shài qīng

晒青 shài qīng itiye eliluhlaza ngokwendlela yokucubungula futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iyisithako esiluhlaza okuqhamuka kuso i-pu’er. Yilapha, lapho kuhlangana khona isigaba ‘esiluhlaza’ kanye nomhlaba ‘omnyama’ wamatiye acindezelwe, lapho kukhona omunye wemingcele emincane kakhulu kuyo yonke i-taxonomy yamatiye aseShayina.

Yini i-晒青 nokuthi kungani ‘isemngceleni’

Ngaphakathi kwesigaba setiye eliluhlaza (绿茶 lǜ chá), ukucubungula kwehlukaniswa ngendlela yokulungiswa nokomiswa: 炒青 chǎo qīng (elosiwe ebhodweni), 烘青 hōng qīng (elomiswe ngomoya oshisayo), 蒸青 zhēng qīng (elungiswe ngesitimu) kanye ne-晒青 shài qīng (elomiswe elangeni). Kuzo zonke izimo, isinyathelo esibalulekile yi-杀青 shā qīng, ‘ukubulala uhlaza’: ukungasebenzi kwama-enzyme ngokushisa, okuyehlukanisa itiye eliluhlaza kwelibomvu noma i-wulong.

Ngokusemthethweni i-晒青 itiye eliluhlaza eligcwele: iqabunga liyalandela i-杀青, ukusonteka, bese lomiswa elangeni elivulekile, hhayi eziko noma ebhodweni. Kodwa ngokuqondile ukwomiswa kwelanga okumnene, ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi kushiya emaqabungeni umsebenzi osele wama-enzyme kanye nama-microorganism — futhi kuyenza ibe yisisekelo esihle sokucindezelwa kamuva kanye nokuguquka kancane kube yi-pu’er. Ngakho-ke, emkhakheni wocwaningo i-晒青绿茶 (i-Dian Qing / i-Chuan Qing) iphawulwe njengesithako esiluhlaza esingaphansi kwe-紧压 jǐn yā (ukucindezela) enoshintsho oluqondile oluya egatsheni elihlukile le-普洱 pǔ’ěr.

Kulapha kuvela ‘khona ugibe lwamagama’ oluphambili: i-普洱 (生茶) shēng chá kanye ne-晒青毛茶 shài qīng máo chá badlula kwinqubo eluhlaza ngokwesimo, kodwa ngenhloso nangesiphetho bangabomhlaba we-pu’er, hhayi amatiye aluhlaza. Isigaba sinqunywa ngokucubungula, kodwa umzila womkhiqizo umholela ngaphesheya komngcele womkhondo oluhlaza.

I-Terroir kanye Namagama Esifunda

Izixhumanisi ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-晒青 yi-滇青 diān qīng (eYunnan) kanye ne-川青 chuān qīng (eSichuan).

• I-滇青 (Yunnan). I-晒青 yaseYunnan ngokuyinhloko iyinsika yangempela ye-pu’er. Lapha ukwomiswa kwelanga akuyona indlela yokubuyekeza yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa kuyingxenye yesimiso esakhiwe ngokomlando: amasimu asezintabeni, inala yelanga elicacile, isiko lokucindezela kamuva kube amakhekhe, izitini nezitsha. I-滇青 isetshenziselwa ukwenza kokubili itiye eliluhlaza elihlephukile kanye ne-普洱生茶, bese kuthi ngale kwalokho — lonke uhla lwezinto ezicindezelwe.
• I-川青 (Sichuan). I-晒青 yaseSichuan ngokomlando yayithambekele ekukhiqizeni amatiye acindezelwe namahhadlahhadla emakethe yasekhaya nasendleleni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga.

Okuhlanganisa zombili lezi zifunda ukuma okuthambile eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShayina, inala yezinsuku ezinelanga kanye nomkhuba wamasiko wokomisa elangeni njengendlela engokwemvelo, engabizi futhi enesihawu yokuqedela iqabunga ‘lisesimweni esifanele’.

Izithako kanye Nezinhlobo Zokulinywa

Izithako ze-滇青 ngokuyinhloko yizinhlobo zaseYunnan ezinamaqabunga amakhulu (大叶种 dà yè zhǒng): iqabunga elinamandla, izinga eliphezulu lama-polyphenol nezinto ezikhishwayo, okubalulekile kokubili ekuphuzweni okucebile kwetiye elisha nasekugugeni isikhathi eside lisendleleni ecindezelwe. Yilezi zithako ‘ezishubile’, ezicebile ezikwazi ukumelana kahle nokomiswa kwelanga nokuguquka kamuva — izinhlobo ezithambile ezinamaqabunga amancane azifaneleki kahle kulokhu.

Inqubo: Lapho i-晒青 ihlukana khona ne-炒青 ne-烘青

Uchungechunge oluyisisekelo lwe-初制 chū zhì (ukucubungula okuyinhloko) lubukeka kanje:

1. 杀青 shā qīng — ukulungiswa ebhodweni, okumisa umunxa kanye nokubeka isigaba esiluhlaza.
2. 揉捻 róu niǎn — ukusonteka, okwakha iqabunga futhi kuvule amangqamuzana eqabunga.
3. 晒干 shài gān — ukomiswa elangeni.

Ngokuyinhloko isinyathelo sesithathu siwumngcele. Ku-炒青 ne-烘青, iqabunga lomiswa ngokuphelele ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ebhodweni noma eziko, okucishe kungenze angasebenzi ngokuphelele ama-enzyme asele, okuhlanganisa iphrofayili ‘eluhlaza’ entsha futhi kunikeze amanothi ama-chestnut-athosiwe (栗香 lì xiāng). Ku-晒青, ilanga lomisa kancane futhi ngamazinga okushisa aphansi; umsebenzi omncane osele wokuvutshelwa nokuhlangana kwama-microorganism uhlala eqabungeni. Umkhiqizo oqediwe walesi sigaba yi-晒青毛茶 shài qīng máo chá — itiye ‘elikaliwe’, elingaqhubeka ngalezi zindlela ezimbili:

• lihlale liyitiye eliluhlaza elihlephukile i-晒青绿茶;
• lifakwe isitimu futhi licindezelwe libe amakhekhe (饼), izitsha (沱 tuó), izitini (砖) — futhi libe yisisekelo se-pu’er, bese kuthi londolozwe njenge-生茶, noma ludlule ekuvutshelweni okusheshayo kwe-熟茶 shú chá.

Lokhu ‘kungomiswa ngokuphelele kuze kube yinyumba’ akulona iphutha, kodwa kuwumsebenzi: yikho okwenza i-晒青 ibe isithako esiluhlaza esiphilayo, esikwazi ukuguquka ngokweminyaka eminingi.

Amazinga kanye Nokuhlelwa

Ohlelweni lwezinhlobo zempahla zetiye eliluhlaza, i-晒青 ihlala yodwa. Uma i-炒青 ikhiqiza izilinganiso zakudala ezithunyelwa ngaphandle i-眉茶 méi chá (特珍, 珍眉/Chunmee, 凤眉, 雨茶, 贡熙, 秀眉) kanye ne-珠茶 zhū chá (Gunpowder, 平水珠茶), futhi i-烘青 isebenza njengesisekelo samatiye e-jasmine 花茶 huā chá, khona-ke i-晒青 kulo mqondo ayilona ibanga lomthengi lokugcina, kodwa iwumkhiqizo ongakapheli, umgogodla wawo ubheke ematiyeni acindezelwe naku-pu’er.

Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwayo kanye nekhwalithi yayo ‘kuyathuthela’ kakhulu emkhakheni ojwayelekile we-pu’er namatiye acindezelwe, kanti ngaphakathi komkhondo oluhlaza ibhalwe ngokuqondile njengesigaba sezithako eziluhlaza. Izinombolo eziqondile zamazinga zishiywa ngamabomu lapha: okubalulekile akukhona kakhulu ukunikezwa kwebanga, kodwa ukuthi i-晒青 ihlolwa ngokufaneleka kokucindezela nokuguga, hhayi ngenkomishi ‘entsha’ kuphela.

Ukunambitheka Nokuphiswa

I-晒青绿茶 entsha ihluke ngokusobala kune-炒青 ejwayelekile. Lapho itiye eliluhlaza elosiwe linikeza ubumnandi obuhlanzekile be-chestnut-elosiwe kanye nokusha okugqamile, itiye lelanga liletha ithoni ‘enelanga’, ephuzile, enesithelo-izithelo ezomisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi enomkhondo omncane oyisici, abathandi abawuchaza ‘njengokunambitheka kwelanga’ (太阳味 tài yáng wèi). Ukuphuzwa kuminyene, kukhishwa kalula, ngokugcwala okubonakalayo kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside — kubangelwa izithako zeqabunga elikhulu laseYunnan.

I-生茶 entsha, esencane evela e-滇青 eminyakeni yokuqala iba mnandi, ibaba futhi iyabambeka, okuyinto ebushelelezi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuphisa, kokubili ukuthelwa okufushane (功夫 gōng fu) ku-gaiwan ngokuphuzwa kwesikhathi esifushane, kanye nokugxilisa isikhathi eside kuyindlela yokuhlukana okuluhlaza. Amanzi — ashisayo, kodwa hhayi ngempela abilayo ngezithako ezisanda kuvunwa nezithambile; ngezinto ezicindezelwe nezindala, kusetshenziswa amanzi ashisayo nenani elikhulu lokuphisa, ngoba iqabunga elisonteke ngokuqinile nelicindezelwe ‘lizinikela’ kancane kancane.

Umlando Namasiko

I-晒青 iyindlela yokusebenza yakudala ngokomoya neqabunga eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShayina: ilanga njengesomisi alidingi uphethiloli noma izisetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke ngokwemvelo lakhula emapulazini asezintabeni zaseYunnan naseSichuan. Lapho okweqile kwetiye kwakudingeka kuthuthwe amabanga amade futhi kugcinwe, iqabunga lalicindezelwa — kwakhiwa kanjalo isiko lamatiye acindezelwe futhi, ekugcineni: i-pu’er. Ngale ndlela, i-晒青 ‘iyimpande’ yezobuchwepheshe okuqhamuke kuyo igatsha elizimele futhi namuhla elibaluleke kakhulu le-普洱.

Indlela Yokuhlukanisa nokungayiphambanisi

• I-晒青 ≠ itiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile lenkomishi yansuku zonke. Nakuba ngesigaba itiye eliluhlaza (杀青 + ukwomiswa kwelanga), indima yayo iyisithako esiluhlaza esingaphansi kokucindezela kanye ne-pu’er, hhayi ibanga lomthengi elifana ne-珍眉 noma i-平水珠茶.
• I-晒青毛茶 kanye ne-普洱生茶 zihlala emkhondweni we-pu’er. Uma phambi kwakho kuneqhekeza (饼), isitsha (沱) noma isitini (砖), noma uma kukhulunywa ‘nge-sheng Pu’ (生普) — lokho sekuyindawo ye-puer, hhayi ikhathalogi elithe eluhlaza, noma ngabe ukucubungula okusemthethweni kuluhlaza.
• Bheka iphrofayili ‘yokomiswa kwelanga’ kanye neqabunga elikhulu. Ubumnandi bezithelo obuphuziwe, ukunambitheka okuminyene, okukhula kalula kanye nezithako zeqabunga elikhulu laseYunnan kuveza i-晒青 ngokumelene nobumnandi obuhlanzekile obuthosiwe be-炒青 noma iphunga elimnene, ‘elithulisiwe’ lesisekelo se-烘青 se-花茶.
• I-滇青 kanye ne-川青 ngamagama ezifunda omumo owodwa. Abhekisela emvelaphi (eYunnan / eSichuan), hhayi ezigabeni ezihlukene.

I-晒青 iqondakala kangcono njengendawo ewumngcele: itiye eliluhlaza ngokombhalo wokucubungula futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ingumnyango oya emhlabeni we-pu’er ngenhloso yayo. Yilokhu kuphindeka okuphindwe kabili okwenza ukwomiswa kwelanga kube enye yezindawo ezithakazelisa kakhulu emephini yetiye laseShayina.