zhōng chá shú bǐng

I-Chungcha shu pu’er (中茶熟饼, Zhōngchá shú bǐng) iyi-pu’er evuthiwe (evutshelwe ngokwenziwa) ecindezelwe ibe yisicaba, ekhishwa ngaphansi komkhiqizo wekhwalithi omdala nowaziwa kakhulu waseShayina othi “Chungcha” (中茶, Zhōngchá). Umkhiqizo ungenkampani kahulumeni eyasungula yonke imboni yesimanje ye-pu’er yase-Yunnan, ngakho akukhulunywa nje ngohlobo olulodwa, kodwa ngesitayela esiphelele kanye nomugqa wemikhiqizo. Impahla ewubuluhlaza isetshenziswa itiye elinamaqabunga amakhulu elivela esifundazweni sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), kanti ubuchwepheshe obunqumayo wukufumba okumanzi (渥堆, wò duī), okwasungulwa ngawo-1970. I-logo yomkhiqizo iyizinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili zesiShayina ezithi “chung” (中) ezizungeze uhlamvu oluphakathi oluthi “cha” (茶), okungenye yezimpawu ezaziwa kakhulu emlandweni we-pu’er. Itiye laziswa ngekhwalithi elizinzile, ukunambitheka okwaziwayo “okwasefektri” kanye nokubaluleka komlando komkhiqizo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: i-pu’er (普洱茶, pǔ’ěr chá), uhlobo oluvuthiwe/oluvutshelwe olungaphansi — i-shu pu’er (熟茶, shú chá).
Isimo: isicaba esicindezelwe (饼, bǐng), isisindo esijwayelekile — cishe 357 g; ngokwesiko izicaba eziyisikhombisa zazipakishwa zibe inyanda (七子饼, qīzǐ bǐng).
Umkhiqizo: “Chungcha” (中茶, Zhōngchá).
Imvelaphi: isifundazwe sase-Yunnan, i-China.
Umnikazi welungelo: Inkampani Yetiye YaseShayina, manje eyi-”Chungkuo Chaye Kufeni Yuhsien Kunsi” (中国茶叶股份有限公司), eyingxenye yenkampani kahulumeni i-COFCO (中粮集团, Zhōngliáng jítuán).

Ngokwezinga likazwelonke le-pu’er (GB/T 22111-2008 “Umkhiqizo Onophawu Lwendawo. I-Pu’er”), i-pu’er ingabizwa kuphela itiye elenziwe ngempahla yase-Yunnan enamaqabunga amakhulu eyomiswe elangeni endaweni ebekwe ngokusemthethweni. Imikhiqizo ngaphansi komkhiqizo othi “Chungcha” ikhishwa emafektri ahlukene futhi ngezindlela zokupheka ezahlukene, ngakho-ke “i-Chungcha shu pu’er” iwumndeni wezicaba ezihlanganiswe umkhiqizo nobuchwepheshe, hhayi umkhiqizo owodwa.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Ukusungulwa kwenkampani: Inkampani Yetiye YaseShayina (中国茶业公司, Zhōngguó cháyè gōngsī) yasungulwa ngo-1949.
Uphawu lokuhweba: umkhiqizo othi “Chungcha” one-logo “izimpawu eziyisishiyagalombili zika-chung” (八中商标, bā zhōng shāngbiāo) wabhaliswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1950.
Ukuzalwa kwe-shu pu’er: ubuchwepheshe bokufumba okumanzi bacwaningwa engxenyeni yokuqala yeminyaka yawo-1970 (cishe ngo-1973–1975) emafektri ase-Kunming (昆明茶厂, Kūnmíng cháchǎng) nase-Menghai (勐海茶厂, Měnghǎi cháchǎng).

Ngaphambi kwezinguquko kanye nokwenziwa kwangasese kweminyaka yawo-1980–1990, cishe yonke i-pu’er yase-Yunnan, eya emakethe yangaphakathi neyothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, yayikhishwa ngaphansi komkhiqizo owodwa othi “Chungcha”. Amatiye “amakiwe” adumile awo-1950 — “umaki obomvu” (红印, hóng yìn), “umaki oluhlaza” (绿印, lǜ yìn), “umaki ophuzi” (黄印, huáng yìn), abizwa ngombala wohlamvu oluphakathi 茶 esembozweni — ngokuvamile ayeyi-pu’er eluhlaza (生, shēng), kodwa yiwona aqinisa isimo somkhiqizo esidumile. Izicaba ze-shu ezivuthiwe ze-”Chungcha” zavela ngemva kokutholwa kobuchwepheshe bokufumba futhi zaba yisibonelo “sokunambitheka okuvamile kwasefektri”.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo Nempahla Ewubuluhlaza:

Uhlobo lwesitshalo: i-camellia sinensis var. assamica (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), ngokwesiko lamaShayina — uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu (大叶种, dà yè zhǒng).
Impahla ewubuluhlaza: i-maocha eluhlaza eyomiswe elangeni (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá).
Iqabunga: likhulu, linjengesikhumba, linokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezikhishwayo, okubalulekile ekuvutshelweni isikhathi eside.

Itiye lase-Yunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu libonakala ngokugcwala okunothile kanye nengxenye ephezulu yama-phenol, okwenza ukuthi lifanele kokubili i-pu’er eluhlaza nevutshiwe. Umkhiqizo othi “Chungcha” usebenzisa ukuhlanganisa (拼配, pīnpèi) — ukuxuba impahla evela ezifundeni ezahlukene, izivuno kanye namazinga amaqabunga ukuze kuzuzwe iphrofayili ezinzile kusuka kwinqwaba kuye kwenye.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshalwa:

Isifunda: isifundazwe sase-Yunnan, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-China.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuthenga: isifunda sase-Xishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), idolobha lase-Pu’er (普洱, Pǔ’ěr, elaliyi-Simao), idolobha lase-Lincang (临沧, Líncāng), i-Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān).
Ukuphakama kwamasimu: cishe 1000–2000 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical ne-tropical monsoon, enesikhathi esibonakalayo sezimvula.

I-Yunnan itholakala cishe emazingeni angu-21–29° N; izifunda zetiye eziseningizimu ye-Xishuangbanna zitholakala cishe ku-21–22° N. Inhlanganisela yokuphakama, inkungu, inhlabathi evundile kanye nobusika obupholile kwakha impahla enomzimba wokugcwala ominyene. Njengoba i-”Chungcha” isebenza ngempahla evela ezifundeni eziningi, i-terroir ethile yesicaba ngasinye incike ekuphekeni futhi iyabhalwa ekupakishweni.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Isigaba 1. Ukwenza i-maocha: ukukha (采摘, cǎizhāi), ukuvutshelwa kancane (萎凋, wěidiāo), ukumisa ukuhlaza ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukomisa elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng).
Isigaba 2. Ukufumba okumanzi (渥堆, wò duī): umsebenzi oyinhloko, ohlukanisa i-shu ku-shēng pu’er.
Isigaba 3. Ukucindezela: ukukala, ukufuthelana, ukwakha isicaba, ukomisa.
Isigaba 4. Ukupakisha: iphepha lokusonga (棉纸, mián zhǐ), ilebula langaphakathi (内飞, nèifēi), incwajana engaphakathi (内票, nèipiào), inyanda (筒, tǒng).

Ngesikhathi sokufumba, i-maocha ihlanganiswa izinqwaba, iyanethiswa (洒水, sǎ shuǐ) futhi iyambozwa; ngenxa yomsebenzi wama-microorganism, ikakhulukazi i-aspergillus niger (黑曲霉, hēi qū méi) kanye ne-yeast, izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwenqwaba likhuphuka liye ku-50–65 °C. Inqwaba iyanyakaziswa ngezikhathi ezithile (翻堆, fān duī) ukuze kulingane. Inqubo ithatha cishe amasonto ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbili kuye ngokupheka nezinga lokuvutshelwa. Ngemva kwalokho ingxube iyomiswa, ihlelwe ngamazinga, iyahlanganiswa futhi icindezelwe nge-futha ibe yizicaba.

6. Izici Zomzwelo:

Iqabunga elomile: nsundu omnyama kuya kobomvu onsundu, ngokuvamile kunemiqumbe esagolide (金毫, jīn háo).
Ukugcwala: kusuka kokubomvu onsundu okujulile kuya konsundu omnyama njenge-castnut; ngokuvuthwa kuya ngokuba sobala futhi kukhanye ngaphezulu.
Iphunga: elivuthiwe, “elidala” (陈香, chén xiāng) — izimpawu zokhuni nomhlaba, kanye nezimpawu zezinsuku ezomile, ngezinye izikhathi i-camphor (樟香, zhāng xiāng) noma uhlamvu olufudumele.
Ukunambitheka: kumnene, kuyindilinga, kuminyene (醇厚, chún hòu), nobumuncu obuncane nokuklwebheka, kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala kuze kube sekupheleni (回甘, huí gān).

Ku-shu pu’er esencane kungaba khona “ukunambitheka kwenqwaba” (堆味, duī wèi) — uphawu olujwayelekile lokufumba kwakamuva, oluhamba kancane kancane lapho kugcinwa, luvule indawo yeprofayili ehlanzekile nevuthiwe.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-polyphenol: ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa ukuqukethwe kwama-catechin (儿茶素, ér chá sù) kwehla ngokuphawulekayo.
Ama-pigment: kwakheka ama-thearubigin futhi ikakhulukazi ama-theabrownin (茶褐素, chá hè sù), anikeza ukugcwala umbala omnyama obomvu onsundu.
I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn): iyahlala, nakuba izwakala imnene kakhulu kunasetiyeni eliluhlaza.
Ama-polysaccharide noshukela ongancibiliki: anikeza umzimba wokugcwala ukumina kanye nophawu olumnandi.

Ukufumba okumanzi empeleni kuhlela kabusha i-biochemistry yeqabunga: ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo kwama-polyphenol ngama-microbial kanye ne-oxidative kunciphisa ukuklwebheka futhi kwakhe imikhiqizo ethile yokuvutshelwa, enesibopho ngombala, “ubumnene” kanye nephunga eliyingqayizivele le-shu pu’er eqediwe.

8. Izinzuzo Eziwusizo:

Ukugaya ukudla: i-shu pu’er ngokwesiko iphuzwa ngemva kokudla okusindayo njengendlela “yokwenza isisu sikhululeke”.
Isimo esishisayo: ngokungafani ne-pu’er eluhlaza “epholile”, i-pu’er evutshiwe ibhekwa “njengefudumele” futhi imnene esiswini.
I-metabolism: kukhona ucwaningo ngomthelela we-pu’er evutshiwe ku-lipid metabolism, nokho imiphumela akufanele ihunyushwe njengomphumela wokwelapha oqinisekisiwe.

Izici ezinikeziwe zibonisa imibono yendabuko kanye nedatha yokuqala yesayensi futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha. Isimo esivuthiwe kanye nokuklwebheka okuphansi kwenza leli tiye likhululeke ukusetshenziswa njalo, kuhlanganise nesikhathi sakusihlwa kubantu abazwelayo ekunambithekeni okuklwebhekayo.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma i-teapot yobumba lwase-Yixing (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú); i-teapot yobumba iyenza ukugcwala kube mnene kahle.
Amanzi: afakwe emathunjini abilayo, 95–100 °C.
Isilinganiso: cishe 7–8 g wamaqabunga nge-100–120 ml (cishe 1:15).
Ukuwasha: ukuthela ngokushesha ukuze kukhishwe (洗茶, xǐ chá) okukodwa noma kabili ngemizuzwana engu-5–10; ukugcwala kuyachithwa.
Ukuthela: ukugcwala kokuqala imizuzwana engu-5–10, khona-ke isikhathi sandiswe kancane kancane; isicaba sikhuthazela ukugcwala okuyi-10–15 noma ngaphezulu.

Ngaphambi kokuphisa, ucezu lwehlukaniswa ngommese we-pu’er, kwenziwe umzamo wokungafohlozi iqabunga. Ukukhishwa akugcini nje “ngokuvusa” itiye elicindezelweyo, kodwa futhi kususa noma yikuphi ukunambitheka kwenqwaba ku-shu encane. Ekugcwalisweni kwakamuva, itiye lingabiliswa futhi eketeleni eliphezu kwesitofu (煮茶, zhǔ chá), kuzuze ukugcwala okuminyene nokunambitheka okumnandi.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Uhlobo lokugcinwa: okomile (干仓, gān cāng) kunconywa kakhulu kunokumanzi (湿仓, shī cāng).
Izimo: izinga lokushisa elilingene, umswakama olinganiselwe cishe ku-50–70 %, umoya ovunguzayo, ukungabikho kwelanga eliqondile.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwephunga: i-pu’er imunca kalula amaphunga angaphandle, ngakho-ke igcinwa kude nezikhupha, izimonyo kanye nekhishi.

I-shu pu’er isivele idlule ekuvutshelweni okusheshayo, ngakho-ke ishintsha kancane uma igcinwe kune-pu’er eluhlaza, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi “ukunambitheka kwenqwaba” kuyahamba, ukunambitheka kuba msulwa, kujule futhi kube mnandi kakhudlwana. Izicaba zigcinwa ephepheni lazo lomdabu; ukuvaleka ngokuphelele akunconywa, ngoba itiye lidinga ukushintshanisana komoya okuncane.

11. Intengo kanye Nokungelona iqiniso:

Imikhiqizo evamile: izicaba ze-shu ze-”Chungcha” zesimanje zemigqa emikhulu zibiza cishe kusuka emakhulwini ambalwa kuya enkulungwaneni namarandi ambalwa ngesicaba esingu-357 g kuye ngezinga lempahla nobudala.
Izinqwaba ezivuthiwe nezokuqoqwa: intengo ikhula ngokuphindwe kaningi, kanti izicaba ezindala zasefektri zithengiswa njengento yokuqoqwa.
Ungabheka kanjani ubuqiniso: kubhekwa ikhwalithi yokuphrinta kwe-logo “izimpawu eziyisishiyagalombili zika-chung”, iphepha lokusonga, ubukhona kanye nokubukeka kwelebula langaphakathi (内飞) kanye nencwajana, ukuhambisana kwenombolo yomkhiqizo kanye nokupheka nonyaka oshiwoyo.

Umkhiqizo othi “Chungcha” ungomunye wemikhiqizo enziwa okungelona iqiniso kakhulu emhlabeni we-pu’er; izimangalo ezithi itiye “elidala”, “elingavamile” noma “elimakiwe” ziyingozi ngokukhethekile. Ukubeka usuku ngokubukeka kwangaphandle kulula ukukukopela, ngakho-ke izicaba ezibizayo ezivuthiwe kufanele zithengwe kuphela kubathengisi abathembekile, abanomlando olandelekayo. Ngetiye lansuku zonke kuphephe kakhudlwana ukugxila ezinqwabeni ezintsha zasefektri zemigqa esemthethweni, hhayi kumafanekiso “asinda ngokuyisimangaliso” ngentengo ephansi ngokusolisayo.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Logo: izinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili 中 ezizungeze 茶 ophakathi zagxila njengophawu lokuhweba lwezohwebo lwetiye lukahulumeni lwaseShayina.
Uhlelo lokupheka: kumakhodi ezicaba zase-Yunnan izinombolo ezimbili zokuqala ngokuvamile zisho unyaka wokupheka, eyesithathu — izinga leqabunga, eyesine — inombolo yefektri (isibonelo, 1 — i-Kunming, 2 — i-Menghai).
I-shu edumile: emkhiqizweni ongaphansi komkhiqizo othi “Chungcha” kukhona enye yetiye elicindezelwe elivutshiwe eliyisibonelo — isitini esingu-7581 sefektri yase-Kunming (isimo sesitini, hhayi isicaba, kodwa umsuka ofanayo).
Umkhiqizo owodwa wenkathi: amashumi eminyaka ambalwa wonke umkhiqizo we-pu’er wase-Yunnan wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nowangaphakathi wawuhamba ngaphansi kwalomkhiqizo, okwenza ukuthi ube yindawo eyinhloko yokuqala emlandweni wesigaba.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Chungcha shu pu’er ayilona uhlobo olulodwa olusuka ensimini eyodwa, kodwa isitayela kanye nomndeni wonke wezicaba, ezihlanganiswe umkhiqizo wetiye omdala kunabo bonke waseShayina, impahla yase-Yunnan enamaqabunga amakhulu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokufumba okumanzi. Kungumkhiqizo ongaphansi kwalomkhiqizo owabeka izinga lalokho namuhla okuqondwa “njenge-shu pu’er yasefektri evamile”: ukugcwala okumnyama, umzimba omncane ominyene, iphunga elivuthiwe lezinkuni nomhlaba kanye nekhwalithi ebikezelwayo kusuka enqwabeni kuye kwenye.

Ukuze ujwayelane ne-pu’er evutshiwe, leli tiye lilungele ukutholakala kwalo nokuzinza kwalo, kanti kumqoqi libalulekile ngokomlando. Indlela enengqondo ilula: izicaba zansuku zonke zithengwe emigqeni esemthethweni emisha futhi zihlolwe ngokunambitheka, kanti amafanekiso “angavamile” kanye “namadala” aphathwe ngokuqapha, kukhunjulwa izinga lomgunyathi elizungeza omunye wemikhiqizo eyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wetiye.

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