méichá

I-Zhēnméi (zhēnméi 珍眉) iyitiyela eluhlaza ehamba phambili yaseChina ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ikhasi elithi “ishiya” lohlobo olude olugazingiwe, igama layo ngokoqobo libhekisela kusonteka “njengeshiya”. Kwakhelwe phezu kwalo uhlelo oluphelele lwamazinga okuhweba — kusukela ku-tèzhēn osezingeni eliphezulu kuye ku-xiùméi olahliwe — okuyilona okuphakele izimakethe zaseNyakatho naseNtshonalanga Afrika amashumi eminyaka.

Umsuka kanye ne-terroir

Izwe lokuzalwa le-méichá (眉茶) yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi “unxantathu oluhlaza” lapho kuhlangana khona izifundazwe ezintathu: iZhejiang, i-Anhui ne-Jiangxi (浙皖赣三角). Yilapha lapho kwakhula khona isiko letiyela eliluhlaza elide eligazingiwe cháng chǎoqīng (长炒青), okuyilona okuthi ngemva kokuphuculwa, kukhiqize lonke uhla lwamazinga “eshiya”.

Ngaphakathi kwale ndawo, amagama ezimpahla zesifunda aqiniswe ngokomlando, empeleni akhomba umsuka we-méichá:

• I-Túnlǜ (túnlǜ 屯绿) — evela e-Anhui, esifundeni sase-Tunxi/Xiuning (屯溪/休宁); uphawu lomlando lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwetiyela lase-Huizhou, elihlala likhunjulwa ngefomula ethi «qíhóng túnlǜ» (祁红屯绿) — “obomvu wase-Qimen nohlaza wase-Tunxi”.
• I-Wùlǜ (wùlǜ 婺绿) kanye ne-Ráolǜ (ráolǜ 饶绿) — evela e-Jiangxi, ezifundeni zase-Wuyuan/Shangrao (婺源/上饶); itiyela lendawo kuthiwa «chá bù dào wùyuán bù xiāng» (茶不到婺源不香) — “itiyela alinuki kahle lize lifike e-Wuyuan”. Namuhla lesi sifunda saziwa ngokuhlinzeka ngetiyela eliluhlaza eliphilayo (organic) eliya e-EU.
• I-Suìlǜ / Hánglǜ / Wēnlǜ (suìlǜ / hánglǜ / wēnlǜ 遂绿/杭绿/温绿) — amagama ayinhloko ezimpahla ze-méichá aseZhejiang.

Ngaphandle kukanxantathu, itiyela eliluhlaza elide eligazingiwe ngaphansi kwamagama ezifundazwe (xiānglǜ, èlǜ, qiánlǜ, yùlǜ, shūlǜ — 湘绿/鄂绿/黔绿/豫绿/舒绿) likhiqizelwa imakethe yasekhaya kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Impahla eluhlaza kanye nohlobo lokuphathwa

Esisekelweni salo lonke lolu hlelo kukhona i-máochá (毛茶) — itiyela “eliluhlaza” elingacutshunguliwe lohlobo olude olugazingiwe. Iphrofayili yalo ibeka isimo sawo wonke amabanga alandelayo: ukusonteka ngentambo “njengeshiya” (条索如眉), ithoni eluhlaza okotshani enamafutha (绿润), iphunga le-castnut (栗香, lìxiāng) kanye noketshezi oluqinile nolugcwele (醇厚).

Ukukhiqizwa kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili.

Ukuphathwa kokukhishwa kokuqala (chūzhì 初制) kukhiqiza i-máochá: ukumisa-ukugazinga, ukusonteka nokomisa ngendlela yokugazinga okushisayo, okuyikhona kwakha uhlobo cháng chǎoqīng.

Ukuphuculwa-nokuphucwa (jīngzhì 精制) kuguqula i-máochá ehlukahlukene ibe amabanga ezimpahla alinganiselwe kahle. Imisebenzi esemqoka:

• shāifēn (筛分) — ukuhlunga nokulinganisa ngokosayizi nokuma;
• fēngshàn (风扇) — ukuphephetha ukuze kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezilula;
• jiǎntī (拣剔) — ukukhipha iziqu nezinkinga;
• pūhuǒ (扑火) — ukomisa kokugcina-‘ukufinyelela’ ngomlilo.

Ngokuqondile ukuhlungwa ngokwezingxenye nokuma — hhayi impahla eluhlaza ehlukile — okukhiqiza amabanga ahlukene: i-máochá efanayo ihlukaniseka ibe ikhasi elikhulu nelilinganayo, amakhethelo amancane, izinhlayiya ezimfishane ezisontekile, kanye nokuhlunga okuyizinhlayiya ezincane.

Izitebhisi zamazinga amatiyela “eshiya”

Umndeni we-méichá uhleleka njengoluhlu oluqhubekayo kusukela kweliphakeme kuye kweliphansi kakhulu:

I-Tèzhēn (tèzhēn 特珍) — “I-Special Chunmee”, ibanga eliphakeme kakhulu le-méichá: ikhasi elilinganayo nelikhulu kakhulu lesigaba se-zhēnméi. Lithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi eNyakatho naseNtshonalanga Afrika.

I-Zhēnméi (zhēnméi 珍眉, Chun Mee) — ibanga eliyinhloko lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe “nobuso” baso sonke isigaba. Ngaphansi kwegama elithi “Chun Mee” leli yitiyela eliluhlaza eliyinhloko laseChina emakethe yase-Morocco futhi ngokubanzi — liyitiyela eliluhlaza eliyinhloko lezwe elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

I-Fèngméi / Inaliti ye-Zhēnméi (fèngméi / zhēnméi 凤眉/针眉, Sowmee/inaliti) — ibanga elimaphakathi: amakhethelo amancane nangatheni ekhasi “leshiya”.

I-Yǔchá (yǔchá 雨茶, Young Hyson / “itiyela lemvula”) — izinhlayiya ezimfishane ezisontekile, ezihlungwa ngesikhathi sokuphucula; okuphawulekayo ukuthi i-yǔchá itholakala kokubili etiyeleni elide eligazingiwe (眉) nakweliyindilinga eligazingiwe (珠).

I-Gòngxī / Xīchūn (gòngxī / xīchūn 贡熙/熙春, Hyson) — ibanga lomlando: yi-”熙春/贡熙” ncamashi ngekhulu le-18 eyayithunyelwa eYurophu njenge-Hyson, yashiya umkhondo omkhulu egameni lesiNgisi letiyela.

I-Xiùméi (xiùméi 秀眉, Sowmee) — ibanga eliphansi: ukuhlunga okuyizinhlayiya ezincane nezilula.

Ngokuhambisana ne-eksisi “yeshiya” kukhona “eyeparele”: I-Píngshuǐ Zhūchá (píngshuǐ zhūchá 平水珠茶, Gunpowder) evela e-Pingshui yaseZhejiang (eShaoxing). Lona yitiyela eliluhlaza eliyindilinga eligazingiwe (yuán chǎoqīng 圆炒青), elisontekile laba amabhola aqinile “njengeparele” — “iparele eliluhlaza”, eNtshonalanga laziwa ngokuthi “itiyela lesibhamu” (gunpowder tea) ngenxa yokuma kwalo kwezinhlayiya zesibhamu; lidume ngokubekezelela ukuphakwa kaninginingi (耐泡) kanye nomkhiqizo onomlando i-天坛 (iThempeli Lezulu). Ngesikhathi sokuphucula, i-zhūchá nayo ihlukaniseka ibe amabanga — itiyela leparele ngokwalo, kanye ne-yǔchá ne-xiùméi.

Amazinga kanye nendawo ohlelweni

I-Méichá ingeyesigaba setiyela eliluhlaza elide eligazingiwe, futhi amazinga alo ayingxenye esemthethweni yohlelo lwezimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwaseChina, lapho amabanga enqunywa umphumela wokuphucwa (ukulinganiswa ngokuma, usayizi, ubumsulwa nezinga lokomiswa komlilo). Ingqondo yokumisa amazinga lapha akukhona ukuhluka kwempahla eluhlaza, kodwa ukuphindaphinda kwebanga: umthengi ose-Casablanca noma e-Dakar kumele athole unyaka nonyaka “ishiya” elifanayo ngaphansi kwegama elithi Chun Mee. (Izinombolo ezithile ezisebenzayo ze-GB/T zebanga ngalinye azivezwanga lapha, ukuze kungeniswa idatha engaqinisekisiwe.)

Ukunambitheka nokwenziwa

Iphrofayili eyisisekelo ye-méichá ibekwe uhlobo cháng chǎoqīng: iphunga le-castnut, elithosiwe (栗香), ikhasi elomile eliluhlaza okotshani elinamafutha kanye noketshezi oluqinile, “olunomzimba” (醇厚). Ngokuhla kwezitebhisi — kusuka ku-tèzhēn kuya ku-xiùméi — ikhasi liba lincane, uketshezi luba bukhali futhi lube lula, kanti ekuhlungeni okuphansi kuphelelwa ukulingana.

Ngesitayela sase-Morocco, itiyela livame ukwenziwa liqine kakhulu, linomoba omusha omningi noshukela, ngegilazi lensimbi — lapha okwaziswayo ngokuqondile ukuqina koketshezi nokugcwala, hhayi izinongo ezicashile. Ukuze kuhlolwe ubunjalo obuhlanzekile be-méichá, ukukala okuncane okulingene, amanzi ashisayo (kodwa hhayi abilayo ngamandla) kanye nokuchayeka isikhashana kwanele: ngale ndlela kuvezwa inothi le-castnut, ukuqina komzimba, kanye nokulingana kokusonteka.

Umlando namasiko

I-Méichá ne-zhūchá ziyizinsika ezimbili zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwetiyela eliluhlaza laseChina. Ngaphansi kwegama elithi Hyson “熙春/贡熙” kakade ngekhulu le-18 lalifinyelela ematafuleni aseYurophu, futhi ngekhulu lama-20 “Chun Mee” (zhēnméi) kanye “Gunpowder” (i-zhūchá yase-Pingshui) kwaba amalebula aziwayo emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe zaseNyakatho naseNtshonalanga Afrika, lapho i-Morocco ingumthengi omkhulu wetiyela eliluhlaza “leshiya”. Amagama ezifunda — túnlǜ, wùlǜ, awaseZhejiang suìlǜ/hánglǜ/wēnlǜ — aqopha ukuthi emva kophawu olulodwa lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunezifunda zetiyela eziqondile zomlando zesiko lase-Huizhou nelase-Jiangxi-Zhejiang.

Ungahlukanisa kanjani futhi ungaphambanisi

• “Ishiya” kuqhathaniswa “neparele”. I-Méichá — ikhasi elide, eligobile, elisonteke ngentambo (elide eligazingiwe, 长炒青); i-zhūchá/Gunpowder — amabhola ayindilinga aqinile (ayindilinga agazingiwe, 圆炒青). Lezi izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokusonteka zomndeni owodwa wetiyela eliluhlaza eligazingiwe.
• Ibanga libonakala ngokuma nokufana. Awaphezulu tèzhēn na-zhēnméi — “amashiya” alinganayo, amakhulu, amsulwa; fèngméi — mancane futhi amancane; yǔchá — izinhlayiya ezimfishane ezisontekile; xiùméi — ukuhlunga okuncane okulula. Uma kukhona uthuli oluningi, iziqhephu neziqu, ibanga liphansi.
• Igama ≠ ibanga. I-Hyson/gòngxī wuphawu lomlando lokuhweba, hhayi itiyela “elihamba phambili”; i-Young Hyson i-yǔchá. Ungawaphambanisi amagama aseNtshonalanga nohlelo lwamazinga lwaseChina.
• Igama lesifunda — limayelana nomsuka. Túnlǜ, wùlǜ, suìlǜ akhombisa ukuthi i-méichá idabuka kuphi, kodwa ngokwawo akulona ibanga: ngaphakathi kwesifunda ngasinye kukhona zonke izitebhisi kusukela ku-tèzhēn kuya ku-xiùméi.
• Uhlobo ≠ ukunikeza iphunga. I-méichá egazingiwe enethoni yayo ye-castnut akufanele ixutshwe netiyela eliluhlaza elomiswe kuhhavini (烘青), okuyisona esisekelweni setiyela le-jasmine: kwelogazingiwe iphunga “lishisa” kakhudlwana futhi liqinile.

Ngale ndlela izitebhisi “zeshiya” azivele zibe nje uhlu lwezinhlobo, kodwa ziwuhlelo lobunjiniyela: i-máochá eyodwa egazingiwe, isatshalaliswe ngezihlungo neziphephethwa ukuze kube namakilasi ezimpahla aphindaphindekayo, okuyiwona asekele isithunzi setiyela eliluhlaza laseChina eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.