dà xuě shān · thetea.app

IDasueshan (大雪山, Dàxuěshān — “Intaba Enkulu Yeqhwa”) igama elihlanganisayo lezintaba ezimbalwa eziphakeme esifundazweni saseShayina iYunnan (云南, Yúnnán) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo igama elichaza ama-sheng pu’er enziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe eziqoqwe emithambekeni yazo. Ngokwezwi letiye, okubaluleke kakhulu yiMengku Dasueshan (勐库大雪山) esifundeni saseShuangjiang (双江) kanye neYongde Dasueshan (永德大雪山) esifundeni saseYongde — zombili lezi zingaphansi kwesifunda saseLincang (临沧, Líncāng). Lezi zintaba zaduma ngelinye lamahlathi amakhulu asekhona ezihlahla zetiye zasendle zasendulo, okuqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Amatiye aseDasueshan aziswa ngesimo sawo esigqamile “sasezintabeni-nasehlathini”, ubumsulwa bokunambitheka kanye nokunambitheka okunamandla, okuhlala isikhathi eside emlonyeni, okuyisici sezinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ezindaweni eziphakeme. Isikhundla sohlu lwamanani lwe “生普龙珠大雪山” sethula le terroir ngefomethi edumile ye-longzhu (龙珠, lóngzhū) — “amaparele” etiye agoqwe ngesandla.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: i-sheng pu’er (生普洱, shēng pǔ’ěr) — i-pu’er “eluhlaza”, evuthwa ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kokuvutshelwa okusheshisayo okwenziwa ngamabomu
Isigaba: i-pu’er (普洱茶, pǔ’ěr chá)
Indlela yokukhishwa: i-longzhu (龙珠, lóngzhū, “iparele likadrako”) — amabhola acindezelwe ngesandla anesisindo esicishe sibe ngu-5–8 g
Isifundazwe: iYunnan (云南, Yúnnán)
Isifunda: iLincang (临沧, Líncāng)
Izindawo eziyinhloko: iMengku Dasueshan esifundeni saseShuangjiang (双江) kanye neYongde Dasueshan esifundeni saseYongde (永德)
Izinto ezingavuthiwe: itiye laseYunnan elinamahlamvu amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng); entabeni ngokwayo kukhona nohlobo lwasendle lwe-Camellia taliensis (大理茶, Dàlǐ chá)

Igama elithi Dasueshan linombono ophindwe kabili: ngokunye kuyizintaba eziqondile, futhi ngokunye kuyisigaba semakethe. Ngokwezinga le-geographical indication ye-pu’er (GB/T 22111-2008), i-pu’er ithathwa njengetiye elenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zetiye laseYunnan elinamahlamvu amakhulu elomiswe elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng), elikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo emisiwe, okuhlanganisa neLincang. Nokho, izihlahla zangempela zasendle eziqongweni ziyingxenye yohlobo lwezitshalo oluhlukile lwe-Camellia taliensis, ngakho-ke itiye elivela kuzo ngokusemthethweni lisondele kakhulu “etiyeni lasendle” (野生茶, yěshēng chá) kunaku-pu’er yakudala.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Ukuhlolwa kwehlathi lasendle: ngo-1997 emithambekeni yeMengku Dasueshan, ochwepheshe baqinisekisa ukuba khona kwehlathi elikhulu lezihlahla zetiye zasendle zasendulo
Abantu bomdabu: isifunda saseMengku ngokomlando sihlala amaLahu (拉祜族, Lāhùzú), amaWa (佤族, Wǎzú), amaBulang (布朗族, Bùlǎngzú) namaDai (傣族, Dǎizú), abahlala isikhathi eside bexhumene nokutshalwa kwetiye

ILincang amakhulu eminyaka yasebenza njengenye yezisekelo eziyinhloko zezinto ezingavuthiwe zetiye laseYunnan, kanti iMengku ithathwa njengesifunda saso esiyisibonelo. Ukuqinisekiswa komphakathi kwehlathi elikhulu letiye lasendle eDasueshan ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 kwaqondana nokuqala “kwe-boom yezihlahla ezindala” (古树, gǔshù) ngeminyaka yama-2000s, lapho imvelaphi kanye neminyaka yezinto ezingavuthiwe kwanquma udumo kanye nenani. Kusukela lapho, igama elithi Dasueshan liye laqina njengophawu lwesitayela sasendaweni ephakeme, “esasendle”. Ihlathi lasendle eliyisiqiwi ngokwalo livikelwe, kanti izinto ezingavuthiwe zezimboni zivunwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezilinyiwe nezingaqinisekisiwe ezizungezile.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Uhlobo olulinyiwe: i-Camellia sinensis var. assamica (普洱茶变种, “uhlobo lwase-Assam”) — uhlobo olunamahlamvu amakhulu, okuyisisekelo se-pu’er yezohwebo
Uhlobo lwasendle: i-Camellia taliensis (大理茶, Dàlǐ chá) — uhlobo oluhlukile, olwakha ihlathi lasendle endaweni engenhla yezintaba
Iminyaka yezitshalo: kusukela ezitshalweni ezincane zasemapulazini kuya ezihlahleni ezindala (古树, gǔshù) ezinamakhulu eminyaka
Iqabunga: likhulu, liminyene, linemizila egqamile; emiqhotsheni kuvame ukubonakala uboya obusiliva

“IDasueshan” yezohwebo cishe njalo iyizinto ezingavuthiwe zohlobo lwase-Assam olunamahlamvu amakhulu oluvela ezindaweni ezingaqinisekisiwe nezilinyiwe. Iqabunga langempela lasendle le-Camellia taliensis liyahluka ngesakhiwo (ukuncipha kwamazinyo emaphethelweni, uboya obuhlukile) kanye nangokwakheka; itiye elinjalo litholakala ngokungavamile, liyabiza futhi lidinga ukuqaphela ekusetshenzisweni. Ukuhlukanisa lezi zigaba kubalulekile, ngoba ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile lentaba, izinto ezihluke ngokuphelele zihlangana emakethe.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Ukuphakama: ihlathi letiye lasendle laseMengku — cishe 2200–2750 m; isiqongo esikhulu sohlu lwezintaba iBangma (邦马大雪山, Bāngmǎ Dàxuěshān) — ngaphezu kuka-3200 m
Izixhumanisi (isifunda saseShuangjiang): cishe i-23° latitude esenyakatho, i-99–100° longitude empumalanga
Isimo sezulu: sipholile, sinomswakama, sinenkungu evamile kanye nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku
Inhlabathi: inhlabathi yasezintabeni-nasehlathini, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo, idonsa amanzi kahle

Ukuphakama kanye nenkungu kubambezela ukukhula kwamahlumela, kwandisa ingxenye yezinto ezinuka kamnandi nezithinta ukunambitheka eqabungeni. Ubusuku obupholile kanye nendawo eyihlathi enezitshalo eziningi ezingaphansi kwakha lowo “moya wasezintabeni-nasehlathini” (山野气, shānyěqì) othathwa njengophawu olubonakalayo lwamatiye ale terroir. Ingxenye enkulu yezitshalo ikhula ehlathini lemvelo elingenaminyene, hhayi emapulazini aqhubekayo, okuphinde kube nomthelela esimweni sezinto ezingavuthiwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): iqhotho elinamahlamvu amabili noma elilodwa ngezikhathi zasentwasahlobo futhi, okungavamile, zasekwindla
Ukushisisa (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukushisisa kancane kweqabunga elisha ukuze kwehliswe umswakama
Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): ukufudumeza ngokucophelela eketeleni ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kunalelo letiye eliluhlaza — ukuze kugcinwe ingxenye yama-enzyme ukuze avuthwe kamuva
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukwakheka kwejusi yeseli ngesandla noma ngomshini ebusweni beqabunga
Ukomiswa elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng): ukuthola izinto ezingavuthiwe zokuqala — i-maocha (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá)

Ngefomethi ye-longzhu, i-maocha iyashunqiswa kancane ukuze iqabunga lithambe, bese kusongwa ngesandla kube amabhola aminyene futhi omiswe. Iparele ngalinye livame ukusongwa ngephepha noma ngenethi encane. Le ndlela yokucindezela inikeza ingxenye elula yokusetshenziswa kanye nendawo encane yokuthintana nomoya ngaphakathi kwebhola, okuthinta isivinini sokuvuleka lapho kwenziwa itiye kanye nenqubo yokuvuthwa okuqhubekayo.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

Iqabunga elomile: amabhola amnyama aluhlaza agoqwe aminyene anezihlava ezimhlophe ezinenwele
Ukumnika: kusuka kokuphuzi okuphaphathekile kuya kokusagolide okukhanyayo ebusheni
Iphunga: elisha, eliyimbali-nobuhlaza, elinemisindo yehlathi lasentabeni kanye nenhlaka encane
Ukunambitheka: okunothile, okunomunyu obonakalayo kanye nokubabanisa okuyisici se-sheng, okuguqukela ebumnandini
Ukunambitheka okuhlala emlonyeni: ubumnandi obubuyayo obugqamile (回甘, huígān), ukukhiqizwa kwamathe okuningi (生津, shēngjīn) kanye nomuzwa opholile “womphimbo” (喉韵, hóuyùn)

I-sheng pu’er yaseDasueshan esencane inamandla futhi iqinile ngokwanele: ubussha, ubumaminerali kanye nokujula “okwasendle” kuyabonakala. Ngeminyaka yokuvuthwa, umunyu uyathamba, ukumnika kuba mnyama futhi kuthola amathoni oju-nesithelo esomile, okunokhuni, kanti isimo “sasezintabeni-nasehlathini” siba mnene futhi sikhulu.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): aphezulu ku-sheng encane, cishe 25–35% wesisindo esomile
Ama-Catechin (儿茶素, érchásù): ingxenye ebalulekile, abangela ubumnandi obukhalayo nokubabanisa
I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): cishe 3–5%
Ama-Amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): kuhlanganisa ne-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān), ethambisa ukunambitheka futhi inike ubumnandi

Lezi zilinganiso ezinikeziwe ziyizilinganiso futhi zincike ohlotsheni, isizini kanye nendawo. Lapho kuvuthwa, ama-polyphenol aya-oxidize kancane, ubukhali bomunyu buyehla, kanti iphrofayili iguqukela ekuhlanganiseni okuthambile nokuyinkimbinkimbi. Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ku-Camellia taliensis yasendle ziyehluka ngokwakheka kwe-Assam futhi ekuhlushweni okuphezulu azibekezelelwa yiwo wonke umuntu, ngakho-ke akunconywa ukuphuza ngamandla nangobuningi.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Ukuqabula: i-caffeine ngokuhlangana ne-theanine inikeza amandla ngaphandle kokuvuka okusheshayo
Ama-Antioxidant: iphrofayili ye-polyphenol ecebile ye-sheng encane
Ukugaya ukudla: ngokwesiko i-pu’er iphuzwa ngemva kokudla ukuze kuzwakale ukukhanya

Njenganoma iyiphi i-sheng eqinile, iDasueshan encane ingaba nzima esiswini esizwelayo uma ingenalutho futhi ingaphazamisa ubuthongo uma iphuzwa kusihlwa ngenxa yokuqukethwe i-caffeine. Ulwazi olunikeziwe lunomumo ojwayelekile, hhayi owezokwelapha; ezimweni ezingelapheki, ukukhulelwa kanye nokuzwela okwandayo ku-caffeine, kuhle ukuzilinganisela.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Izitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma i-Yixing teapot (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú) enomthamo ongu-100–150 ml
Isilinganiso: iparele elilodwa (5–8 g) ku-100–150 ml
Izinga lokushisa: 95–100 °C
Ukugeza (洗茶, xǐchá): ukuthela okukodwa okufushane “kokuvusa” nokuvula ibhola
Ukuthela: ukuphuza okungu-1–3 kokuqala — okufushane; iqabunga limelana nemijikelezo engu-10–15 noma ngaphezulu

Into ekhethekile nge-longzhu ukuthi ibhola eligoqwe aminyene livuleka kancane. Ukuthela kokuqala kungase kukhanyise futhi kuthambe, ngakho-ke ungasheshi ukwandisa isikhathi: njengoba iqabunga livuleka, ukumnika kuthola amandla ngokuphawulekayo. Isigqi esiyisiqondiso — imizuzwana engu-5–10 ekuphuzeni kokuqala ngokunyuka okuhleliwe kwezilandelayo. Amanzi athambile anamaminerali aphakathi agqamisa ubumnandi futhi ehlisa ukuzwakala komunyu.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: ukuphola, umswakama olinganiselayo, ukungenisa umoya, ukungabikho kwephunga langaphandle kanye nokukhanya okuqondile
Ikhono: i-sheng pu’er yenzelwe ukuvuthwa isikhathi eside futhi iyaziveza ngokuhamba kweminyaka
Isiqukathi: ukusonga ngalinye kwamaparele kulula, kodwa ekuvuthweni kweminyaka eminingi kungcono isiqukathi esivamile esingenisa umoya

Umswakama owedlulele uholela esikhuntaneni, ukoma ngokwedlulele “kuyayimisa” intuthuko yokunambitheka. I-pu’er imunca amaphunga kalula, ngakho-ke igcinwa ikude nezinongo, ikhofi kanye namakha. Ifomethi ye-longzhu ilula ekuhambeni nasekunambitheni, kodwa lapho kufakwa inqwaba enkulu ukuze ivuthwe, abaningi bakhetha amaqebelengwane noma ukucindezelwa okukhulu.

11. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa:

Ukwehluka kwentengo: kusukela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezithengekayo zasemapulazini nezixubile kuya ezintweni ezibizayo ezivela ezihlahleni ezindala eziqinisekisiwe
Ithonya lefomethi: i-longzhu ivame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezixubile ezingeni lentengo elimaphakathi; i-”gushu” kanye “nehlathi lasendle” okumenyelwe kubiza ngokuphindwe kaningi
Ingozi yokufaka esikhundleni: “iDasueshan” igama elibanzi, okuthengiswa ngalo itiye elivela ezindaweni ezizungezile nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane

Isithombe esithembekile simi kanje: umthamo wezinto ezingavuthiwe zangempela ezivela ezihlahleni ezindala futhi ikakhulukazi ezivela ehlathini lasendle elivikelwe ulinganiselwe, kanti ukufunwa kukhulu, ngakho-ke ingxenye enkulu “yeDasueshan” engabizi kakhulu iyinhlanganisela kanye nezinto ezivela ezitshalweni ezincane. Akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokuthembekile indawo kanye neminyaka yezihlahla ngokubukeka kwangaphandle. Umuntu kufanele aqondiswe yi-organoleptic: ukumnika okulinganayo nokuhlanzekile, iphunga eliphilayo lasezintabeni-nasehlathini, i-huígān ne-shēngjīn egqamile, ukuqina ekuthelweni okuningi. Ukunambitheka okuyisicaba, “okungenalutho” noma okubabayo, kanye “nokuphela” okusheshayo kweqabunga kuyizimpawu ezishaqisayo. Qaphela amanothi anomsindo aphezulu afana “野生” (wasendle) kanye “古树” ngaphandle kwencazelo ecacile yemvelaphi kanye nentengo ephansi ngokweqile ezitatimendeni ezinjalo. Okunokwethenjelwa kakhulu ukuthenga kubathengisi abanolwazi olusobala ngeqoqo nethuba lokunambitha kusengaphambili.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Izihlahla zasendle eziqongweni zaseDasueshan zingezinhlobo ze-Camellia taliensis (大理茶), hhayi uhlobo lwase-Assam lwetiye elilinyiwe
Kungalesi sizathu-ke itiye “lasendle” ngokuqinile ngokusemthethweni lihlukile ku-pu’er futhi ngobuningi balo akunconywa
Igama elithi “Intaba Enkulu Yeqhwa” liphathwa uhlu lwezintaba ezimbalwa zaseYunnan, okubangela ukudideka okuvamile phakathi kweMengku neYongde
Ifomethi ye-longzhu ingeyesimanjemanje ngokuqhathaniswa: yaba ngeyabaningi kakade ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwemakethe ye-pu’er yezihlahla ezindala

Ekuphetheni:

IDasueshan ngesikhathi esifanayo iyikheli lendawo kanye nesitayela: izinto ezingavuthiwe zaseYunnan eziphakeme, “ezinomoya wasendle” ezivezwe esikhundleni sohlu lwamanani ngefomethi elula ye-longzhu. Yaziswa ngenxa yobumsulwa, ukujula kanye nethoni yesici sasezintabeni-nasehlathini, futhi ebudaleni bayo — ngenxa yamandla aqinile kodwa ahloniphekile e-sheng pu’er, ekwazi ukuziveza ngokuhamba kweminyaka yokuvuthwa.

Ekucabangeleni leli tiye, kuwusizo ukukhumbula ngokuphindeka kwegama kanye nangomehluko phakathi kweqabunga le-Assam elilinyiwe kanye ne-Camellia taliensis yangempela yasendle. Ukukhetha okuhle akwakheki emaphuzwini anomsindo aphezulu, kodwa ekunambitheni, imvelaphi esobala kanye nokwethembana nomthengisi. Ngokwenza itiye ngokucophelela kanye nokugcinwa okufanele, i-”生普龙珠大雪山” inikeza umbono omuhle wokuthi yini eyenza i-high-mountain pu’er yaseLincang ikhange kangaka.

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