi, umzimba ogcwele, nokuqina emigqeni eminingi ngaphandle kwebaba elibi. Intengo esolisayo ephansi “yesigodi esiphezulu”—cishe isibonakaliso sokuqinisekile sokushintshwa kwezinto.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Izinga Lesitayela: “Ubumnene” be-Iwu kuvame ukuqhathaniswa “namandla” nebaba lamatiye asogwini olusentshonalanga lwe-Lancangjiang (ngokwesibonelo, isifunda sase-Menghai), kwakheke izigxobo ezimbili zakudala zokunambitheka kwe-pu’er.
Izingadi Zasehlathini: Ingxenye yempahla eluhlaza ebiza kakhulu ivela ezihlahleni ezikhala hhayi emigqeni, kodwa zisakazele phakathi kwehlathi, okwenza ukuvuna kube nzima futhi kukhuphule intengo.
Abantu: Ukuvuna nokucubungula kwezinye izigodi kwenziwa ngabamele izizwe zamaYao (瑶族) kanye namanye amaqembu ezinhlanga esifunda.
I-Classic Eqoqiwe: Ukucindezela kwakudala kwezindlu “ezinezinombolo” ezivela e-Iwu—inzwa yayo yonke imakethe ye-pu’er evuthiwe.
Igama Emakethe: Isiqalo esithi ‘正山’ (zhèngshān—“intaba yangempela”) emagameni sigcizelela umsuka ovela enhliziyweni yomlando yesifunda sase-Iwu.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Iwu ibambe indawo ekhethekile emhlabeni we-pu’er njengendawo okwazalelwa kuyo isitayela “esithambile” nanjengesikhungo somlando, okuphume kuso izindlu zetiye eziyinganekwane kanye nengxenye enkulu ye-classic eqoqiwe. Impahla yayo eluhlaza ayaziswa ngamandla amabi, kodwa ngebhalansi: ukungena okuthambile, ubumnandi bobusi, ukunambitheka okujulile okubuyayo emuva, nokuqina okuvezwa kusuka ekutheleni kuye kokunye.

Isikhundla ‘生普毛茶易武’—i-sheng pu’er exutshwe yashiywa ingacindezelwanga evela kulesi sifunda, engaphuzwa isesha noma igcinelwe ukuguga. Lapho uthenga, kunengqondo ukungagxili emagameni amakhulu ezigodi ngokwawo, kodwa ekuthembekeni komthombo kanye nemibono yakho siqu evela enkomishini, ngoba ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-Iwu intengo nedumela kwenza imakethe ibe sengozini yokushintshwa.

the teas described here are available from teamotea