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I-Banzhang (班章, Bānzhāng) ingenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu nezihlonishwayo zokuvela kwe-sheng-pu’er (生普, shēngpǔ) esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. Igama elithi lisho iqembu lamadolobhana aseNtabeni i-Bulangshan (布朗山, Bùlǎngshān) esifundeni sase-Menghai, ikakhulukazi i-Laobanzhang (老班章, Lǎobānzhāng, “i-Banzhang Elidala”) kanye ne-Xinbanzhang (新班章, Xīnbānzhāng, “i-Banzhang Elisha”). Itiye elivela lapha laziswa kakhulu ngokunambitheka kwalo okunamandla, okuminyene nokubaba okugqamile, okusheshe kuguquke kube ubumnandi obuhlala isikhathi eside (回甘, huígān), kanye “namandla etiye” (茶气, cháqì) avelele. Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, i-Banzhang iguquke yaba ngenye yamazinga e-pu’er “yasentabeni” futhi yaba yigama elenziwa mbumbulu kakhulu emakethe. “I-Banzhang gongbing” (班章贡饼, Bānzhāng gòngbǐng, “isinkwa esicindezelwe sase-Banzhang esisethulwayo”) yigama lokuhweba lesinkwa se-pu’er esicindezelwe esenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zesifunda sase-Banzhang noma ngesitayela saso; uhlamvu “gong” (贡, gòng, “intela eya enkantolo”) lapha lungolokumaketha futhi alukhombisi isimo somlando setiye lasenkantolo.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: i-pu’er (普洱茶, pǔ’ěrchá), ezimweni eziningi kakhulu i-sheng-pu’er (生茶, shēngchá), engakavutshelwa ngemuva kokukhiqizwa.
Isimo: isinkwa esicindezelwe (饼茶, bǐngchá), isisindo esijwayelekile imvamisa singama-357 g.
Imvelaphi: iNtaba i-Bulangshan (布朗山, Bùlǎngshān), iSifunda sase-Menghai (勐海县, Měnghǎixiàn), iSifunda Esizibusayo se-Dai sase-Xishuangbanna (西双版纳傣族自治州, Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú zìzhìzhōu), iSifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán).
Amadolobhana Abalulekile: i-Laobanzhang (老班章), i-Xinbanzhang (新班章); endaweni eseduze kwakhe — i-Laoman’e (老曼峨, Lǎomàn’é).
Izinto Ezingavuthiwe: uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu ase-Yunnan (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), ngokwesayensi yezitshalo luthathwa njenge-Camellia sinensis var. assamica.

I-pu’er njengomkhiqizo ovikelwe ngokwendawo ichazwe ezingeni likazwelonke i-GB/T 22111-2008 “Umkhiqizo Onophawu Lwendawo. I-Pu’er” (地理标志产品普洱茶). Lichaza indawo yokukhiqiza ngaphakathi kwe-Yunnan, lihlukanisa i-sheng ne-shu (熟茶, shúchá) futhi liqinisekisa imfuneko yezinto ezingavuthiwe — i-maocha eyomiswe elangeni evela ohlotsheni lwamaqabunga amakhulu.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Abantu Bomdabu: idolobhana i-Laobanzhang lakhiwe ikakhulukazi ngama-Hani (哈尼族, Hānízú), kanti i-Laoman’e engumakhelwane ingumuzi wama-Bulang (布朗族, Bùlǎngzú) ngokomlando, abanye babalimi betiye abadala kakhulu esifundeni.
Ukunyuka Kwegama: kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000s, i-Banzhang yayingaziwa kangako ngaphandle kwesifunda; ukwanda kwesithakazelo kwafika ngeminyaka yama-2000s, lapho izinkwa ezicindezelwe ezivela kulezi zinto ezingavuthiwe, ezakhishwa abakhiqizi besifunda sase-Menghai, zazizuza idumela lokuba yizinga le-sheng enamandla.

Emkhakheni wetiye kugxilwe ifomula ethi “i-Banzhang iyinkosi, i-Yiwu iyindlovukazi” (班章为王，易武为后, Bānzhāng wéi wáng, Yìwǔ wéi hòu): iqhathanisa isimilo sase-Banzhang esinamandla, “sobulisa” nendlela yamatiye aseNtabeni i-Yiwu ethambile nephunga elimnandi. Lesi saga sibe nomthelela omkhulu ekubumbeni isidingo: i-Banzhang yaqala ukubonwa njengengaphezulu yesitayela se-pu’er “esinamandla”, okunqume amanani ayo amanje.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Isihlahla: uhlobo olunamaqabunga amakhulu aneqabunga eliwugqinsi, elinesikhumba, elinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezikhiphekayo.
Izigaba Zezihlahla: kuhlukaniswa izihlahla ezindala (古树, gǔshù), izihlahla ezinde esezikhulile (大树, dàshù) kanye nezitshalo zamahlumela emaphethelweni (台地, táidì); izindleko nesimilo sesiphuzo kuncike kakhulu kulokhu kuhlukanisa.
Ukuvuna: ngokuvamile ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu; isivuno sasentwasahlobo (春茶, chūnchá) saziswa kakhulu kunesasekwindla.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala zangempela zase-Laobanzhang zinikeza iqabunga elikhulu, eliminyene, imvamisa elinoboya obumpunga. Yiqiniso ukuthi izinga eliphezulu le-polyophenol kanye nokulinganisela okuqondile kokubaba nokubuya ngokushesha kobumnandi yikho okuhlukanisa le ndawo; kanti i-Laoman’e engumakhelwane yaziwa ngokubaba okugqame nakakhulu, okuqhubekayo “kohlobo olubabayo” (苦茶, kǔchá).

4. Indawo Yekhwalithi kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Ukuphakama: izingadi zetiye zitholakala cishe ku-1700–1900 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Isimo Sezulu: isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon sasezintabeni eziphakeme; izikhathi ezomile nezimanzi ezigqamile, ukwehluka okubonakalayo kwamazinga okushisa phakathi nosuku.
Inhlabathi: inhlabathi ephuzi ngokubomvu ye-lateritic yendawo yamahlathi, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo.

Izihlahla ezindala azikhuli endaweni eqhubekayo, kodwa zihlakazekile endaweni yamahlathi, okunikeza umthunzi, ukuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu esincane kanye nohlelo olujulile lwezimpande. Yiqiniso inhlanganisela yokuphakama, isizinda sofuzo esidala sezihlahla kanye nendawo yamahlathi okuthathwa njengomthombo “womzimba” namandla esiphuzo sase-Banzhang.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqiza kuqhubeka ngezigaba ezimbili: ukwenziwa komkhiqizo osakazekile ongakapheli (i-maocha) kanye nokucindezelwa okulandelayo.

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): ukuvuna ngesandla amahlumela.
Ukushwabisa (摊晾, tānliàng): ukendlalwa nokushwabisa kancane kweqabunga elisha.
Ukuqinisa Ukuluhlaza (杀青, shāqīng): ukufudumeza ebhodweni ukuze kumiswe ama-enzyme; isigaba esibalulekile esinquma ukuhlanzeka kwephrofayili.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukwakhiwa kweqabunga nokulimala kwamaseli.
Ukomiswa Elangeni (晒干, shàigān): ukomiswa elangeni — kutholakala i-maocha eyomiswe elangeni (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá), okuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe be-pu’er ngempela.
Ukufuthwa Ngesitimu Nokucindezelwa (蒸压, zhēngyā): i-maocha iyafuthwa ngesitimu futhi icindezelwe ibe yisinkwa, bese yomiswa kancane.

Kwi-sheng-pu’er kubalulekile ukuthi ukomiswa kube ngokwaselangeni ngempela, hhayi ngezinga eliphezulu lokushisa: lokhu kulondoloza amandla okuvuthwa isikhathi eside (陈化, chénhuà). “I-Banzhang gongbing” ngokwesisekelo iyi-sheng ecindezelwe; uma umkhiqizo umenyezelwa njenge-shu, udlula ekuvutshelweni okumanzi okwengeziwe (渥堆, wòduī), futhi lokhu kumele kukhonjisiwe.

6. Izici Zokuhlola Ngezwa:

Iqabunga Elomile: likhulu, liluhlaza okumnyama ngamahlumela ampunga, iphunga elisha lamaplanga nezimbali.
Ukugcwaliseka: kusuka kokuphuzi okukhanyayo kuya kokuphuzi okusagolide ku-sheng esencane, ngokuhamba kweminyaka kuba mnyama kuya kombala we-amber.
Iphunga: amathoni ojuvemoba nezimbali, we-orchid, ubusha obuncane basezintabeni.
Ukunambitheka: kuminyene, kuyanamathela, nokubaba (苦, kǔ) okubonakalayo kodwa “okuhlanzekile” kanye nokuhwahwazisa (涩, sè), okusheshe kuhambeke kube ubumnandi obunamandla, obuhlala isikhathi eside.
Umzimba Namandla: ukugcwaliseka okuwugqinsi, okumbozayo, “ukudakwa itiye” okufudumeza okugqamile, umuzwa wamandla emphinjeni nasemlonyeni.
Ukuqina: izinto ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala ezisezingeni eliphezulu zimelana nokuthululwa okuningi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isakhiwo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Izibalo eziqondile zincike eqenjini, onyakeni kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezihlahla, ngakho-ke kufaneleka ukukhuluma ngamabanga, ajwayelekile ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamaqabunga amakhulu ase-Yunnan.

Ama-polyphenol etiye (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): amanani aphezulu, alinganiselwa cishe ku-30% nangaphezulu — umthombo wokubaba, ukuhwahwazisa kanye namandla okuguga.
Ama-catechin (儿茶素, érchásù): ingxenye ebalulekile yama-polyphenol; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aguquka kancane, athambise ukunambitheka.
I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): cishe u-3–5 %.
Ama-amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān), kuhlanganise ne-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān): ngokuvamile cishe u-2–4%, anikeza ubumnandi kanye “ne-umami”.
Izinto Ezikhiphekayo: ingxenye ephezulu encibilika emanzini, okuwumthombo wokuminyena nokugcwala kokugcwaliseka.

Yiqiniso ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol kanye “nomzimba” oqinile okuchaza iphrofayili yamandla yase-Banzhang: okokuqala — ukubaba okubonakalayo, bese kuba — ubumnandi obuqhubekayo nokukhiqizwa kwamathe.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Ukuphaphama Nokugxilisa: inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-theanine inikeza umphumela wokuvuselela olinganayo.
Ukugaya Ukudla: i-pu’er ngokwesiko iphuzwa emva kokudla okusindayo; emkhubeni wamaShayina kukholelwa ukuthi inekhono lokusiza ekuzweni ubunzima.
Amandla E-antioxidant: ama-polyphenol nama-catechin anomsebenzi we-antioxidant.

Imininingwane enikeziwe ikhombisa imibono yendabuko kanye nedatha ejwayelekile mayelana netiye, hhayi izincomo zezokwelapha. I-sheng esencane ngenxa yamandla nokugcwala okuphezulu kwe-polyphenol ingazwakala inolaka esiswini esingenalutho, ngakho-ke imvamisa ayiphuzwa esiswini esingenalutho futhi ngomthamo olinganiselwe.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma iketela lase-Yixing (紫砂壶, zǐshāhú) ngesitayela se-gongfu-cha (工夫茶, gōngfuchá).
Amanzi: athambile, asanda kubiliswa; izinga lokushisa 95–100 °C.
Umthamo: cishe u-7–8 g ku-100–120 ml.
Ukugeza (洗茶, xǐchá): ukuthulula okukodwa okufushane okusheshayo ukuvusa iqabunga, ukugcwaliseka kuyathululwa.
Ukuthululwa: okokuqala — kufushane kakhulu, imizuzwana engu-5–10, ngemuva kwalokho isikhathi sandiswa kancane kancane.

Ngenxa yamandla ezinto ezingavuthiwe kungcono ukungazilibazisi ukuthulula kokuqala: ukukhishwa okufushane kuvumela ukuvula ubumnandi “nomzimba”, kugwemeke ukubaba okweqile. Izinto zezihlahla ezindala eziminyene zimelana nenani elikhulu lokuphiswa; ukuthulula kokugcina kungenziwa isikhathi eside futhi kuqedwe ngokubilisa kancane okuhamba kancane.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: indawo eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya ongena kahle ngaphandle kwephunga elingaziwa.
Umswakama Nezinga Lokushisa: okulinganiselwe nokuzinzile; kumele kugwemeke ubumnandi nokuguquguquka okungazelelwe.
Ukukhanya Nokupakishwa: kumele kuvikelwe elangeni eliqondile; kugcinwe kusongelwe ngephepha lemvelo, ngokuhlukene nezinongo, ikhofi, amakha.

I-sheng-pu’er yase-Banzhang yenzelwe ukuvuthwa isikhathi eside: ngokuhamba kweminyaka ubukhali buyahamba, ukujula kuyakhula futhi kuvele amathoni ojuvemoba namaplanga, amajikijolo. Yiqiniso amandla okuguga iminyaka eminingi — ngesinye sezizathu zesidingo sokuqoqa salezi zinto ezingavuthiwe.

11. Intengo Nokwenziwa Mbumbulu:

Isimo Semakethe Sangempela: i-Laobanzhang yezihlahla ezindala yangempela — ngenye yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezibiza kakhulu e-Yunnan; intengo ye-gushu-maochaa yasentwasahlobo ikalwa ngezinkulungwane eziningi ze-yuan ngekhilogremu futhi iyashintshashintsha kakhulu unyaka nonyaka.
Ukwahlukana Kwamavolumu: umthamo wangempela we-Laobanzhang yezihlahla ezindala zangempela mncane, kanti imakethe inikeza “i-Banzhang” ngamanani aphindaphindeka kakhulu kunesivuno sangempela. Isiphetho esisebenzayo: ingxenye enkulu yezinkwa ezingabizi ezinaleli gama — yizinhlanganisela, izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ezindaweni eziseduze noma ezitshalweni zamaphethelo.
Isimo Segama “贡饼”: “i-gongbing” — yigama lezentengiso, hhayi isiqinisekiso semvelaphi noma sekhwalithi; alisho lutho ngokuthi ngaphakathi kuyizinto ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala zase-Laobanzhang ngempela.

Indlela yokunciphisa ubungozi: thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe abanomlando ocacile wokulethwa; xwaya “i-Laobanzhang yezihlahla ezindala” ngentengo ephansi; ungagxili ekusongeni okuhle nasezimpahleni, kodwa esimilweni sesiphuzo — izinto zangempela zinikeza umzimba omnyinyene, ukubaba okuhlanzekile okuhamba ngokushesha, ukubuya okunamandla kobumnandi kanye namandla avelele. Edolobhaneni ngokwalo kwethulwe izindlela zokulawula imvelaphi (ukumaka, izitifiketi zokuvuna), kodwa nazo ziyenziwa mbumbulu, ngakho-ke ukuhlola okuwukuphela kwendlela okunokwethenjelwa — ukuyizwa inambitheka kanye nedumela lomhlinzeki.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

E-Laobanzhang kunezihlahla ezindala ezihlonishwayo, eziqanjwe izidlaliso ezithi “isihlahla — inkosi yetiye” (茶王树, cháwángshù); isivuno esivela ezihlahleni ezithile ezidumile sithengiswa ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu.
Ukukhuphuka kwamanani etiye lase-Banzhang kuyiguqule kakhulu impilo yasedolobhaneni: ngenxa yokuthengiswa kweqabunga, amakhaya endawo asuka ekubeni ampofu aphenduka abanye kwabanothe kakhulu esifundeni.
Isaga esithi “班章为王，易武为后” sesabile kangangokuthi ngokwaso siyasisekela isimo segama esiyiprimiyamu.
Eminyakeni yokuqala yama-2000s, ingxenye yedumela le-Banzhang yadalwa amaqoqo aziwayo acindezelwe abakhiqizi besifunda sase-Menghai, okwaphendula izinto ezingavuthiwe ezazingezendawo kuphela zaba into yokuqoqwa.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Banzhang — akukhona nje ukumaka, kodwa indawo yekhwalithi enesimilo esiqaphelekayo: amandla, ukuminyana, ukubaba okuhlanzekile kanye nomkhondo omude omnandi, okusekelwa izihlahla ezindala zamagqabi amakhulu zase-Bulangshan kanye nezici zendawo yamahlathi asezintabeni eziphakeme. Isikhundla esithi “班章贡饼” siphathelene nesimo nesitayela salesi sifunda, kodwa igama ngokwalo alifakazeli ukuthi phambi kwakho kuyizinto ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala zase-Laobanzhang ngempela.

Kuhle ukuza kuleli tiye ngokuhluzeka: udumo lwe-Banzhang ludale ukuthutheleka okukhulu kokulingisa, futhi kumele kubhekwe esimilweni sesiphuzo, edumeleleni lomhlinzeki kanye nokwanela kwentengo, hhayi egameni elinomsindo kanye negama elithi “gongbing” ekusongeni. Ngemvelaphi eqotho nokugcinwa okufanele, lokhu kungenye yama-sheng-pu’er agqama kakhulu futhi aphila isikhathi eside, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi avele kakhulu.

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