yún nán hóng chá · thetea.app

Itiye elibomvu laseYunnan (云南红茶, Yúnnán hóngchá), elaziwa kakhulu ngegama elifushane elithi Dian Hong (滇红, Diān hóng), iqembu lamatiye abomvu akhiqizwa eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina, esifundazweni saseYunnan. Ngokwe-classification yaseChina, lingaphansi kwamatiye abomvu (红茶, hóngchá), lawo ngesiko laseNtshonalanga avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ‘amnyama’. I-Dian Hong itiye elisencane ngokuqhathaniswa, elasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930, kodwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, selibe ngelinye lamatiye abomvu aseChina aziwa kakhulu emakethe yomhlaba. Lihlukaniswa ngeqabunga elikhulu lohlobo lwase-Assam, inala yamathiphu asagolide, kanye nokunambitheka okunothe okunoshukela okunamathoni ojusi lwezinyosi kanye ne-malt. Igama elithi ‘izinhlobo ezindala’ (老品种, lǎo pǐnzhǒng) likhomba ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zendabuko ezikhuliswe ngembewu, hhayi ama-cultivar anamuhla angama-clone.

1. I-Classification kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elibiliswe ngokuphelele (i-oxidized).
Igama lesiShayina: i-Dian Hong (滇红, Diān hóng); ku-price list — ‘itiye elibomvu laseYunnan lezinhlobo ezindala’ (云南老品种红茶, Yúnnán lǎo pǐnzhǒng hóngchá).
Imvelaphi: isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina; indawo yomlando eyazalelwa kuyo — isifunda saseFengqing (凤庆县, Fèngqìng xiàn) ngaphansi kukamasipala waseLincang (临沧, Líncāng).
Izifunda eziyinhloko: iLincang (临沧, Líncāng), iPuer (普洱, Pǔ’ěr), iBaoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), iDehong (德宏, Déhóng), iXishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà).
Uhlobo lwesihlahla: uhlobo lwaseYunnan olunamacembe amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), ngokwesayensi yezitshalo — i-Camellia sinensis var. assamica.

I-Dian Hong ihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbalwa ngokohlobo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nendlela yokucubungula. Eziyinhloko zazo — itiye le-leaf kungfu (滇红工夫, Diān hóng gōngfu) elenziwe ngeqabunga eligoqiwe eliphelele, kanye netiye elisikiwe (滇红碎茶, Diān hóng suì chá), elikhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe obusondelene ne-CTC, futhi ngokuyinhloko liya emaphaketheni nasezingxenyeni ze-cupping. Ngokuhlukile, kunezinhlobo zamathiphu anenala yoboya obusagolide — ‘inaliti yegolide’ (金针, jīn zhēn), ‘ithiphu legolide’ (金芽, jīn yá) kanye ‘nentambo zegolide’ (金丝, jīn sī).

Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwetiye le-leaf kungfu kulawulwa yizinga likahulumeni letiye-kungfu — i-GB/T 13738.2 «工夫红茶» (gōngfu hóngchá); itiye elisikiwe lingaphansi kwengxenye ehambisanayo yochungechunge olufanayo (GB/T 13738.1). Ngetiye elibomvu laseYunnan, amazinga esifunda sesifundazwe saseYunnan ayasebenza futhi.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Iminyaka yokwakhiwa: 1938–1939.
Umakhi: uFeng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘, Féng Shàoqiú), uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe.
Indawo yokuzalwa: iShunning (顺宁, Shùnníng) — igama langaphambili (ngaphambi kuka-1954) lesifunda saseFengqing.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930, lapho ukuhlasela kwamaJapan kunqamula izifunda zendabuko ezikhiqiza itiye empumalanga yeChina, Inkampani Yetiye YaseChina (中国茶叶公司, Zhōngguó cháyè gōngsī) yayifuna izindawo ezintsha zokukhiqiza itiye elithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngo-1938, uFeng Shaoqiu wathunyelwa eYunnan, lapho ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zendawo ezinamacembe amakhulu wakha khona amabheshi okuqala okuhlola etiye elibomvu. Igama elithi ‘Dian Hong’ lakhiwe ngegama elifushanisiwe elidala laseYunnan — ‘Dian’ (滇, Diān) — kanye negama elithi ‘obomvu’ (红, hóng). Amabheshi okuqala ayethunyelwa ngaphandle edlula eHong Kong eya eLondon futhi asheshe azuza isithunzi emakethe yaseYurophu.

Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: uphawu lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwetiye laseYunnan; iFengqing inesihloko esingekho emthethweni esithi ‘ikhaya le-Dian Hong’ (滇红之乡, Diān hóng zhī xiāng).
Isiqinisekiso sendawo: ‘i-Fengqing Dian Hong’ (凤庆滇红茶, Fèngqìng Diān hóng chá) ivikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Uhlobo: i-Camellia sinensis var. assamica — uhlobo lwaseYunnan olunamacembe amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng).
Imiphakathi yendawo nama-cultivar: i-Fengqing enamaqabunga amakhulu (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng), i-Mengku enamaqabunga amakhulu (勐库大叶种, Měngkù dàyèzhǒng), i-Menghai enamaqabunga amakhulu (勐海大叶种, Měnghǎi dàyèzhǒng).
‘Izinhlobo ezindala’: imiphakathi yendabuko ekhule ngezimbewu (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng), kuhlanganise nalezo ezivela ezihlahleni ezineminyaka.

Uhlobo lwaseYunnan olunamacembe amakhulu luhlukaniswa ngeqabunga elikhulu elinamanzi, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol, kanye noboya obuningi obusiliva emathiphu. Igama elithi ‘izinhlobo ezindala’ liphikisa izitshalo zomphakathi wezimbewu kuma-cultivar anamuhla angama-clone (akhuliswa nge-vegetative) (无性系, wúxìngxì): ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kwezihlahla zezimbewu kunikeza ukunambitheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okunezingqimba eziningi, nakuba kungafani kangako esivunweni. Izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-Dian Hong yekhwalithi zivunwa ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo; ama-flush akhishwe ngegxolo anethiphu elilodwa noma amabili ayaziswa.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Indawo: izifunda zezintaba ekuphakameni okucishe kube ngu-1000 kuya ku-2000 m nangaphezulu ngaphezu kolwandle.
Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical monsoon, efudumele nenomswakama, enezikhathi ezibonakalayo ezomile nezimvula.
Inhlabathi: inhlabathi ebomvu kanye nenhlabathi ye-laterite, ecebile nge-iron.
Izifunda eziyinhloko: iFengqing (凤庆, Fèngqìng), iYunxian (云县, Yúnxiàn), iShuangjiang (双江, Shuāngjiāng), iMengku (勐库, Měngkù).

IYunnan isendaweni ephansi, kodwa ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, okwenza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku futhi kusiza ekunqwabelaneni kwezinto ezinamakha eqabungeni. Izivande eziningi zitholakala emcengezini womfula iLancang (澜沧江, Láncāngjiāng) — umfula ongenhla weMekong. Isifunda saseFengqing (cishe u-24,6° N no-99,9° E) sithathwa njenge-terroir eyisilinganiso ye-Dian Hong.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): iqabunga elisha lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama futhi libe nokweluleka.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): izindonga zamangqamuzana ziyaphulwa, ijusi iyakhishwa, i-oxidation iyaqalwa.
Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): empeleni i-oxidation ye-enzymatic endaweni efudumele nenomswakama, okwakha ukunambitheka okubomvu kanye nephunga elimisiwe.
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): ngokuvamile ngomoya oshisayo; kumisa i-oxidation futhi kuqinise ukunambitheka.

Nge-leaf kungfu, kusetshenziswa ukusonga okucophelelayo, okugcina ubuqotho bama-flush kanye namathiphu asagolide. Ngetiye elisikiwe, iqabunga liyagaywa, okusheshisa ukuvutshelwa futhi kunikeze ukunambitheka okuqinile, okukhipha ngokushesha. Ukuhlelwa kahle kwezinga lokushisa kanye nobude besikhathi sokuvutshelwa kunquma kakhulu ibhalansi yobumnandi, umzimba, kanye nokubaba kwetiye eliphelele.

6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa:

Iqabunga elomile: amacembe egoqiwe aqinile anombala obomvu-onsundu, ngokuvamile anenala yamathiphu asagolide (金毫, jīn háo).
Ukunambitheka: okusobala, okubomvu-okusawolintshi, nomphetho osagolide emaphethelweni enkomishi.
Iphunga: ubusi kanye ne-malt, namathoni ezithelo ezomisiwe (i-longan), ngezinye izikhathi amanothi ezimbali noma e-cocoa.
Ukunambitheka: okunothe, okunoshukela, okuthambile, nokubaba okulingene kanye nokunambitheka okuyisicefe okuhlala isikhathi eside.
Iqabunga eliphekwe kahle (叶底, yèdǐ): elikhazimulayo, elithambile, eliyisicaba.

Itiye elivela ezinhlotsheni ezindala zezimbewu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ezihlahleni ezineminyaka yobudala, lihlukaniswa ngokuqina okukhulu kokunambitheka, ukujula kwamaminerali, kanye nezingqimba eziningi, kuyilapho ama-cultivar amancane angama-clone enikeza iphrofayili eqondile enoshukela.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol nama-catechin: eqabungeni elisha elinamacebe amakhulu, okuqukethwe kwawo kuphezulu futhi kungafinyelela ku-30% nangaphezulu.
Ama-Theaflavin (茶黄素, chá huáng sù): abhekene nokukhanya kanye ‘nokuphila’ kokunambitheka.
Ama-Thearubigin (茶红素, chá hóng sù): akha umbala obomvu kanye nokugcwala komzimba.
Ama-Theabrownin (茶褐素, chá hè sù): anikeza ukujula kombala.
I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): okuqukethwe kwenyukile, ngokuvamile kuphakeme kunasezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga amancane.
Ama-Amino acid, kuhlanganise ne-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān): abamba iqhaza ekwakheni ubumnandi nokuthamba.

Ngesikhathi se-oxidation, ama-polyphenol ezinto ezingavuthiwe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu aguqulwa abe ama-theaflavin, ama-thearubigin, kanye nama-theabrownin; okuqukethwe kwazo okuphezulu kuchaza umbala ogcwele nokuminyana kwetiye elibomvu laseYunnan. Amanani aqondile ancike ohlotsheni lwesihlahla, isizini, kanye nobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke kufanele athathwe njengawokuhlola kuphela.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Umphumela wokufudumeza: ngokwesiko lesiShayina, itiye elibomvu lithathwa ‘njengelifudumele’ (温, wēn), elifanele isizini ebandayo.
Ukugaya ukudla: kusiza ukugaya ukudla, kuhambisana kahle nokudla okunamafutha.
Ama-Antioxidant: ama-theaflavin namanye ama-polyphenol anomsebenzi we-antioxidant.
Ukuqabula: i-caffeine inomphumela omncane wokuvuselela.

Lezi zakhiwo eziveziwe zibonisa imibono yomuthi wesintu waseShayina kanye nedatha ejwayelekile yocwaningo lwetiye futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha. Uma kuqhathaniswa netiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu ngokuvamile linomthelela omnene esiswini ngenxa ye-oxidation yama-polyphenol.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isitsha: i-gaiwan noma i-teapot encane (i-porcelain, kungavamile ubumba lwe-Yixing) enomthamo ongu-100–150 ml.
Isilinganiso: cishe u-4–5 g ku-100 ml we-gongfu brewing; u-3–4 g ku-300 ml we-brewing elula.
Izinga lokushisa: 90–95 °C. Amanzi abilayo ashisayo kakhulu andisa ukubaba futhi acime ubumnandi, ngakho-ke amanzi ayekwa ukuthi aphole kancane.
Ukuphisa: geza iqabunga ngokuphisa kokuqala okufushane, bese uphisa ngezikhathi ezimfishane (ukugxilisa kokuqala imizuzwana engu-5–10, bese kwanda isikhathi). I-Dian Hong yekhwalithi yamacembe imelana nokuphisa okungu-6–10.

Izinhlobo zamathiphu (‘inaliti yegolide’, ‘ithiphu legolide’) zincane futhi zintekenteke kakhulu: kuzo, khetha umkhawulo ophansi wezinga lokushisa kanye nokuphisa okufushane ukuze ugweme ukubaba okungadingekile. Itiye elisikiwe (i-CTC) liphiswa ngokuphisa okukodwa okuqinile.

10. Ukugcina:

Isikhathi: itiye elibomvu lingcono ukuphuzwa liselisha, phakathi neminyaka engu-1–2; alihloselwe ukuvuthwa iminyaka eminingi, njenge-puer.
Izimo: ukupakisha okuvaleke kahle nokungabonakali, kude nokukhanya, umswakama, ukushisa, namaphunga angaphandle.
Izitsha: amathini ensimbi, izikhwama ezinocwecwe lwe-foil; musa ukugcina eduze kwezinongo nekhofi.

Ngokungafani ne-puer, itiye elibomvu alithuthuki ngokuvuthwa iminyaka eminingi: ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amanothi amasha obusi ayalahleka. Noma kunjalo, i-Dian Hong eyomiswe kahle egcinwe kahle igcina ikhwalithi yayo ngokukhululekile iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu.

11. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi:

Ububanzi bentengo: bubanzi kakhulu. Itiye elisikiwe elenziwe ngobuningi libiza kancane; i-leaf kungfu yezinga elimaphakathi — ngokulingene; izinhlobo zamathiphu kanye netiye elivela ezitshalweni ezindala zezimbewu nezihlahla ezineminyaka kubiza kakhulu.
Izici zentengo: uhlobo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe nohlobo lwesihlahla, isizini (eyasentwasahlobo inenani eliphezulu), ingxenye yamathiphu namathiphu asagolide, isifunda kanye neminyaka yezihlahla.

Izindlela eziyinhloko zokukhohlisa — ukufaka umbala ukulingisa inala yamathiphu asagolide nokunambitheka okugqamile, ukuthengisa itiye elisikiwe elishibhile noma izinto ezingavuthiwe ezingesona isizini njenge-premium, kanye nezimangalo eziphakeme kakhulu ‘zezihlahla ezindala’ (古树, gǔshù) kanye ‘nezinhlobo ezindala’.

Ukuze uhlukanise umgunyathi, qaphela izimpawu ezimbalwa. Amathiphu emvelo anombala othambile osagolide ophuzi futhi awangcolisi izandla; uma uhlikihla iqabunga elomile ephepheni elimhlophe bese kusala umbala wokudaya — lokho kuyisignali esethusayo. Ukunambitheka kwetiye lekhwalithi kusobala, hhayi okufiphele; iqabunga eliphekwe kahle liyisicaba, likhazimulayo, futhi linwebeka. Ekunambithekeni, i-Dian Hong yangempela imsulwa futhi inoshukela, ngaphandle kokubaba kwamakhemikhali namaphunga angaphandle. Umbala ogqame ngokweqile, ‘oneon’ wamacembe omile nokunambitheka kuvame ukukhomba ekuxhaphazweni, kunekhwalithi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Igama elithi ‘Dian’: isifinyezo esithi ‘滇’ (Diān) sisukela embusweni wasendulo waseDian nasechibini elinegama elifanayo eduze kwaseKunming yanamuhla; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlamu lwaba uphawu lwalo lonke elaseYunnan.
Itiye elidala elincane: ngokungafani namatiye amaningi amadala aseShayina, i-Dian Hong ineminyaka engaphansi kwekhulu.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezifanayo ne-puer: i-Dian Hong ebomvu kanye ne-puer edumile zenziwa ngohlobo olufanayo lwamaqabunga amakhulu, kodwa ngobuchwepheshe obuhlukile.
Ifa lokuthumela ngaphandle: kusukela ekudalweni kwayo, i-Dian Hong ibigxile emakethe yangaphandle futhi isamela kabanzi ekuhwebeni komhlaba.

Ekuphetheni:

Itiye elibomvu laseYunnan liyisibonelo esiyingqayizivele yesiko elazalwa ngekhulu lama-20, kodwa esesiphenduke i-classic. Inhlanganisela yohlobo lwase-Assam olunamaqabunga amakhulu, i-terroir yaseYunnan esezindaweni eziphakeme, kanye necebo le-oxidation ephelele inikeza itiye elinesimilo esibonakalayo sobusi ne-malt, umzimba ominyene, nenkomishi ekhazimulayo ebomvu-okusawolintshi. Igama elithi ‘izinhlobo ezindala’ ligcizelela ukukhetha izitshalo zomphakathi wezimbewu nobunkimbinkimbi bazo kanye nokujula kokunambitheka.

Kulabo abajwayelana namatiye abomvu aseChina, i-Dian Hong iyindawo yokuqala eqondakalayo nenhle: iyakuxolela amaphutha amancane ekuphiseni, iyazembula kokubili e-gaiwan nase-teapot elula, futhi ihambisana kahle nokudla. Ukunaka uhlobo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe, isizini, kanye nokwethembeka komthengisi kuvumela ukuthola itiye elifanele ngempela, ukugwema imikhonyovu evamile emakethe kanye nokwenza ihaba kwezokuthengisa.

the teas described here are available from teamotea