yìn jí chá

印级茶 ( yìn jí chá ) — isizukulwane se-sheng pu’er elicindezelwe lenkathi yenkampani kahulumeni i-中茶 ( Zhōngchá ) yawo-1950–70, elathola igama ngalo umbala wophawu lwegunya «中» esembozweni. Lokhu kuyisixhumanisi phakathi kwamanene angaqediwe angamagama angasese e-号级茶 kanye nenkathi yemboni ye-唛号, futhi namuhla — kungenye yezingqimba eziyinganekwane neziqoqwayo ze-pu’er.

Indawo kumlando olandelanayo we-pu’er

Ukuze uqonde i-印级茶, kufanele ibekwe ochungechungeni olujwayelekile lwezinkathi ze-sheng pu’er. I-typology yokuqoqa ihlukanisa izingqimba eziningana ezilandelanayo:

• 号级茶 ( hào jí chá ) — amatiye angaqediwe ezindlu zohwebo ezizimele ( shānghào 商号) ngaphambi kwawo-1950: i-同庆 ( Tóngqìng ), i-宋聘 ( Sòngpìn ), i-福元昌 ( Fúyuánchāng ). Izinto ezingavamile ezithengiswa endalini, amanani — ayizigidi zama-yuan nangaphezulu.
• 印级茶 — umkhiqizo we-中茶 wawo-1950–70, owehlukaniswa ngombala wophawu: i-红印 ( hóng yìn ), i-绿印 ( lǜ yìn ), i-黄印 ( huáng yìn ).
• 七子级 ( qī zǐ jí ) — kusukela kwawo-1970, isiqalo senkathi ye-唛号 ( mài hào ), amakhodi ezindlela zokupheka anezinombolo ezine (7542 nokunye).
• Inkathi yesimanje — kusukela kwawo-1990; ngo-1989 kubhaliswa uphawu lwe-大益 ( Dàyì ).

Ngaleyo ndlela i-印级茶 ivala igebe phakathi kokukhiqiza okuncane, okusemakhaya kwekuqala kwekhulu lama-20 kanye nohlelo olusezingeni lwemboni, olwagcina selumisiwe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970. Ngemva kokwethulwa kwe-唛号 izimpawu ezingamagama eziqu «ezinezimpawu» zashiywa indawo yizindlela zokupheka eziyizinombolo.

Kusho ukuthini u-«印» — uphawu njengegama

Igama elithi 印 ( yìn ) ngokoqobo lisho «uphawu, isigxivizo». Esembozweni salawa matiye kwakukhona uphawu lwenkampani lwe-中茶 — uhlamvu lwesiShayina u-中 («maphakathi»). Umbala wophawu okuyiwona owaba indlela yokuhlukanisa amaqoqo, ngesikhathi amatiye ayengenawo izinombolo zokupheka noma igama elilodwa lomkhiqizo.

Lolu hlelo lwemibala «lwamagama abaqoqi» lwavela kanje:

• 红印 ( hóng yìn ) — uphawu olubomvu. Isigaba sokuqala nesesikhundleni esikhulu kakhulu se-印级, esizungezwe amangqamuzana amaningi ezinsumansumane; kubhekwa «njengomholi» wenkathi.
• 绿印 ( lǜ yìn ) — uphawu oluluhlaza. Isendlalelo esilandelayo, naso esihlonishwa kakhulu.
• 黄印 ( huáng yìn ) — uphawu oluphuzi. Iqembu lakamuva lamatiye anezimpawu, ngokulandelana kweminyaka lisondele kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-七子级 ne-唛号; ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengesinyathelo sensika siya ekukhiqizweni okusezingeni.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda: «uphawu olubomvu / oluluhlaza / oluphuzi» — akulona uhlobo lwetiye noma isinkwa esisodwa esithile, kodwa amalebula emakethe nokuqoqa, lapho amaqoqo ahlobene e-中茶 alelo nkathi ahlanganiswa khona. Izinsuku eziqondile, inani lamakhophi akhiqizwayo, nokufakazela kwama-loti angawodwana — kuyindaba yobungcweti nezimpikiswano, futhi noma yiziphi izinombolo «eziqondile» lapha kufanele zithathwe ngokuhlolisisa.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe nokucubungula

I-印级茶 — yi-sheng pu’er ( shēng pǔ ), okungukuthi «eluhlaza», elingacutshungulwanga ngendlela yokuvubela esheshisayo. Ngokobuchwepheshe ingeyomugqa ofanayo nawo wonke umkhiqizo we-sheng ocindezelwe wakudala: iqabunga lidlula ekumisweni, ukusongwa nokomiswa elangeni, liphenduke i-晒青毛茶 ( shài qīng máo chá ), bese liyashiswa ngesitimu futhi licindezelwe libe sesimweni sesinkwa (饼, bǐng ). I-熟普 ( shú pǔ ) yasembonini — itiye «elikhuliswe» ngokungekhona okwemvelo — lizovela kamuva, kakade enkathini ye-七子级 (isitini sokuqala se-shou, i-7581, singaphakathi kwawo-1970), ngakho-ke inkathi yezimpawu — ngaphezu kwakho konke iwumlando we-生普.

Lonke inani lokuqoqwa le-印级茶 lakhelwe phezu komgomo othi 越陈越香 ( yuè chén yuè xiāng ) — «indala, iba namakha kakhudlwana». Ku-sheng pu’er lokhu kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo: amashumi eminyaka okuguga okunensa koketshezi nokuguqulwa kwamagciwane kuguqula itiye eliselisha elibabayo, elihlanganisayo libe ukumnandi okujulile, okuthambile, okunezendlalelo eziningi. Kungalesi sizathu amatiye anezimpawu, asechithe ngaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, abe yizinga «lokunambitheka okugugiwe».

Ukugcinwa: 干仓 ngokumelene ne-湿仓

Isiphetho sesinkwa esithile esinophawu cishe sinqunywa ngokuphelele yizimo zokugcina (仓, cāng), futhi lapha kukhona ukwehlukana okukhulu.

• 干仓 ( gān cāng ) — inqolobane eyomile. Ukuguga okunensayo, okuhlanzekile nokuphephile; indlela esezingeni eliphezulu. Itiye liguga kancane kancane, ngaphandle kwephunga elingaqondakali nengozi yokonakala, ligcina ukucaca kwephunga elimnandi.
• 湿仓 ( shī cāng ) — inqolobane emanzi. Umswakama ophezulu usheshisa «ukuguga», kodwa uletha ingozi yokukhunta nokonakala; kuhlobene nalokhu umlando ohlukile wezinqolobane zaseHong Kong (港仓, gǎng cāng), okwadlula kuzo ingxenye enkulu ye-pu’er endala.

Njengoba i-印级茶 eminingi yagcinwa amashumi eminyaka ezimweni zaseHong Kong naseNingizimu yeChina, isimo sayo sincike kakhulu ekutheni indlela yayiyi-«manzi» kangakanani. Amasampuli ezinqolobane ezomile akalwa kakhulu ngenxa yobumsulwa, kuyilapho awasezinqolobaneni ezimanzi enikeza umphumela osheshayo, kodwa onobungozi futhi ongaqagelwa kahle.

Ukunambitheka nokwenziwa

Ku-sheng pu’er eneminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka esezinqolobaneni ezomile kulindeleke i-陈香 ( chén xiāng ) ejulile — «iphunga lokuguga»: imikhonzo yokhuni olomile, izincwadi ezindala, i-camphor, izithelo ezomile, ngezinye izikhathi ukuncenceza okuncane. Ukumnandi kujulile, kumbala we-amber omnyama, ngaphandle kobukhali bobutsha; ubuhlungu bokudonsa kuhambile kudala, kwashiywa ukuminyana okuthambile kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside okumnandi ( huí gān 回甘).

Iziqondiso ezingokoqobo zokwenza i-sheng pu’er egugiwe:

• isitsha — i-紫砂 ( zǐshā ) yobumba noma i-gaiwan enezindonga eziwugqinsi;
• amanzi abilayo agqamile;
• ukugeza okumphoqelekile kweqabunga (okwe-itiye elidala — okungcono ukuchitha amanzi amafushane amabili), ukuze «kuvuswe» isinkwa esicindezelwe futhi kugezwe uthuli lwasezinqolobaneni;
• ukuchithwa kokuqala kufishane kanye nokunwetshwa kancane kancane; iqabunga eligugiwe limelana nokuchithwa okuningi.

Amatiye anezimpawu angempela atholakala ngokungavamile kakhulu enkomishini yangempela, futhi iningi labantu lijwayelana nenjongo yawo yokunambitheka ngama-sheng pu’er asemasha, abekelwe «ukugugiswa».

Umlando nesiko

I-印级茶 — wumkhondo obambekayo walowo mzuzu lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-pu’er kwathuthela ngaphansi kokulawulwa kukahulumeni yi-中茶, kodwa kwakungakafani ngezindlela zamakhodi okupheka. Itiye lalesi sikhathi laziphatha lapho kuhlangana khona umhlaba emibili: ngakolunye uhlangothi — ifa lezindlu zohwebo ezizimele ze-号级, ngakolunye — ukusungulwa kwamazinga emboni e-七子级. Lapho maphakathi nawo-1970 kufakwa uhlelo lwe-唛号 (kusukela ngo-1976), uphawu njengendlela yokuqamba luyanyamalala, futhi igama lesigodi elithi «lubomvu / luhlaza / luphuzi» liyaqhubeka liphila olimini lwabaqoqi nezindali.

Namuhla amatiye anezimpawu ami emgqeni ofanayo namararity we-号级 njengento yokutshala imali, yenzuzo yasemnyuziyamu kanye nokuncoma cishe okuyizinganekwane. «Izinsumansumane» zawo — ziyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko le-pu’er egugiwe kanye nempikiswano esekela umqondo uqobo we-越陈越香.

Ungahlukanisa kanjani nokuthi yini okufanele uyinake

Njengoba kukhulunywa ngesigaba esingavamile kakhulu nesibizayo, ikhono eliyinhloko elingokoqobo — ukungakholwa okunengqondo.

• Uphawu nesembozo. Umbala wophawu (obomvu / oluhlaza / ophuzi) — indawo yokuqala yokufakazela, kodwa yiwona ovame ukwenziwa umgunyathi; isembozo nje «esifanele» asifakazeli lutho.
• Inkathi. Amatiye anezimpawu — yi-生普 yenkathi ye-中茶 ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwe-唛号; ukuvela kwekhodi yokupheka enezinombolo ezine kakade kukhomba i-七子级, hhayi i-印级.
• Isimo sokuguga. Iminyaka eyiqiniso ibonakala esimweni se-陈香, umbala nobukhulu bokumnandi, indlela iqabunga eliziphatha ngayo — hhayi nje «ekugugeni» okubukwayo kwephepha.
• Umsuka wokugcinwa. Umlando we-仓 (干仓 / 湿仓, izinqolobane zaseHong Kong) ubalulekile ekuhlolweni futhi kufanele ukwazi ukulandeleka.
• I-provenance. Kumalotho aleli zinga intengo ikalwa ngezizumbulu ezinkulu zemali, ngakho-ke umlando obhalwe phansi nobungcweti kubaluleke ngaphezu kwanoma yiziphi izimpawu zangaphandle.

Kuningi kwabathanda i-印级茶 izohlala iyizinga-elijwayelekile, hhayi isiphuzo sansuku zonke: inani layo — lisekutheni ibeka ibanga, okuyiwo wonke umkhiqizo we-sheng pu’er egugiwe ofisa ukulifinyelela.