měng kù gǔ huā chá

I-Mengku guhua cha (勐库谷花茶, Měngkù gǔhuā chá) iyisithako sasekwindla se-pu’er (sheng-pu’er), esiqoqwe ezintabeni zaseMengku eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseYunnan. Igama lakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: igama lendawo i-Mengku (勐库, Měngkù) — esinye sezifunda ezihlonishwa kakhulu ezikhiqiza itiye esifundeni saseShuangjiang esifundeni saseLincang, kanye negama elithi guhua (谷花, gǔhuā), ngokwezwi nezwi “ukuqhakaza kwezinhlamvu”, elisetshenziswa eYunnan ukuchaza ukuvunwa kwasekwindla, okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqhuma nokuqhakaza kwerayisi emasimini asezintabeni. Ngokwezigaba zokuvuna zaseYunnan, itiye lasekwindla lithatha indawo yesibili ngemuva kwetiye lasentwasahlobo, lidlula ukuvunwa “kwezimvula” kwasehlobo ngephunga elimnandi nokuhlanzeka kokunambitheka. IMengku yaziwa ngohlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu esihlahla setiye (勐库大叶种, Měngkù dàyèzhǒng), oluqashelwa njengohlobo oluthuthukisiwe lukazwelonke, kanye namadolobhana adumile afana neBingdao (冰岛, Bīngdǎo). IGuhua evela kule ndawo yaziswa njengendlela enenani elifanele lokuthinta i-terroir yaseMengku phakathi kwezinkathi ezimbili zasentwasahlobo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: i-pu’er eluhlaza lasekwindla (elingagugiwe) — i-sheng-pu’er (生茶, shēngchá); ngokobuchwepheshe — isithako esomiswe elangeni i-maocha (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá).
Isigaba: i-pu’er (普洱茶, pǔ’ěr chá).
Imvelaphi: izintaba zaseMengku, idolobhana laseMengku esifundeni saseShuangjiang-Lahu-Va-Bulang-Dai Autonomous County (双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县, Shuāngjiāng Lāhùzú Wǎzú Bùlǎngzú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn), isifunda saseLincang (临沧, Líncāng), isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán).
Uhlobo lwesihlahla: uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lwaseMengku (勐库大叶种, Měngkù dàyèzhǒng).
Isikhathi sokuvuna: ikwindla, cishe kusukela esikhathini selanga i-Bailu (白露, báilù, ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba) kuya e-Shuangjiang (霜降, shuāngjiàng, ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba).

Igama elithi “guhua” alibhekiseli ohlotsheni lwesihlahla, kodwa esikhathini sokuvuna. Itiye lasekwindla eYunnan liphikiswa neleyasentwasahlobo (春茶, chūnchá) kanye neleyasehlobo lezimvula (雨水茶, yǔshuǐchá). Ngakho-ke, i-”Mengku guhua cha” akulona uhlobo oluhlukile lwesayensi yezitshalo, kodwa igama elichaza isithako sasekwindla sendawo ethile yezwe.

Isifunda saseLincang sifakwe endaweni ehlanganiswe yizinga lokukhomba indawo ye-pu’er GB/T 22111-2008, ngakho-ke itiye elikhiqizwe lapha ngokobuchwepheshe obuhambisanayo lingamakwa njenge-pu’er.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Isimo sohlobo: uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lwaseMengku lwangena eqenjini lokuqala lezinhlobo zetiye ezithuthukisiwe zikazwelonke, ezagunyazwa ngo-1984.
Indima yesifunda: iMengku ingezinye zezindawo eziyisisekelo zezithako zaseLincang kanye neFengqing nezinye izifunda.

Ukubaluleka komlando weMengku kuhlobane ngokuqondile nesihlahla ngokwaso: inani lendawo lamahlamvu amakhulu lanika izitshalo ezinezivuno eziphakeme futhi laba yizinga letiye lamahlamvu amakhulu laseYunnan. Ngokukhula kwentshisekelo ku-pu’er ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, amadolobhana athile aseMengku, ikakhulukazi iBingdao, athola udumo kuzwelonke, futhi amanani entengo yesithako sawo sasentwasahlobo afinyelela amanani angakaze abonwe.

Umqondo we-”guhua” ubonisa ikhalenda lezolimo labalimi bezintaba — amaLahu, amaVa, amaBulang, namaDai. Itiye lasekwindla lalivunwa lapho irayisi liqhakaza futhi likhula ezigodini nasemasimini; yingakho igama elingokomfanekiso elithi “itiye lokuqhakaza kwezinhlamvu”. Ukuvunwa kwasekwindla ngokwesiko kwakuthathwa njengokwesibili ngokubaluleka ngemuva kokuqhakaza kwasentwasahlobo futhi kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yemali engenayo yonyaka yezindlu zetiye.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo kanye Nesithako:

Uhlobo: itiye laseShayina lohlobo lwase-Assam (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), ngokwesiko lamaShayina — uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu (大叶种, dàyèzhǒng).
Isimo sesitshalo: kusukela ezitshalweni eziyizihlahla kuya ezihlahleni ezinesimo sasendulo (乔木, qiáomù); kutholakala kokubili amasimu amancane nezihlahla ezindala.
Iqabunga: likhulu, liyi-elliptical, linemithambo ebonakalayo kanye noboya obubonakalayo beqabunga elisafufusa; licebile ngezinto ezikhiphekayo.
Izigaba zesithako: ezivela emasimini (台地茶, táidì chá), ezivela ezihlahleni ezinde, kanye nezihlahla ezindala zasemadolobhaneni (古树茶, gǔshù chá).

Iqabunga lasekwindla ngemuva kwenkathi yezimvula alisenawo amanzi amaningi futhi “aligcwele” njengelasentwasahlobo, kodwa nokho liyakwazi ukuqongelela izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esomile nesinelanga. Nge-guhua, ama-flushes aqinile, alinganayo ayisici esijwayelekile; ukuvunwa okuvamile — iqabunga elisafufusa elinamaqabunga eyodwa noma amabili.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Indawo: izintaba, ehlukaniswe yaba yiNtwasahlobo Esempumalanga (东半山, dōngbànshān) kanye neNtwasahlobo Esentshonalanga (西半山, xībànshān), ezihlukaniswa umfula iNanmeng (南勐河, Nánměng hé).
Ukuphakama: izingadi zetiye ikakhulukazi ebangeni elisukela ku-1000 kuya ku-2000+ wamamitha ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle; phezulu kunemiphakathi yasendle yasendulo yamahlathi etiye.
Izihlahla zasendle zasendulo: esiqongweni se-Bangma Daxueshan (邦马大雪山, Bāngmǎ Dàxuěshān) kukhona ihlathi eliyinsalela letiye lamahlamvu amakhulu lasendle ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu — esinye sezinto ezaziwayo zemvelo zesifunda.
Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical monsoon enokwahlukaniswa okucacile kwezinkathi ezomile nezimanzi, umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku, kanye nenkungu evamile.

IMengku ivame ukuchazwa nge-”amadolobhana ayishumi nesishiyagalombili” emithambekeni emibili; umthambeka osentshonalanga uthathwa njengomthombo wesithako esaziswa kakhulu (iBingdao nayo ifakwe lapha). Ukuvunwa kwasekwindla kwenziwa ngemuva kokuncipha kwezimvula: umoya owomile nokuncipha kwemvula kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwephunga elimnandi elicacile, kanti entwasahlobo ukuminyana “nokuqina” kokumnandi kuyaziswa.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Uhlobo lokucubungula: ukukhiqizwa kwe-maocha eyomiswe elangeni (晒青毛茶) — isithako esiyisisekelo se-sheng-pu’er.
Umehluko obalulekile: ukumiswa kokugcina elangeni, hhayi eziko, okushiya amandla e-enzyme ukuze kuguge kamuva.

Ukulandelana kwemisebenzi:

Ukushwabeka (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukumisa kancane kweqabunga elisha ukuze kwehliswe umswakama nokuvumela ukuguquguquka kwama-flushes.
Ukulungiswa kokuluhlaza (杀青, shāqīng): ukufudumeza ku-wok (noma emgqonyeni) ngezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi ukuze kumiswe i-oxidation, ngaphandle “kokubulala” ama-enzyme ngokuphelele.
Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukwakhiwa kwamaqabunga etiye kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwengxenye yamaseli ukuze kukhishwe kamuva.
Ukumiswa elangeni (晒干, shàigān): ukomisa ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwelanga kuze kube umswakama ozinzile.

I-maocha etholakalayo ithengiswa njengetiye elixekethile noma icindezelwa ibe ngamaqebelengwane (饼, bǐng) anesisindo esivamile (imvamisa 357 g), izitini, kanye “nezidleke” i-tocha. Isithako sasekwindla sisetshenziselwa kokubili ukwenza i-sheng-pu’er yokuguga, futhi, ngokuvutshelwa okumanzi okushisayo okuqhubekayo (渥堆, wòduī), ukwenza i-shu-pu’er (熟茶, shúchá); noma kunjalo, ngaphansi kwegama elithi “guhua” imvamisa kushiwo i-sheng.

6. Izici Zomzwelo Wegama:

Iqabunga elomile: luhlaza okumnyama ngamaqabunga asafufusa asiliva, amaqabunga etiye aqinile, alinganayo.
Iphunga: liphakeme, izimbali-nobusi, elinamathoni ezithelo nanoshukela; iphrofayili yasekwindla ivamise ukuba nephunga elimnandi kunaleyo yasehlobo.
Okumnandi: kuphuzi ngokukhanyayo kuya kugolide-kuphuzi, kukhanyele.
Ukunambitheka: kunoshukela, nokubaba okumaphakathi; ngemuva kokugwinya — ubumnandi obubuyayo (回甘, huígān) kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamathe (生津, shēngjīn).
Umzimba wokumnandi: ulula futhi “mncane” kunowokuvunwa kwasentwasahlobo, kodwa nokho uhlanzekile futhi unephunga elimnandi kakhulu kunowezimvula.

Uma uqhathaniswa netiye lasentwasahlobo, i-guhua imvamisa “ayiminyene” kangako futhi incipha kancane ekuphikeleleni ekuphuzweni okuningi okuphindaphindiwe, kodwa iwina ekukhanyeni kwephunga elimnandi nasekuthambekeni. Isithako esihle sasekwindla saseMengku sibonisa ukubaba okuzwakalayo kodwa okungahlahleli, okuyisici sesifunda, okusheshe kuguquke kube ubumnandi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-polyphenols etiye (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): esithakweni samahlamvu amakhulu saseYunnan aphezulu, acishe abe ngu-30–36% wesisindo esomile; abhekene nokubaba nombala.
Ama-catechin: okuqukethwe okuphezulu, okuvamile ezinhlobeni zamahlamvu amakhulu.
I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): cishe 3–5%.
Ama-amino acid (kufaka phakathi i-theanine): ngokuvamile aphansi kancane kunasekuvunweni kwasentwasahlobo.
Izinto ezikhiphekayo: ziphezulu, okunika okumnandi okugcwele.

Amanani anikeziwe ayizilinganiso ezicishe zibe khona zesithako samahlamvu amakhulu saseYunnan; izinkomba eziqondile zincike endaweni, ukuphakama, ubudala bezitshalo, kanye nonyaka. Ukuvunwa kwasekwindla, njengomthetho, kwehlukile kweyasentwasahlobo ngokuba nenani elincane lama-amino acid kanye neqoqo elithuthukisiwe lezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi, okuyikho okunquma iphunga lalo “eliphezulu”.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Umphumela ovuselelayo: ubangelwa i-caffeine kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo nama-polyphenols.
Amandla e-antioxidant: ahlotshaniswa nama-catechin namanye ama-polyphenols.
Umuzwa wokukhanya ngemuva kokudla: ngokwesiko i-pu’er iphuzwa njengetiye elihambisana nokudla okunamafutha nokunamandla.

Kufanele kucatshangwe ngokuqapha mayelana nezimangalo zenzuzo: itiye akulona ikhambi, futhi ucwaningo ngemiphumela yalo luyaqhubeka, kodwa alunikezi izizathu zezithembiso zezokwelapha. I-sheng-pu’er engagugiwe isebenza kakhulu ngomthelela, ngakho-ke abantu abazwelayo ku-caffeine naseziphuzweni ezibabayo kufanele bayiphuze ngokulinganisela futhi hhayi esiswini esingenalutho.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isitsha: i-gaiwan noma i-Yixing teapot; nge-sheng esencane, i-porcelain gaiwan iliveza kahle iphunga elimnandi.
Isilinganiso: cishe 7–8 g ku-100–120 ml wamanzi ngokuphuzwa okuphindaphindiwe.
Izinga lokushisa: nge-sheng yamahlamvu amakhulu, amanzi ashisayo angu-90–100°C alungele; ngesithako esincane kakhulu nesintekenteke kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa umkhawulo ophansi ukuze kuthanjiswe ukubaba.
Ukugeza: ukuphuzwa okukodwa okusheshayo “ukuze kuvuswe” iqabunga (imizuzwana embalwa, kuchithwe amanzi).
Ukuphuzwa okuphindaphindiwe: okumnandi kokuqala kufushane, 5–10 imizuzwana, bese isikhathi sandiswa kancane kancane; ikwazi ukumelana nokuphuzwa okuphindaphindiwe okuwu-8–12 noma ngaphezulu.

Ekuphuzeni kwansuku zonke, indlela “kayisemkhulu” nayo yamukelekile — ukuphisa inani elincane ngqo enkomishini enkulu noma ku-thermos ngokungeza amanzi, noma kunjalo indlela yokuphuzwa okuphindaphindiwe iveza kangcono ukuguquguquka kwephunga elimnandi nobumnandi. I-guhua-sheng encane kungcono ingaphiswa isikhathi eside kakhulu: ngokukhishwa isikhathi eside kakhulu, ukubaba nokuqina kuyakhula.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: indawo eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya ongena kahle ngaphandle kwephunga elingaphandle; ukuvikelwa ekukhanyeni okuqondile.
Umswakama nezinga lokushisa: alinganisile futhi azinzile; kufanele kugwemeke umswakama nokuguquguquka okukhulu.
Ukupakishwa: ngokwesiko iphepha nokusonga ngoqalo; kubalulekile ukungagcini eduze kwezinongo, izimonyo, namakhemikhali asendlini.

I-sheng-pu’er, kufaka phakathi isithako sasekwindla saseMengku, senzelwe ukuguga kwemvelo isikhathi eside, lapho ukubaba kuthamba, futhi iphunga elimnandi lijula. Lapho kugcinwa amaqebelengwane netiye elixekethile, ukufinyelela komoya kuyaqinisekiswa, kodwa hhayi imidwebo. Itiye lasekwindla livame ukusetshenziswa njengengxenye yezinhlanganisela zokucindezela, futhi njengezinto ezizimele zokuguga iminyaka eminingi.

11. Intengo Namanye Amanga:

Ububanzi bentengo: bubanzi kakhulu — kusukela ku-guhua engabizi yamasimu kuya entengweni ebizayo yesithako sasekwindla esivela ezihlahleni ezindala zamadolobhana aziwayo.
Umthetho ojwayelekile: ukuvunwa kwasekwindla endaweni efanayo kuvamise ukushibhele kunokwasentwasahlobo, kanti okwasehlobo (izimvula) — kushibhele kunokwasekwindla.
Indawo yobungozi: igama le-Bingdao namanye amadolobhana adumile aseMengku lisetshenziswa ngokweqile ekumakiseni.

Amasu avamile abathengisi abangathembekile: ukudlulisa itiye lasehlobo lezimvula njenge-guhua yasekwindla; ukuthengisa isithako esivela kwezinye izifunda zaseLincang noma ezinye izingxenye zaseYunnan ngaphansi kophawu lweMengku; ukudlulisa itiye lamasimu njengetiye lezihlahla ezindala zasemadolobhaneni; imibhalo engafanele ethi “冰岛” kanye “古树” ngaphandle kobufakazi bangempela bemvelaphi.

Ungazulazula kanjani:

Umqondo ovamile ngentengo: iziphakamiso “ze-Bingdao yehhlahla elidala” ngentengo yokulahla cishe azihambisani nalokho okushiwo.
Ukunambitheka nephunga elimnandi: itiye lasekwindla lekhwalithi linuka kamnandi, linoshukela, futhi linikeza ukunambitheka okuhlanzekile; okumnandi “okungenalutho”, okumanzi, nokuyisicaba kuvame kakhulu ekuvunweni kwasehlobo.
Iqabunga elibilisiwe: ukuhlola ukulingana, ubuqotho, nokunwebeka kwama-flushes.
Umthombo: abathengisi abazimisele ukukhombisa ngokwethembeka isikhathi sonyaka, isifunda, kanye nohlobo lwesithako bayakhethwa.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Igama ngokwerayisi: “guhua” lixhumanisa ngqo ikhalenda letiye nalelo lerayisi — ukuvunwa kwasekwindla kuhambisana nokuqhakaza nokuvuthwa kwezinhlamvu.
Imithambeka emibili: ukuhlukaniswa kweMengku kube yiNtwasahlobo Esempumalanga neyaseNtshonalanga sekuphenduke ingxenye ezinzile yolimi lwabalimi betiye bendawo lapho bechaza isitayela sesithako.
Isihlahla esiyizinga: uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lwaseMengku lubhekwa njengolunye lwezibonelo zetiye lamahlamvu amakhulu laseYunnan futhi lwasakazeka kabanzi ngaphandle kwesifunda.
Ihlathi eliyinsalela: imiphakathi yetiye lasendle ezindaweni eziphakeme e-Bangma Daxueshan ibalwa njengezindawo ezihehayo zemvelo zaseShuangjiang.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Mengku guhua cha akulona uhlobo oluhlukile lwesayensi yezitshalo, kodwa isimo sasekwindla se-terroir edumile yaseLincang: isithako samahlamvu amakhulu esomiswe elangeni, esiqoqwe ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezinhlamvu futhi esime ngekhwalithi phakathi kwentwasahlobo egcwele nehlobo lezimvula elibuthakathaka. Amandla ayo — iphunga elimnandi elicacile, ubumnandi obuhlanzekile, kanye nenani elifanele, ngenxa yalokho umuntu angajwayelana nesitayela saseMengku ngaphandle kokukhokha ngokweqile amanani entwasahlobo amadolobhana adumile.

Ekuthengeni, kunengqondo ukugxila hhayi emagameni anomsindo esembozweni, kodwa esikhathini sonyaka esikhonjiswe ngokwethembeka, isifunda, nohlobo lwesithako, kanye nakwimizwa yakho siqu yokumnandi. I-guhua-sheng eyomiswe kahle futhi egcinwe ngendlela efanele mihle nasesimweni sayo esincane, futhi njengezinto zokuguga iminyaka eminingi, okwenza kube ukukhetha okusebenzayo kwalabo abafunda ngama-pu’er aseLincang.

the teas described here are available from teamotea