píngshuǐ zhūchá

I-Píngshuǐ zhūchá (平水珠茶), eyaziwa emazimakethe omhlaba nge-gunpowder, iyisithonjana setiye laseShayina eliluhlaza elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe: amacembe agoqwe aqina abe yizimbulunga avela endaweni yase-Píngshuǐ (平水) eduze kwase-Shaoxing esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang, osekungamakhulu eminyaka ethunyelwa eNyakatho naseNtshonalanga Afrika. “Iparele eliluhlaza” lase-Shaoxing, eligoqwe ukuze limelane nohambo olude netiye elinamandla lase-Afrika, lisalokhu lingenye yezinto ezimelwe kakhulu ze-炒青绿茶 yaseShayina emhlabeni.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa Kwezigaba kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: itiye eliluhlaza (炒青绿茶 — eliluhlaza eligazingiwe).
• Isigaba: 圆炒青 (yuán chǎoqīng) — eliluhlaza “eliyindilinga eligazingiwe”, ngokungafani ne-长炒青 (cháng chǎoqīng), “elide eligazingiwe”, okwenziwa ngalo i-眉茶 (méichá, i-Chunmee) eneqabunga “elifana neshiya”. Uma i-méichá isongwa ibe yimichilo emincane egobile, i-zhūchá igoqwa ibe yizimbulunga eziqinile — 珠 (zhū) isho “iparele”.
• Igama lamazwe ngamazwe: i-gunpowder (“itiye lesibhamu”).
• Imvelaphi: indawo yase-Píngshuǐ (平水) emaphethelweni edolobha lase-Shaoxing (绍兴) enyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Zhejiang (浙江).
• Isici esikhethekile sendawo yokuhweba: ngokomlando i-Píngshuǐ yayingeyona nje indawo eyodwa yokutshala, kodwa yayiyisikhungo esikhulu sokuhweba nokucubungula — kwakuza kuyo i-maocha eluhlaza evela ezifundeni ezinamagquma zesifundazwe, lapho yayicwengisiswa khona ukuze ifinyelele ezingeni lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe futhi kwakhiwe “iparele” layo eliyingqayizivele. Kungaleso sizathu-ke igama lomkhiqizo elanamathela kuso sonke isigaba — 平水珠茶, ngegama lesikhungo semakethe, hhayi ingadi ethile.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Ithelwa eligoqwe laba yizimbulunga eliluhlaza elivela e-Zhejiang langena ekuhwebeni kwaseNtshonalanga lingelinye lamaphayona. Ezintengweni zaseYurophu zekhulu le-18, amagama anjengo-熙春/贡熙 (Hyson) kanye nezigaba ezihambisana nawo ayevela — lawa kwakungokhokho bomugqa wamanje we-珠茶. Igama lesiNgisi elithi gunpowder lagxila njengegama lokuhweba ncamashi ngetiye eligoqwe laqina ngendlela ehlangene: imbudumbudu ehlangene, eqinile yayikwazi ukumelana kangcono nohambo olude lwasolwandle kuneqabunga elixegayo, futhi yayigcina iphunga elimnandi isikhathi eside — inzuzo engokoqobo ngesikhathi sokuhweba ngemikhumbi kagesi nangomusi.

Ekhulwini lama-20, umthengi omkhulu kwaba akuseyona iNtshonalanga, kodwa kwaba iNyakatho neNtshonalanga Afrika — ikakhulukazi i-Morocco. Umkhosi wetiye waseMaghreb — oneketela lesiliva, ukuthelwa okuphezulu ngomfudlana kanye neminti — wakhelwe phezu kwetiye eliluhlaza laseShayina, futhi i-Píngshuǐ zhūchá ngaphansi kohlobo “lweThempeli Lasezulwini” yaba ngenye yemikhiqizo yawo ewumgogodla. Kanjalo-ke itiye lase-Shaoxing laphenduka ibhuloho lamasiko phakathi kwe-Zhejiang kanye nezwe lama-Arab namaBerber, ngenkathi lisalokhu lingaziwa cishe ngaphakathi eShayina uqobo njengesiphuzo esivamile — laliphila ikakhulukazi njengesithonjana esithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Ezikhethekile Zokutshala:

Amagquma etiye ase-Zhejiang akhiqiza impahla eluhlaza, ekahle nge-炒青 egoqwe yaba yizimbulunga: iqabunga liyakwazi ukugcina isimo salo ngesikhathi sokugoqwa isikhathi eside futhi liphethe iphunga elilinganayo “le-kastanedi” (栗香, lìxiāng), eliziswa kakhulu etiyeni elinamandla, eliphuzwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngenxa yokuminyana kwembudumbudu, i-gunpowder ikwazi ukumelana nokuchithwa kaningana — ikhwalithi ye-耐泡 (nàipào, ukumelana nokuphuzwa), ebalulekile ezimakethe lapho itiye libiliswa futhi linikezwa linoshukela futhi linamandla.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ngokobuchwepheshe leli yitiye le-炒青绿茶: ngemva kokuvunwa, iqabunga liyaphiswa ukuze kumiswe ukusebenza kwama-enzyme (杀青, shāqīng), okugcina umbala walo oluhlaza, bese kusongwa futhi — isigaba esibalulekile — sigoqwe isikhathi eside sisomiswa. Ukugingqika kwamahora amaningi okwenza iqabunga lizigoqe ngokwalo, lakhe izimbululu eziqinile, ezinzima, ezicishe zicwebezele njengensimbi. Uma “iparele” lilincane futhi liminyene, futhi ubukhulu balo bulingana, lelo nalelo banga liphakeme.

Amabanga kanye nokucwengisiswa (精制). I-maocha eluhlaza ngokwayo ayingomkhiqizo. Esigabeni se-精制 (jīngzhì, ukucwengisisa), itiye liyahlungwa, liyaphephetha, likhethwe ngesandla futhi lisomiswe, lihlukaniswe ngobukhulu nokuma. Emugqeni we-珠茶, lapho kucwengisiswa kutholakala hhayi nje i-珠茶 uqobo yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kodwa kanye namanye amabanga ahambisana nawo:

• 雨茶 (yǔchá, Young Hyson) — okuhluziwe okumfishane okusongekile, okwakhayo kukho kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwe-眉- kanye ne-珠-.
• 贡熙 (gòngxī, Hyson) — ibanga lomlando, ngaphansi kwamagama anjengo-熙春/贡熙 elathunyelwa eYurophu ngekhulu le-18.
• 秀眉 (xiùméi, Sowmee) — okuhluziwe okuncane nokulula okusezingeni eliphansi.

Ngaleyo ndlela, inqwaba yempahla eluhlaza eyodwa iyehlukana ibe yizigaba ezihlukene zemikhiqizo enamagama nezintengo ezihlukene — uhlelo olwakhelwe izidingo zokuhweba kwamanye amazwe.

Amazinga kanye nezimpawu zokuhweba. I-Píngshuǐ zhūchá — ingumkhiqizo womkhakha wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe olawulwa ngokuqinile, lapho amabanga anqunywa khona ukulingana kosayizi, ukuminyana kwembudumbudu, ubumsulwa (ukungabikho kweziqu nezicucu) kanye nokungaguquguquki kokunambitheka kwiqoqo ngalinye. Uhlobo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe olwaziwa kakhulu kwaba u-天坛牌 (Tiāntán pái) — “Ithempeli Lasezulwini”, okungaphansi kwalo i-gunpowder eyathunyelwa emazweni angaphandle amashumi eminyaka futhi yathola isithunzi sokuba itiye eliluhlaza laseShayina eliyindilinga.

6. Izici Zesitho Somzimba:

Uma somile lokhu kuyizimbululu eziminyene eziluhlaza okumnyama ezinokucwebezela okumpunga-okusiliva, ezinzima futhi ezinomsindo. Iphunga elimnandi — linephunga eligazingiwe eligqamile, elinethoni ye-kastanedi (栗香) kanye nephunga elincane elishunqayo, yingakho-ke lesi sidakwa saseNtshonalanga esithi “itiye lesibhamu”: kokubili ngenxa yokubukeka kwezimbudumbudu ezifana nezinhlamvu zesibhamu, kanye naleyo thoni elinganayo “eshile” abahwebi baseNtshonalanga ababeyihlobanisa nesibhamu.

Umuthi we-Píngshuǐ zhūchá — ugcwele, uminyene, unobukrakra obunokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside; izimbudumbudu zivuleka kancane, ngakho-ke itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuchithwa kaningana.

9. Ukuphisa:

“Iparele” eliminyene linikeza amandla aqinile, lingaphalali libe isidudu — yilokhu okwenze laba yinto engenakushintshwa esikweni letiye laseMaghreb, lapho itiye eliluhlaza liphiswa linamandla, libiliswa kaningana ngokuphindaphindiwe, lifakwe ushukela omningi futhi linikezwe nesixha seminti esisha.

• Ukuchithwa okulula: kwanele ukufaka iqabunga elincane kunalokho okubonakala ngevolumu — izimbudumbudu zinzima futhi ziyovuleka — bese uphisa ngamanzi ashisayo, kodwa hhayi abilayo kakhulu, ukwandise isikhathi njengoba “amaparele” evuleka.
• Indlela yaseMaghreb: kuthathwa itiye eliningi, amanzi abilayo noshukela, bese umuthi wokuqala omfishane uvame ukuchithwa.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgun gun:

• Isimo kuqala. I-珠茶 yangempela izimbululu eziminyene, ezinzima, ezilinganayo ngosayizi, hhayi izigaxa ezixegayo. Uma “iparele” lilincane futhi lifana, lelo nalelo banga liphakeme. Imichilo emide egobile — leyo sekuyi-眉茶/Chunmee, isigaba esihlobene kodwa esehlukile (长炒青 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-圆炒青).
• Umbala nokucwebezela. Uluhlaza okumnyama ngokucwebezela okumpunga-okusiliva; umbala oluhlaza ogqamile ngokungemvelo, “odayiwe” — yisizathu sokusola.
• Isisindo nomsindo. Izimbudumbudu zekhwalithi zinzima futhi zinomsindo omncane; “amaparele” alula, anothuli anenqwaba yezicucu akhombisa ukuhluzwa okusezingeni eliphansi.
• Ukuvuleka. Lapho liphiswa, i-珠茶 yangempela ivuleka kancane ibe ngamaqabunga aphelele; uma inkomishini igcwele izibi — ubhekene nebanga eliphansi noma umgun gun.
• Iphunga elimnandi. Ithoni eligazingiwe, elimnandi njenge-kastanedi nelishunqayo — kuvamile kwi-圆炒青; ukunuka isikhutha noma “ukusha” okuqhamile — kuwukonakala.
• Imvelaphi nohlobo. Ukuhlobana ne-Píngshuǐ / i-Shaoxing e-Zhejiang kanye nohlobo lwangaphandle olwaziwayo lwe-天坛 (Ithempeli Lasezulwini) — yizimpawu zokwethembeka kobuqiniso besigaba.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Igama lesigaba elithi 平水珠茶 lisuselwa egameni lesikhungo semakethe nesokucubungula i-Píngshuǐ, hhayi engadini ethile yetiye.
• Igama lesiNgisi elithi “gunpowder” laqhamuka enhlanganisweni ephindwe kabili: ukubukeka kwezimbudumbudu ezifana nezinhlamvu zesibhamu, kanye nethoni elinganayo “eshile” yokunambitheka.
• Lesi yisenzakalo esiyivelakancane, lapho itiye eliluhlaza laseShayina laduma khona ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kwaseShayina — lalihlala lingaziwa cishe ngaphakathi eShayina uqobo njengesiphuzo esivamile, liphila ikakhulukazi njengesithonjana esithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.