lǎo pǐn zhǒng lǎo shù sōng zhēn

I-Lao Pinzhong Laoshu Songzhen (老品种老树松针) itiye elibomvu laseShayina (红茶, hóngchá), igama layo elichaza ngokuqondile izici zalo ezintathu ezichazayo: uhlobo oludala lwezitshalo (老品种, lǎo pǐnzhǒng), izihlahla zetiye ezindala (老树, lǎoshù) kanye nokwakheka “kwenalithi kaphayini” (松针, sōngzhēn). Lokhu akusona igama lendawo futhi akusona uhlobo lwesitshalo oluhlukile, kodwa isitayela setiye eline-oksidini ephelele, lapho amaqabunga egoqwa futhi elulwa abe yizinalithi ezincane eziqondile, ezifana nezinalithi zikaphayini. Impahla eluhlaza isetshenziswa kusuka emahlumela ezihlahla ezindala kanye nezihlahla zezitshalo zendabuko, ezingezona ezokukhethwa ngokukhethekile. Leli tiye lithatha indawo yetiye elibomvu eliyiprimiyamu elinamaqabunga aphelele (工夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá) futhi laziwa ngenani elimnene, ukunambitheka okunoshukela ngaphandle kobumuncu obubukhali, okuyisici esivela ezitshalweni ezindala.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye elibomvu, eline-oksidini ephelele — 红茶 (hóngchá).
Isigaba esingaphansi: itiye elibomvu elinamaqabunga aphelele — 工夫红茶 (gōngfu hóngchá); e-PRC leli qembu lichazwa ngezinga likazwelonke lochungechunge lwe-GB/T 13738 (ingxenye enikelwe etiyeni elibomvu le-gongfu).
Ukuma: “inalithi kaphayini”, 松针 (sōngzhēn) — amacembe etiye amancane, aqondile, agoqeke ngokuqinile.
Impahla eluhlaza: izinhlobo ezindala zezitshalo (老品种) ezivela ezihlahleni ezineminyaka eminingi (老树).
Imvelaphi: igama aliboshelwe esifundeni esithile.

Igama elithi 松针 likhombisa ukuma, hhayi indawo. Ngokomlando, ukwakheka kwenalithi kwaziwa kakhulu ngetiye eliluhlaza i-Anhua Songzhen (安化松针, Ānhuà sōngzhēn) evela esifundazweni saseHunan; kamuva le nqubo yasetshenziswa nasetiyeni elibomvu. Ukugcizelela “uhlobo oludala lwesitshalo” kanye “nezihlahla ezindala” kuyisici samasimu anamacembe amakhulu esifundazweni saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), kanye nakwizitshalo ezitshaliwe ngembewu (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng; 菜茶, càichá) eFujian (福建, Fújiàn), eGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu) naseHunan (湖南, Húnán). Ngaphandle kokucaciswa komkhiqizi, isifunda esiqondile asikwazi ukunqunywa ngegama lodwa.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Indawo yokuzalwa yetiye elibomvu: iShayina; itiye lokuqala elibomvu ngokuvamile lithathwa njengeZhengshan Xiaozhong (正山小种, Zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng) evela esifundeni saseWuyishan, eyavela ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-17.
Itiye elibomvu le-Gongfu: igatsha lakamuva; ikakhulukazi, i-Yunnan Dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng) yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1930 esifundeni saseFengqing (凤庆, Fèngqìng) ngaphansi kobuholi bukaFeng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘, Féng Shàoqiú).
Ukuma kwenalithi: elinye lamatiye okuqala aseShayina amise okwenalithi kwakuyitiye eliluhlaza i-Anhua Songzhen, elamiswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950.

Isitayela “uhlobo oludala lwesitshalo, isihlahla esidala, inalithi kaphayini” siyisimo sesimanje. Sakheka eminyakeni yama-2000 kuya kowe-2010 ngenxa ye-wave yokwenziwa kweprimiyamu kwetiye elibomvu laseShayina kanye nentshisekelo ejwayelekile ezihlahleni ezindala, eyavela esikweni le-pu’er. Ngokwesiko, umkhiqizo ubonisa izinkambiso ezimbili: ukubuyela ezitshalweni zendabuko ezitshalwa ngembewu okuphambene nokutshala uhlobo olulodwa lwama-clones esimanje, kanye nokudluliselwa kwezinqubo ezinzima zokubumba, ebezifana netiye eliluhlaza ngaphambilini, esigabeni setiye elibomvu.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza:

Izinhlobo: Camellia sinensis.
Izinhlobonhlobo: kuye ngesifunda — i-var. assamica enamacembe amakhulu (大叶种, dàyèzhǒng) eningizimu-ntshonalanga noma i-var. sinensis enamacembe amancane naphakathi nendawo ezingadini ezindala zembewu.
Uhlobo lwesitshalo (老品种): izitshalo zembewu ezingezona ezokukhethwa — 群体种 (qúntǐzhǒng), 菜茶 (càichá); phakathi kwezinhlobo ezaziwayo ezinamacembe amakhulu — i-Yunnan Dayezhong (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), i-Mengku Dayezhong (勐库大叶种, Měngkù dàyèzhǒng), i-Fengqing Dayezhong (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng).
Ubudala bezitshalo (老树): amashumi eminyaka; igama elithi «老» ngokuvamile lisho impahla emncane kune-«古树» (gǔshù, izihlahla ezineminyaka eyikhulu nangaphezulu).
Ukuvuna: ihlumela elinamaqabunga elilodwa noma amabili; ukwenza ukuma kwenalithi, impahla eluhlaza emnene, enothile ngamahlumela iyakhethwa.

Izitshalo zembewu azifani ngokofuzo, okunikeza ukunambitheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, “okunezingqimba eziningi”. Izitshalo ezineminyaka eminingi ezinezimpande ezithuthuke kahle ngokuvamile zinikeza i-biochemistry elinganiselayo nokunambitheka okunoshukela, okunamanzi ngesivuno esincane.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Indawo: ikakhulukazi izingadi ezisezintabeni nasemithambekeni ezinohlaza oluxubekile.
Ukuphakama: kuye ngesifunda; e-Yunnan ngokuvamile amamitha ayi-1000-2000 nangaphezulu, ezifundazweni ezisempumalanga — ngaphansi.
I-Agroteknikhi: enwebekayo, enokungenela okuncane kwamakhemikhali; izihlahla ezindala, njengomthetho, azithenwa kakhulu.
Ukusakazwa: izinhlobo ezindala zezitshalo ngokuvamile zivela ngembewu, yingakho kuba nokuhlukahluka kwehlathi nokunambitheka.

Izixhumanisi eziqondile nokuphakama kwalesi sitayela akunakucaciswa, njengoba kungaboshelwe epulazini elilodwa; imingcele ye-terroir inqunywa ingadi ethile yomkhiqizi.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): ngesandla, ngokucophelela, kugcinwa ubuqotho bamahlumela.
Ukubunisa (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukwehlisa umswakama nokulungiselela iqabunga ukuba ligoqwe.
Ukugoqa (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukucekela phansi amaseli, ukuqala i-oksidini.
I-Oksidini (发酵, fājiào): ephelele — isigaba esibalulekile setiye elibomvu; sakha umbala nephrofayili yokunambitheka.
Ukubumba nokwelula (理条 / 做形, lǐtiáo / zuòxíng): ukunikeza ukuma kwenalithi.
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào; 烘干, hōnggān): ukuqinisa ukuma nomswakama.

Umsebenzi ohlukanisayo wesitayela — 理条 (lǐtiáo), ukuqondisa nokwelula amacembe etiye abe yizinalithi ezincane eziqondile. Kwenziwa ngesandla noma ngemishini ekhethekile (理条机, lǐtiáojī) ngesikhathi noma ngemva kokugoqa, ngaphambi kokomisa kokugcina. Yilesi sigaba esidinga ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nengxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wezandla, ngoba ukubumba okungalingani kubonakala ngokushesha etiyeni eliqediwe.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba:

Ukubukeka kwangaphandle (外形, wàixíng): izinalithi eziqondile, ezincane, eziqinile ezinombala onsundu ngokumnyama, ngokuvamile zinezinwele ezisagolide zamahlumela (金毫, jīnháo).
Ukunambitheka oketshezini (汤色, tāngsè): kusuka kokusagolide-okusawolintshi kuya kokunombala we-amber nobomvu, okusobala.
Iphunga (香气, xiāngqì): amanothi obusi, izimbali kanye nezithelo (izithelo ezomisiwe, ubhatata obhakiwe); empahleni evela ezihlahleni ezindala kwengezwa ukujula “nokhuni” olumnene, ngezinye izikhathi ukunambitheka kwe-malt.
Ukunambitheka (滋味, zīwèi): okumnene, okunoshukela, okunamanzi, nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside okunoshukela ngemva kokugwinya (回甘, huígān); ubumuncu bulinganiselwe.
Izinsalela zetiye (叶底, yèdǐ): umbala oyikhopha-ngobomvu, e-elastic, elinganayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

I-Theaflavins (茶黄素, cháhuángsù) kanye ne-Thearubigins (茶红素, cháhóngsù): imikhiqizo ye-oksidini yama-catechins, enquma umbala, ukukhanya kanye “nomzimba” wokunambitheka oketshezini; nge-oksidini ejulile kakhulu, i-theabrownins iyanqwabelana (茶褐素, cháhèsù).
I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): ngokulinganiselayo u-2-4% wesisindo esomile.
I-Polyphenols (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): iguqulwe ngokwengxenye ngesikhathi se-oksidini.
Ama-Amino acid (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān, i-L-theanine namanye): anikeza ubumnandi nohlobo “lwe-umami”.
Ama-Polysaccharides kanye nezinto zamaminerali.

Amanani athile ancike ohlotsheni lwesitshalo nesifunda: impahla enamacembe amakhulu ye-var. assamica ngokuvamile inothe kakhulu ngama-polyphenols ne-caffeine kunezitshalo ezinamacembe amancane. Amanani aqondile alesi sitayela ayahlukahluka, ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuwabheka njengamabanga.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Isimo ngokwemibono yendabuko: itiye elinomoya we-oksidini ophelele lithathwa “njengelifudumele” (温, wēn) futhi limnene esiswini uma kuqhathaniswa neliluhlaza.
Ama-Antioxidants: i-theaflavins ne-thearubigins kuhlanganiswa nomsebenzi we-antioxidant.
Ukuvuselela: okulinganiselayo, ngenxa ye-caffeine; ukubekezelelana kungokomuntu ngamunye.
Umphumela wokufudumeza nokusiza ukugaya: ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kokunambitheka oketshezini okufudumele ngemva kokudla.

Lezi zakhiwo ezinikeziwe ziwumgomo ovamile futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha; uma uzwela ku-caffeine, kufanele unake amandla nesikhathi sokuphisa.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma iketela le-porcelain; ukuze uthole umzimba oqine kakhudlwana, ubumba lwe-Yixing (紫砂, zǐshā) lungalunga.
Isilinganiso (i-gongfu): cishe ama-5 g ku-100-120 ml.
Isilinganiso (indlela yaseYurophu): 3-4 g ku-300 ml.
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90-95 °C; impahla eqinile evela ezihlahleni ezindala ivumela u-95-100 °C.
Ukugeza: ukuthela okufushane ngokukhetha.
Ukuthela (i-gongfu): okokuqala imizuzwana emi-5 kuya kweyi-10, bese kukhula kancane kancane isikhathi; kumelana nokuthelwa okuyi-8 kuya kweyi-12.
Ukugxilisa (indlela yaseYurophu): imizuzu emi-3 kuya kweyi-4.

Ukuma kwenalithi kwembuleka kancane kancane. Amanzi ashiso kakhulu kumacembe etiye anamahlumela angabangela ubumuncu obungeziwe, ngakho-ke empahleni eluhlaza emihle kuqalwa ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi; impahla evela ezihlahleni ezindala, njengomthetho, iwabekezelela kahle amanzi ashisayo futhi inikeza ubumnandi ngokugcwele kakhudlwana.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitsha: esivaleka kahle, esingabonisi.
Izimo: indawo eyomile, ukungabikho kwephunga langaphandle, ukuvikelwa ekukhanyeni, izinga lokushisa legumbi.
Isikhathi: kungcono kakhulu phakathi neminyaka eyi-1 kuye kwemi-2; itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lekhwalithi ligcina isimilo salo kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2 kuye kwemi-3, lithambe kancane ezinyangeni zokuqala.
Okufanele kucatshangelwe: leli akulona itiye lokuguga isikhathi eside, njenge-pu’er noma elimhlophe; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iphunga liyaphela, futhi ngomswakama ophakeme kuvela ukubola.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhohliso:

Izincazelo “uhlobo oludala lwesitshalo” kanye “nesihlahla esidala” kunzima ukuziqinisekisa, futhi yizo kanye ezikhuphula intengo kakhulu. Umthamo wangempela wempahla evela ezihlahleni ezindala ulinganiselwe, kuyilapho ukunikezwa kwemakethe kwetiye “lezihlahla ezindala” kubanzi ngokuphawulekayo. Ibanga lentengo libanzi: itiye elibomvu elime okwenalithi elijwayelekile elivela ezitshalweni ezijwayelekile alibizi, kuyilapho amaqoqo amancane avela ezingadini eziqinisekisiwe ebiza kakhulu kakhulu; ukusho izizumbulu eziqondile ngaphandle kokucacisa umkhiqizi othile kungaba okungalungile.

Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlanekezela: ukuthengisa itiye elivela emasimini ama-clone esimanje ngaphansi kwegama “lohlobo oludala lwesitshalo” noma “isihlahla esidala”; ukuma kwenalithi okutholwe ezitshalweni ezijwayelekile futhi kwenziwe kwabukeka njengeprimiyamu; kwezinye izimo — ukufaka iphunga lokudla noma ubumnandi.

Yini okufanele uyinake:

Iphunga: lemvelo, ngaphandle kwe-phunga elinoshukela elinjengelekese.
Icebe letiye: izinalithi ezilinganayo, eziphelele; izinwele ezi-golden zingezemvelo, hhayi ezidayiwe.
Ukunambitheka oketshezini: umzimba omanzi, i-回甘 (huígān) ende kanye nokuqina ekuthelweni okuningi — kuyizinkomba zekhwalithi yempahla.
Izinsalela zetiye: elinganayo, eli-elastic, ngaphandle kobuningi bezicucu eziphukile.
Umqondo onengqondo: itiye “lezihlahla ezindala” elishibhe ngokusolisayo cishe akusilo iqiniso; kuthembeke kakhulu ukuthenga kubathengisi abakulungele ukucacisa imvelaphi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Igama elithi 松针 (sōngzhēn) likhombisa ukuma, hhayi indawo — inalithi ephayini encane.
Umsebenzi othi 理条 (lǐtiáo) wenza lesi sitayela sibe nzima ngomsebenzi: ukubumba okungalingani kubonakala ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ingxenye yomsebenzi wezandla iphakeme.
I-«老品种» imelene nezinhlobo zama-clone zesimanje futhi ihlobene nomnyakazo wokulondoloza izitshalo ezindala ezitshalwe ngembewu.
Ukuma kwenalithi kwafika etiyeni laseShayina ngokuyinhloko ngetiye eliluhlaza i-Anhua Songzhen; ngetiye elibomvu le nqubo yabolekwa kamuva.
«老树» kanye no-«古树» — akuyona amagama afanayo: lokhu kuyisilinganiso sokumaketha seminyaka yobudala bezitshalo, lapho “isihlahla esidala” ngokuvamile sithathwa njengesincane “kunesihlahla sasendulo”.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Lao Pinzhong Laoshu Songzhen akuyona inhlobo yomlando ehlukile ene-terroir engashintshi, kodwa isitayela sesimanje setiye elibomvu laseShayina, esihlanganisa imibono emithathu: uhlobo lwendabuko lwesitshalo olutshalwe ngembewu, izitshalo ezineminyaka eminingi, kanye nokubunjwa okuyinalithi okunzima ngomsebenzi. Ubuhle baso — ukunambitheka okunoshukela okumnene, umzimba omanzi, kanye nokuqina okuhle kokunambitheka oketshezini — kunqunywa kakhulu ikhwalithi yempahla yokuqala kanye nokucophelela kokuqondisa amacembe etiye, hhayi igama elimsulwa.

Kuhle ukusondela etiyeni elinjalo ngokuqaphela okuhluzekile: ukuhlola iphunga, ukunambitheka, ubumnandi obubuyayo, kanye nezinsalela zetiye, bese ubheka izithembiso “zohlobo oludala” “nesihlahla esidala” ngokuhlolisisa, ugxile esithunzini somkhiqizi kanye nokusobala kwemvelaphi. Ngokuphisa okufanele nokugcinwa okufanele, lona ngummeleli oqinile wetiye elibomvu le-gongfu leprimiyamu, elithakazelisa ngokuqondile ngenhlanganisela yempahla yefa lokuzalwa kanye nokuma okuvezayo.

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