Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng

I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng iyitiye lokuqala elibomvu emhlabeni, ukhokho wawo wonke amatiye abomvu (amnyama ngokwe-Yurophu) asemhlabeni. Yasungulwa ngengozi ezintabeni zase-Tongmu esikhathini esingaphezu kweminyaka engu-400 edlule, yadabuka iphutha labenzi basemaphandleni yaze yaba uphawu lwaseShayina eYurophu, umgqugquzeli wesiko letiye laseBrithani kanye nesisekelo okwakhula kuso kamuva i-Qimen (祁门), i-Diān Hóng (滇红), i-Assam, i-Darjeeling nawo wonke amatiye abomvu omhlaba ngaphandle kokuhluka. ENtshonalanga yaziwa kakhulu ngegama elithi Lapsang Souchong.

1. Isigaba kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elivutshelwe ngokuphelele. Ngokwesigaba saseYurophu — itiye elimnyama. Izinga lokuvutshelwa lingu-80–95%. Ikhona ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu: yesintu ebhenywayo (传统烟熏正山小种, chuántǒng yānxūn) — eyomiswa/ibhenywe ngezinkuni zikaphayini lwaseMasson (马尾松, Pinus massoniana); kanye nengabhenywayo / “yobuchwepheshe obusha” (新工艺正山小种, xīn gōngyì) — engenazo izinkuni, igxile kakhulu evelweni lemvelo yoju nezithelo.
• Isigaba: Amatiye adumile aseShayina (中国名茶). Yemukelwa njengokhokho wawo wonke amatiye abomvu emhlabeni. Kusukela ngo-2010 ivikelwe uphawu lwendawo (地理标志, dìlǐ biāozhì).
• Imvelaphi: I-Shayina, Isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建省, Fújiàn Shěng), uMasipala wase-Nanping (南平市, Nánpíng Shì), idolobha elisezingeni lesifunda i-Wuyishan (武夷山市, Wǔyíshān Shì), idolobhana lase-Tongmu (桐木村, Tóngmù Cūn) — umgogodla weSiqiwi Sezemvelo Sikazwelonke sase-Wuyishan (武夷山国家级自然保护区, 565 km²). I-Tongmu iyindawo yokuqala futhi okuwukuphela kwayo yomdabu we-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng. “Zhèng Shān” (正山) — “Izintaba Zangempela / Zomdabu”, okungukuthi i-Tongmu nezindawo ezizungezile ezisezindaweni eziphakeme ezifanayo. Amatiye akhiqizwa ngaphandle kwalesi sifunda abizwa ngokuthi “Wài Shān” (外山, “izintaba zangaphandle”) futhi awakwazi ukusebenzisa igama elithi “Zhèng Shān”.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: E 117°38′6″–117°44′30″, N 27°41′35″–27°49′00″.
• Amagama ahlukile: Lapsang Souchong (igama lokuhweba elisetshenziswa eYurophu); Tongmu Guān Xiǎo Zhǒng (桐木关小种) — “uhlobo oluncane lwase-Tongmu”; Xīngcūn Xiǎo Zhǒng (星村小种) — ngegama ledolobha lezohwebo lapho itiye lalidlula khona ngokomlando liyothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Emithonjeni yaseYurophu yekhulu le-17 nele-18 — BOHEA (kusuka ku-Wuyi, 武夷 — “Bokheya”).

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

• Umlando: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng iyitiye lokuqala elibomvu emlandweni wesintu; ineminyaka engaphezu kuka-400. Usuku oluqondile lokudalwa kwalo alubhalwanga, kodwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwedatha (ucwaningo luka-Zōu Xīnqiú — 邹新球, 《武夷正山小种红茶》) ukudalwa kwayo kuthathwa phakathi nekhulu le-16 (cishe ngo-1567–1600). Inganekwane eyaziwa kabanzi ithi: ngasekupheleni kokubusa kobukhosi bakwa-Ming (明, 1368–1644), ngesikhathi sezidubedube zempi, ithimba lamasosha elalisuka e-Jiangxi liya e-Fujian lamisa ebusuku endaweni yokusebenzela itiye yedolobhana lase-Miaowan (庙湾, manje osekuyingxenye ye-Tongmu). Amasosha alala ngqo emaqabungeni etiye ayendlalelwe ukucutshungulwa. Ekuseni amaqabunga ayesegalile ukuvutshelwa, eba bomvu. Ukuze asindise isivuno, umenzi (ngokwenguqulo ye-Zhengshan Tang — 正山堂 — ukhokho womndeni wakwa-Jiang) wawasonga amaqabunga asemnyama wawomisa emlilweni wezinkuni zikaphayini lwaseMasson wasendaweni (马尾松). Itiye elinemibala emnyama emaqabungeni kanye nephunga elinamandla lentuthu kaphayini alizange lamukelwe kulo i-Tongmu, kodwa lapho lifinyelela emakethe yedolobhana lase-Xingcun (星村, (emakhilomitheni angu-45), umthengisi waseNingizimu ye-Fujian walithenga ngentengo ephansi kakhulu. Ngonyaka olandelayo wabuya futhi wanikela ngokuphindwe kabili noma kathathu — isidingo saleli tiye elingajwayelekile sasisikhulu. Kanjalo kwaqala umlando wetiye elibomvu.

• Ukuthunyelwa eYurophu: Cishe ngo-1604 abathengisi abangamaDashi baletha i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng eYurophu — kwakuyitiye lokuqala elibomvu laseShayina elafika eNtshonalanga. EHolland naseNgilandi laqala ukuthengiswa emakhemisi njengomuthi. Ngo-1662 inkosazana yamaPutukezi uCatherine waseBraganza, ishada nenkosi yamaNgisi uCharles II, yaletha amabhokisi ambalwa e-“Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng” njengelobolo — futhi itiye elibomvu langena ezinkambisweni zenkantolo yaseBrithani. INdlovukazi u-Anne kamuva yalwandisa udumo lwetiye emphakathini ophakeme, yabeka isisekelo sesiko le-afternoon tea. Ekhulwini le-17 nele-18 igama elithi BOHEA (elisuselwe ku-“Wuyi”) lalifana nokuthi “itiye laseShayina” eYurophu. Imbongi yamaRoma yamaNgisi uGeorge Byron yaphawula “itiye elibomvu le-BOHEA” enkondlweni ethi “Don Juan” (1819–1824). Ekhulwini le-19 ingxenye ye-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ekuthunyelweni kwetiye elibomvu laseShayina yafinyelela ku-85% (isikhathi se-Jiaqing, 嘉庆, 1796–1820).

• Ukwantshontshwa kobuchwepheshe: Ngo-1848 inhloli yezitshalo yaseBrithani uRobert Fortune, eyayithunywe yi-East India Company, yangena ezintabeni zase-Wuyishan, izifihle njengomShayina, futhi yakhipha izibonelo zezihlahla zetiye kanye nezimfihlo zokucubungula itiye elibomvu. Lesi senzo sobunhloli bezimboni saqala imboni yetiye eNdiya (e-Assam, e-Darjeeling) naseSri Lanka.

• Ikhulu lama-20 — inhlekelele kanye nokusindiswa: Ngezikhathi zeMpi Yezwe II nezimpi zombango ukukhiqizwa kwe-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng kwacishe kwaphela. Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ngaphansi kwezimo zokuntengantenga kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nosongo lokuvalwa ngokuphelele kokukhiqiza, isazi setiye esivelele saseShayina u-Zhang Tianfu (张天福, 1910–2017) sethula isicelo kubaholi besifundazwe: “I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ingumkhiqizo oyingqayizivele we-Fujian, kumele ilondolozwe.” Itiye lasindiswa. Ngo-2005 kwasungulwa i-Jin Jun Mei esekelwe esikweni le-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng, eyaqala “ukuvuselelwa okubomvu” futhi yabuyisela udumo lwetiye elibomvu emakethe yasekhaya yaseShayina.

• Igama:

  • “Zhèng Shān” (正山) — “Izintaba Zangempela / Zomdabu”. Lisho ukuthi itiye likhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuqala — i-Tongmu nezindawo ezizungezile ezinokuphakama, isimo sezulu kanye nesiko elifanayo. “Zhèng” (正) liphethe umqondo “ofanele, wangempela, weqiniso”, liphikisana no-“Wài Shān” (外山, “izintaba zangaphandle”).
  • “Xiǎo Zhǒng” (小种) — “uhlobo oluncane”. Lisho izinto ezimbili: (1) isihlahla setiye siwuhlobo olunamaqabunga amancane (var. sinensis); (2) inani lokukhiqiza kanye nendawo kuncane, kukhawulelwe yisimo sezulu esincane sezintaba eziphakeme.
  • “Lapsang Souchong” (Lapsang Souchong) — igama lokuhweba laseYurophu. Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Lapsang” iyaphikiswana: mhlawumbe lisuka ku-“la song” (腊松, “uphayini owenziwe nge-wax”?) noma egameni lendawo; “Souchong” — lisuka ku-“Xiǎo Zhǒng” (小种).

• Ukubaluleka kwesiko: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ayilona nje itiye elilula, kodwa iyisiko lesiko lomhlaba wonke. Isekelweni lesiko letiye laseYurophu, yagqugquzela ukusungulwa kwe-afternoon tea, yaba nomthelela kwezombusazwe ngenkathi yobukoloni (Izimpi ze-Opium, “umncintiswano wetiye”) futhi ihlala iwuphawu lokuxhumana kwamakhulu amane eminyaka phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga ngenkomishi yetiye.

3. Isichazelo Sezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Inani lendawo yezihlahla zetiye ezinamahlamvu amancane — i-Qízhǒng (奇种, Qízhǒng) / Càichá (菜茶, Càichá), Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Inani elixubekile lezimbewu elikhule ezintabeni zase-Tongmu amakhulu eminyaka. Isihlahla ngasinye sihlukile ngokofuzo. Izinhlobo ezinamahlamvu amancane zinikeza inani eliphezulu lama-amino acid uma kuqhathaniswa nama-polyphenol, okwenza kwenzeke ukunambitheka okumnandi okuvamile okunamanothi e-longan.
• Ukuvuna: Ngenxa yokuba sendaweni ephakeme (isimo sezulu esibandayo) isikhathi sokuqala siqala sekwephuzile: ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo — kusuka ekuqaleni kukaMeyi (eduze kwe-Lìxià, 立夏) kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi; ukuvuna kwasehlobo — ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Unyaka owodwa — izikhathi ezimbili. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlamvu elilodwa elinamahlamvu amabili kuya kwamathathu (一芽二三叶, yī yá èr sān yè). Ezigabeni eziphakeme kakhulu — ‘ihlamvu elilodwa elinamahlamvu amabili’; kwezijwayelekile — kuvunyelwe ihlamvu elivuthwe kakhulu. Ngokungafani ne-Jīn Jǔn Méi (amahlamvu kuphela) ne-Yín Jǔn Méi (ihlamvu + 1 iqabunga), i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng isebenzisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivuthwe kakhulu, okunikeza ukuminyana kanye ‘nomzimba’.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Ihlamvu eliphelele, elihlanzekile ngaphandle kweziqu ezimahhadlahhadla. Ukulethwa okusheshayo endaweni yokusebenzela ngemva kokuvuna.

4. Indawo (Terroir) kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa:

• Isiqiwu Semvelo Sase-Wuyishan: 565 km², indawo yeGugu Lomhlaba le-UNESCO (1999). Izintaba zamatshe esihlabathi abomvu kanye nezamadwala entaba-mlilo; izihosha eziphakeme, izimpophoma, imifula, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo anokuhlukahluka okuhlukile kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukumbozwa kwehlathi — 96,3%.
• Idolobhana lase-Tongmu: Ingqikithi yomlando “ye-Zhèng Shān”. Litholakala ekujuleni kwesiqiwu endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-700–1800. Izihlahla zetiye zikhula ngaphansi kombhede wehlathi, zisesimweni esingasemthethweni nasendle, ngokuvamile phakathi koqalo namaphayini. Imingcele “ye-Zhèng Shān”: empumalanga — uMàlì (麻栗), entshonalanga — uGuàdūn (挂墩), eningizimu — uPíkēng (皮坑), uGǔwángkēng (古王坑), enyakatho — indawo ewumngcele i-Tongmu Guān (桐木关).
• Ukuphakama lapho kukhula khona: Amamitha angu-700–1800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Indawo eyinhloko — 1200–1500 m.
• Isimo sezulu: Sezintaba ezishisayo. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka jikelele ~18°C ezansi, ~11°C eziqongweni. Imvula — ngaphezu kuka-2300 mm/ngonyaka. Umswakama olinganiselwe — 80–85%. Inkungu — izinsuku ezingaphezu kwe-100 ngonyaka. I-CO₂ emoyeni — 0,026% (iphansi kakhulu kunasezingeni ledolobha). Usuku olufushane lokukhanya, isikhathi eside seqhwa. Zonke lezi zici zenza kwehle ukukhula futhi kukhuthaze ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezinuka kamnandi nama-amino acid.
• Umhlabathi: Obomvu wezintaba kanye ne-ocher, une-asidi encane (pH 4,5–5,5), ocebile ngomquba, ovulekile, odonsa amanzi kahle. Ungqimba lomhlabathi — 30–90 cm.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng inezindlela ezimbili zobuchwepheshe: yesintu ebhenywayo (ngokomiswa/ukubhenywa ngentuthu kaphayini esakhiweni esikhethekile — i-Qīnglóu, 青楼) kanye nengabhenywayo “yesitayela esisha” (ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwentuthu kaphayini, igxile kakhulu ekunambithekeni kwemvelo koju nezithelo kwezinto ezingavuthiwe). Zombili izinhlobo ziyimikhiqizo yangempela yase-Tongmu; umehluko usesigabeni sokomisa.

• Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla “ihlamvu elilodwa — amaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu”.
• Ukwenza kubune (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Isigaba esibalulekile esinquma isitayela setiye.
  • Okwesintu okubhenywayo: Ukwenza kubune kwenziwa e-Qīnglóu (青楼) — isakhiwo esinamatshe/ngokhuni esinezitezi ezimbili noma ezintathu. Esitezi esingaphansi kushiswa umlilo ngezinkuni ezimanzi zikaphayini waseMasson (马尾松); intuthu nokushisa kukhuphuka ngezikhala eziphansi kuya ezitezi ezingenhla, lapho itiye lendlalwe khona emacansini oqalo. Izinga lokushisa — ~30°C, ungqimba lwamaqabunga — 3–7 cm. Kuphendulwa njalo ngemizuzu engu-20. Ihlamvu ngesikhathi esifanayo lilahlekelwa umswakama, lithambe futhi limunce iphunga likaphayini.
  • Okungabhenywayo: Ukwenza kubune endaweni engenisa umoya okuhle noma ngaphandle (ngezinsuku ezimbalwa ezinelanga). Ngaphandle kwentuthu.
• Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ngokwesintu — ngezinyawo (脚揉, jiǎo róu): umenzi usonga ihlamvu ngezithende emgqonyeni wokhuni; manje sekuvame ukusetshenziswa umshini wokusonga, kodwa ukusonga ngesandla/ngezinyawo kusagcinwa kubakhiqizi abasezingeni eliphezulu. Inhloso — ukukhipha amajusi amangqamuzana kanye nokulungiselela ihlamvu ukuvutshelwa.
• Ukuvutshelwa / I-Oxidation (发酵 — fājiào): Ihlamvu elisongiwe lifakwa obhasikidini boqalo, limbozwe ngendwangu emanzi, ligcinwe ku-~25–28°C kuze kuvele umbala obomvu ngokugqamile kanye nephunga lezithelo eliveza uhlobo. Umenzi ulawula inqubo ngezitho zomzimba.
• “Ukudlula ebhodweni elibomvu” (过红锅 — guò hóng guō): Isigaba esiyingqayizivele se-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng, esalahleka maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 futhi sabuyiselwa yingcweti u-Liáng Jùndé (梁骏德). Ihlamvu elivele lavutshelwa loshiswa isikhashana epanini elishisayo, okumisa ukuvutshelwa futhi kunamathisele nephunga. Akubona bonke abakhiqizi abasebenzisa lesi sigaba; kujwayelekile emaqoqweni asezingeni eliphakeme.
• Ukubhenywa nokomiswa (熏焙 — xūn bèi / 烘干 — hōnggān):
  • Okwesintu: Ihlamvu libuyiselwa e-Qīnglóu — manje selisezingeni eliphansi (焙架, bèijià), eduze komlilo. Ukubhenywa ngezinkuni zikaphayini waseMasson ezivutha kancane — amahora angu-6–8. Ihlamvu lithola umbala omnyama wamalahle kanye nephunga elinamandla lentuthu kaphayini (松烟香, sōng yān xiāng).
  • Okungabhenywayo: Ukomiswa ngamalahle obhasikidini boqalo (ngokufanayo nochungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi) noma ngomoya oshisayo. Ngaphandle kwentuthu kaphayini.
• Ukuhlunga (分级 — fēnjí): Ukuhlukaniswa kwesandla kokugcina ngosayizi nekhwalithi.

6. Izimpawu Zokunambitheka Nokuhogela (Izici Zezitho Zomzimba):

Izimpawu zehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezibhenywayo nezingabhenywayo.

Okwesintu Okubhenywayo i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicu eminyene, esongwe ngokuqinile, emikhulu kunaleyo ye-Jīn Jǔn Méi. Umbala — omnyama wamalahle onokucwebezela okunamafutha. Ubulebhu obuncane buncane (iqabunga livuthiwe).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Linamandla, liyinkimbinkimbi — intuthu kaphayini (松烟香), i-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆干), amaplamu omisiwe, isikhumba, i-camphor. Lijulile futhi liqinile.
• Iphunga lokumpontshwa: Isizinda sentuthu kaphayini, ngaphezulu — ubumnandi be-longan, uju, izithelo ezomisiwe. Ngokumpontshwa intuthu iyahlehla, iveze ubumnandi bezithelo.
• Ukunambitheka: Kuminyene, kugcwele, nge-“karamel ebukekayo” ewuphawu. Ukubusa — ukunambitheka kwe-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆汤味, guìyuán tāng wèi) — umaka womkhiqizo we-Zhèng Shān wangempela. Ubumnandi obuncane, uju, izithelo ezomisiwe. Ukunambitheka emva — kuhleli isikhathi eside, kumnandi, nokuphola “kwezintaba eziphakeme” emqaleni (喉韵, hóuyùn).
• Umbala wokumpontshwa: Umbala we-amber omnyama, obomvu okhazimulayo, ojulile, osobala.
• Izinsalela zetiye (phansi kwetiye): Amaqabunga amakhulu, aphelele anombala obomvu oyigolide, anwebekayo, acwebezelayo.

Okungabhenywayo (obuchwepheshe obusha):

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicu esongwe ngokuqinile, ensundu ngokumnyama enombala obomvu (hhayi omnyama wamalahle).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izimbali nezithelo, uju, ngamanothi e-longan nezithelo ezomisiwe. Ngaphandle kwentuthu.
• Iphunga lokumpontshwa: Lihlanzekile, izimbali noju, i-longan, uju, ubhatata omncane (薯香). Liseduze nesakhiwo sochungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi.
• Ukunambitheka: Kumnene kunokubhenywayo, kodwa “nomzimba” ovelele. Ubumnandi be-longan, uju, ukharamele, amanothi amancane ezithelo. Ubumnandi obuncane.
• Umbala wokumpontshwa: I-amber esagolide, obomvu okusawolintshi, osobala.
• Izinsalela zetiye (phansi kwetiye): Amaqabunga abomvu okuyigolide, aphelele, anwebekayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚): U-10–20% wesisindo esomile. Ama-catechin avutshiwe abe ama-theaflavin (0,4–2%), ama-thearubigin (5–11%) kanye nama-theabrownin (3–9%), abhekele umbala, “umzimba” kanye “nevelvethi” yokumpontshwa.
• Ama-Amino Acid (氨基酸): U-1,5–3% wesisindo esomile. I-L-theanine — iyona nto eyinhloko, enikeza ubumnandi (inothi le-longan) kanye nomphumela wokuphumula.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine — 3–5%. I-Theobromine, i-theophylline — ngamanani amancane.
• Amavithamini: C (isalondolozwe ngokwengxenye), B₁, B₂, B₃, E, K.
• Amaminerali: ~30 izakhi — i-potassium, i-phosphorus, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-iron, i-manganese, i-fluoride, i-zinc, i-copper, i-selenium.
• Amafutha Abalulekile (芳香油): ~0,02%. Esitayeleni esibhenywayo — kunezakhi ezengeziwe eziguquguqukayo zentlaka kaphayini (α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene), ezinikeza iphunga lentuthu eliyisici.
• Okunye: Ushukela oncibilikile 2–4%, i-pectin 1–2%, ama-organic acid ~1%.

8. Izakhiwo Eziluncedo:

• Umphumela Wokufudumeza: Itiye elibomvu elivutshelwe ngokuphelele linemvelo “efudumele” ngokwe-TKM. Lilungele kakhulu ngesikhathi esibandayo sonyaka, ikakhulukazi uhlobo olubhenywayo — lidala umuzwa “wokufudumala okungaphakathi”.
• Ukukhuthaza Okuthambile: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine inikeza amandla asezingeni, azinzile ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.
• Ukusekela Ukugayeka Kokudla: Kukhuthaza kancane uketshezi lwesisu, kuyasiza ngemva kokudla okunzima.
• Umphumela We-Antioxidant: I-Theaflavin ne-thearubigin — ama-antioxidant anamandla.
• Ukusekela Isistimu Yemithambo Yegazi: Ama-polyphenol enza ngcono ukunwebeka kwemithambo.
• Umphumela Wokubulala Amagciwane: Ama-polyphenol etiye nezinto ezifakwe umuthi wokugcoba zicindezela amagciwane ayingozi.
• Umphumela Wokulwa Nokucindezeleka: I-L-theanine ikhuthaza ukuhlalisana okukhululekile.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: U-90–100°C. I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ebhenywayo ivuleka kahle ngamanzi abilayo; kokungabhenywayo — 90–95°C.
• Inani letiye: 5–6 g nge-100–120 ml (i-gongfu); 3–4 g nge-200–250 ml (indlela yaseYurophu).
• Izitsha: I-gaiwan yobumba (盖碗) engu-100–120 ml — iyona ndlela engcono kakhulu yohlobo olungabhenywayo. Kolubhenywayo — kuvunyelwe i-teapot ye-Yixing (宜兴紫砂壶), eyenza ubukhulu bentuthu bube mnene. Kufanele kube ne-chahai (公道杯).
• Inqubo:
  1. Ukufudumeza izitsha: Geza i-gaiwan, i-chahai nezinkomishi ngamanzi abilayo.
  2. Ukufaka itiye: Faka u-5–6 g ku-gaiwan eshisiwe.
  3. Ukuhlambulula (润茶): Ukumpontshwa okusheshayo imizuzwana engu-2–3 — kunconywa ikakhulukazi ohlotsheni olubhenywayo (kwenza intuthu yokuqala ibe mnene).
  4. Ukumpontsha kokuqala: Imizuzwana engu-10–15.
  5. Ukuthulula: Thela konke ku-chahai, bese kuthi ezinkomishini.
  6. Ukuphindaphinda: Ukumpontsha okungu-5–8. Andisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10. Kokubhenywayo — intuthu isuka ngokumpontsha kwe-3–4, iveze ubumnandi bezithelo.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitsha: Esivalekile, esingabonisi — ikani likathayela, isikhwama esenziwe nge-foil, isitsha sobumba.
• Izimo: Indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama, kude namaphunga angaphandle. 10–25°C, umswakama kuze kufike ku-60%.
• Isikhathi: Izinyanga eziyi-12–24 zokunambitheka okuhle. Uhlobo olubhenywayo luhlala isikhathi eside (kuze kufike eminyakeni emi-3), ngokukhula intuthu iyancipha, iveze isisekelo sezithelo. Abanye abathandi bagcina ngamabomu i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ebhenywayo iminyaka emi-2–5.
• Qaphela: Isiqandisi asidingeki — itiye elibomvu ligcinwa kahle ezingeni lokushisa legumbi.

11. Intengo nokuNukubeza (Amanga):

Izindleko ze-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng yangempela yase-Tongmu zincike esigabeni: ejwayelekile — 300–800 yuan nge-500 g; ephezulu — 800–2 000 yuan; amaqoqo akhethekile avela ezihlahleni ezindala (老枞, lǎo cóng) — aze afike ku-3 000+ yuan. Isitayela esibhenywayo, ngokuvamile, sishibhile kunesingabhenywayo esisezingeni eliphezulu.

Imakethe igcwele amanga nokulingisa — “i-Wài Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng” (外山小种, itiye elisuka ngaphandle kwesiqiwu), “i-Yān Xiǎo Zhǒng” (烟小种, “uhlobo oluncane olunentuthu” — itiye elibomvu elishibhile elifakwe iphunga lokwenziwa) kanye namatiye abomvu ashibhile athengiswa ngophawu lwe-“Lapsang Souchong”.

Ungawakugwema kanjani amanga:

• Hlola imvelaphi: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng yangempela — iyatholakala kuphela esiqiwini sase-Wuyishan (桐木). Cela imininingwane ngomkhiqizi kanye nesifunda.
• Hlola ukunambitheka kwe-longan: Umaka womkhiqizo — ukunambitheka okumnandi kwe-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆汤味). Uma inothi le-longan lingekho, kukhona kuphela “intuthu eluhlaza” — cishe, “i-Wài Shān” noma itiye elibhenywe ngokwenziwa.
• Hlola iphunga: Kwelibhenywayo langempela — iphunga likaphayini elimnene, elimbozayo, elihlangene nobumnandi bezithelo. Kumanga — intuthu ebukhali, yamakhemikhali, “eshisiwe”.
• Hlola ukumpontshwa: Okusobala, okunombala ojulile we-amber-ruby. Ukumpontshwa okudungekile, okumnyama noma “okungcolile” — kuyisibonakaliso sekhwalithi ephansi.
• Qaphela intengo ephansi ngokungajwayelekile: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng engu-50–100 yuan/500 g — cishe akusilo elase-Tongmu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Iminyaka engu-400 futhi akukho mbhalo: Usuku oluqondile lokudalwa kwe-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng alubhalwanga kunoma yimuphi umbhalo womlando. Ukuhunyushwa kokuqala “kohlobo oluncane” (小种) njengohlobo lwetiye elibomvu — ku-“Qīng Dài Tōngshǐ” (《清代通史》): “Ngomnyaka we-13 ka-Chongzhen [1640] itiye elibomvu (工夫茶, 武夷茶, 小种茶, 白毫 nokunye) laqala ukufika lisuka e-Holland liya eNgilandi”.
• I-lobolo yetiye: Ngo-1662 inkosazana yamaPutukezi uCatherine yaletha amabhokisi ambalwa e-“zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng” njengesipho somshado enkantolo yamaNgisi. Ngokwesiko, indlovukazi yamaNgisi yayiqala njalo ekuseni ngenkomishi yaleli tiye.
• I-Qīnglóu — “umbhoshongo oluhlaza”: Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sokwenza kubune nokubhenywa kwetiye. I-Qīnglóu endala kunazo zonke esasele e-Tongmu — ineminyaka engaba ngu-100, nakuba ukwakhiwa kuthathwa njengokudala kakhulu.
• Ukhokho wawo wonke amatiye abomvu: Ukusuka e-Tongmu ubuchwepheshe bokuvutshelwa kwetiye elibomvu basabalala: e-Jiangxi (e-Qimen, ngo-1876 — ngomphathi wesifunda u-Yú Gānchén), e-Yunnan (e-Diān Hóng), eNdiya (ngo-Robert Fortune, ngo-1848), eSri Lanka nangale kwalokho — emhlabeni wonke.
• Ukusindiswa ngu-Zhang Tianfu: Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, lapho ukukhiqiza kucishe kwaphela, kwakuyisicelo sikakhokho wetiye u-Zhang Tianfu kubaholi baseFujian esasindisa i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ekunyamaleni.

13. Izinhlobo Ezihlukene ze-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng:

• Okwesintu okubhenywayo (传统烟熏正山小种): I-Lapsang Souchong yakudala — enentuthu enkulu kaphayini. Ifunwa kakhulu emakethe yaseYurophu naphakathi kwabathandi “besitayela esidala”.
• Okungabhenywayo / “kwesitayela esisha” (新工艺正山小种): Ngaphandle kwentuthu kaphayini, kugxilwe esakhiweni sezithelo noju lwemvelo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Idume kakhulu emakethe yasekhaya yaseShayina kusukela ngo-2005 (ngokuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kochungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi).
• I-Lǎo Cóng Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng (老枞正山小种): Kusuka emaqabungeni ezihlahla ezindala (iminyaka engu-50–100+). Ukunambitheka okujulile, “okunamaminerali”, nokuphola okuvelele “kwezintaba eziphakeme”. Izinga eliphezulu.
• Uchungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi (骏眉): Ngokusemthethweni — uhlobo olungaphansi “lwesitayela esisha”, kodwa luhlukaniswe lwaba umugqa ohlukile ngokwezinga lokuvuna: i-Jīn Jǔn Méi (amahlamvu kuphela), i-Yín Jǔn Méi (ihlamvu + 1 iqabunga), i-Tóng Jǔn Méi / Chìgān (ihlamvu + amaqabunga ama-2). Zonke ezintathu zisuselwa esikweni le-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng.
• I-Wài Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng (外山小种): Itiye elikhiqizwa ngaphandle kwendawo yesiqiwu sase-Tongmu. Akulona “Zhèng Shān” langempela, kodwa litholakala kabanzi emakethe. Ikhwalithi — kusukela kokwamukelekayo kuye kokusezingeni eliphansi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ayilona nje itiye elilula, iwuchungechunge oluphilayo oluhlanganisa amakhulu amane eminyaka omlando wetiye. Yazalwa ngengozi ngentlaka kaphayini ezintabeni zase-Tongmu, yavula indlela yawo wonke amatiye abomvu emhlabeni — kusukela e-Qimen kuya e-Assam, kusukela e-Diān Hóng kuya e-Earl Grey. Uhlobo lwayo olubhenywayo — oluqinile, olujulile, olumboza ngentuthu nobumnandi be-longan — luhlala lungolunye lwezinambitheko eziqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Futhi “isitayela esisha” esingabhenywayo sembula ubunjalo bemvelo bezithelo noju lwezinto ezingavuthiwe zase-Tongmu, sisondeza ekuqondeni lokho okwakucashile ngaphansi kwentuthu kaphayini wonke la makhulu eminyaka.

Ukunambitha i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng yangempela kusho ukuthinta umthombo: kuleso sikhathi lapho ukuvutshelwa ngengozi kweqabunga letiye kanye nephunga likaphayini ovuthayo kwembulela isintu umhlaba omusha ngokuphelele weziphuzo. Umhlaba esisahlala kuwo kuze kube namuhla.

the teas described here are available from teamotea