bǎiliǎng chá - shíliǎng chá

Umndeni wama-”flower rolls” i-huajuan (花卷, huā juǎn) — wuhlu lwezinsika ezicindezelwe ze-heicha ezivela esifundeni sase-Anhua, lapho isisindo, esithungelwe kugama ngokwalo, sakha izitebhisi ezisuka ku-Shiliang omncane (十两茶, shí liǎng chá) kuya ku-qianliang-cha oyinganekwane (千两茶, qiān liǎng chá). I-Bailiang (百两茶, bǎi liǎng chá) ne-Shiliang yizinyathelo ezincane, “zasekhaya” zobuchwepheshe obufanayo obwazala “inkosi yetiye”.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa Nomsuka:

Uhlobo: itiye elimnyama (i-heicha, 黑茶, hēichá).
Isigaba: itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua (安化黑茶, Ānhuà hēichá), umndeni wama-”flower rolls” i-huajuan (花卷, huā juǎn).
Umsuka: isifunda sase-Anhua, esifundazweni saseHunan.
Indawo emndenini: I-Bailiang ne-Shiliang yizinyathelo ezincane, “zasekhaya” zobuchwepheshe obufanayo obwazala “inkosi yetiye” i-qianliang-cha; ami ku-eksisi efanayo neye-qianliang, ehluke kuyona ngosayizi nesisindo kuphela.
I-Canon yomkhiqizo: ichazwa ngefomula ethi «三尖三砖一卷» (sān jiān sān zhuān yī juǎn) — “ama-spike amathathu, izitini ezintathu, umqulu owodwa”. “Umqulu owodwa” (一卷) — lokhu yiwona mugqa we-huajuan, okungowawo izinsika zawo wonke ama-gauge esisindo.
Amazinga: itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua lilawulwa njengesigaba esizimele se-heicha ohlelweni lwamazinga kazwelonke e-PRC.

Izitebhisi zesisindo zakhiwe ngendlela ezungeze isilinganiso esidala sesisindo i-liang (两, liǎng); izinga lomugqa yi-qianliang, insika enesisindo esingaba ngu-36,25 kg nobude obucishe bube ngu-1,65 m:

I-Shiliang (十两茶, shí liǎng chá) — “i-liang eziyishumi”, ifomethi encane kunazo zonke;
I-Bailiang (百两茶, bǎi liǎng chá) — “i-liang eziyikhulu”;
I-Wubailiang (五百两, wǔ bǎi liǎng) — “i-liang ezingamakhulu amahlanu”;
I-Qianliang (千两, qiān liǎng) — “i-liang eziyinkulungwane”, insika eyizinga;
I-Wanliang (万两, wàn liǎng) — “i-liang eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi”, inkulu kunazo zonke.

Njengoba isisindo sibekwe ngenani lama-liang amadala, i-Bailiang ne-Shiliang zilula ngokulinganayo kune-qianliang — lokhu akuseyona insika “yasebukhosini” enkulu, kodwa izinsika ezihlangene zefomethi yasendlini neyesipho.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

Umugqa we-huajuan wazalwa ngenxa yesidingo sezohwebo.
I-Bailiang njengefomu libhalwa kusukela ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Daoguang (清道光, Qīng Dàoguāng) wobukhosi bakwa-Qing; lihlotshaniswa nabathengisi baseShaanxi (陕商, shǎn shāng), ababedinga itiye elijwayelekile, elipakishwe ngokuqinile futhi elimelana nokuthuthwa emizileni yamakharavani.
Ubukhona obuhlanganisiwe benza i-Bailiang yaba yimpahla ekahle yokuhweba amabanga amade.
Kusukela kulesi sidingo sezohwebo kamuva kwakhula ama-gauge amakhulu kuze kufike ku-qianliang — insika eyabizwa ngokuthi “inkosi yetiye yomhlaba” (世界茶王, shìjiè cháwáng).
Ubuchwepheshe bokunyathela izinsika buwumsebenzi onzima, futhi enkathini yezimboni, ingxenye yomkhiqizo yathathelwa indawo yi-huazhuan (花砖, huā zhuān) — “isitini esinamaphethini” esinomhlobiso emaphethelweni, ukukhiqizwa kwaso okwaqala ngo-1958 kwaba indawo ehlangene ye-qianliang enkulu.
Imiqulu uqobo yasinda njengesiko eliphilayo lobungcweti nelokuqoqwa, futhi izitebhisi zesisindo ezisuka ku-Shiliang kuya ku-Wanliang zihlala ziwuphawu lwalo olwaziwayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-qianliang-cha bafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu esizwe angaphatheki (国家级非物质文化遗产, guójiājí fēi wùzhì wénhuà yíchǎn) ngo-2008. I-Bailiang ne-Shiliang, ezenziwe ngendlela efanayo ye-caizhi, zizuza njengefa lobu bugcweti ngezinga elincane.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Izinto zokusetshenziswa: i-maocha emnyama (黑毛茶, hēi máochá) esezingeni lesibili nelesithathu (二-三级).
Isimo sezinto zokusetshenziswa: ukugaywa okumaphakathi okumahhadlahhadla, okunamaqabunga avuthiwe neziqu — yikhona lokhu okunikeza “imiqulu” ukuminyana, isakhiwo kanye namandla okukhula okuphindaphindiwe iminyaka eminingi.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezigaba: amabanga athambile e-maocha aya ematiyeni “a-spike” ochungechungeni lwe-sanjian (三尖, sān jiān) — i-tianjian (天尖, tiān jiān) ne-gongjian (贡尖, gòng jiān); kanti ezinsikeni, okubalulekile umthamo, ukuqina kwesisindo esicindezelwe kanye nekhono lokuvuthwa ngokulinganayo emashumini eminyaka.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

Indawo enezintaba enesimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama, nenkungu kanye nenhlabathi ecebile ngamatshe agugile.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, kukhula izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinamahlamvu amakhulu, ezimahhadlahhadla, ezilungele ukuvutshelwa isikhathi eside nokuvuthwa iminyaka eminingi.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Isiginesha yezobuchwepheshe: i-caizhi (踩制, cǎi zhì) — ukunyathela ngesandla ngaphakathi nokuqiniswa kwetiye libe yisilinda esiminyene. I-Bailiang ne-Shiliang zenziwa ngendlela efanayo neye-qianliang, kuphela ngezinga elincane.
Ukulandelana kwemisebenzi:
1. I-Qizheng (汽蒸, qì zhēng) — ukufuthwa kwe-maocha ngesitimu, ukuze iqabunga lithambe futhi libe lula ukulolonga.
2. I-Zhuanglou (装篓, zhuāng lǒu) — ukugxishwa kwetiye elishisisiwe esikhwameni soqalo esilukiwe se-mielou (篾篓, miè lǒu). “Ingubo” yangaphakathi yensika inezingqimba eziningi: i-palm fiber (棕, zōng) namaqabunga e-knotweed (蓼叶, liǎo yè) kwendlalelwa ngaphakathi kwesembozo soqalo, kwakha “ihembe” lomqulu elijwayelekile.
3. I-Guncaiyajiaochui (滚踩压绞锤, gǔn cǎi yā jiǎo chuí) — ukugingqa, ukunyathela ngezinyawo, ukucindezela nokuqiniswa nge-lever “isando”; ithimba lezingcweti liyaqgingqa futhi liqinise insika, lifinyelela ukuminyana okukhulu.
4. I-Rishai-yelu (日晒夜露, rì shài yè lù) — “emini elangeni, ebusuku emazolweni”: izinsika eziqediwe zigcinwa ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esivulekile izinsuku ezingaba ngu-50, lapho ukushintshana kokushisa nomswakama kuqala ukuguqulwa okuhamba kancane kwe-microbial ne-fermentative ngaphakathi kwesisindo esicindezelwe.
Isigaba “selanga namazolo” — sibalulekile: sihlukanisa i-huajuan ezitini zochungechunge lwe-sanzhuan (三砖, sān zhuān), ezomiswa emakamelweni ngezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo. Ukuvuthwa okungokwemvelo ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka kuyikhona okunikeza izinsika ukujula kwazo okukhethekile.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic:

Imiqulu ingeyesitayela esithi “indala, iba nephunga elimnandi kakhulu” (越陈越香, yuè chén yuè xiāng).
Itiye elincane lisalokhu linothi lokhuni olumahhadlahhadla, kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka lithola ukuthamba.
Ukuthelelwa kuba yinhlaka emnyama ngokunsundu, kuminyene, kunephunga le-”dala” elivuthiwe (陈香, chén xiāng), i-aftertaste emnandi futhi icishe ingabi nabukhali.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Njengoba isisindo sigxishwe saya ekumineni okuyitshe, ngaphambi kokuphisa itiye, i-disk eyisicaba iyasaha noma ichekelwe kunsika, bese yephulwa ibe izicucu ezincane.
Ku-Bailiang ne-Shiliang, amadiski awo mancane kunawase-qianliang, lokhu kulula kunokusebenza nensika enesisindo esingu-36 kg.
Itiye livuleka kahle ngokuthelwa okuphindaphindiwe ku-gaiwan noma endishini yetiye, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa eziminyene nezimahhadlahhadla zemiqulu evuthiwe zilungele nokuphekwa.

11. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi:

Ifomu nesembozo: i-huajuan yangempela iyinsika eyisilinda esesikhwameni soqalo esilukiwe esinendlela yangaphakathi ye-palm fiber namaqabunga e-knotweed; ububanzi nobude buhambelana ngokuqondile negama lesisindo.
I-gauge ngokumelene negama: ingxenye yezinombolo yegama iyisisindo ngama-liang amadala: i-Shiliang incane, i-Bailiang inkulu, i-qianliang iyizinga elingaba ngu-~36 kg no-~1,65 m. Ukungahambisani kosayizi negama elibangiwe kuwuphawu oluyisixwayiso.
Imikhondo ye-caizhi: insika enyathelwe ngaphakathi iminyene ngokwedlulele; lapho ihlukene, isakhiwo esiqinile, esinezingqimba seqabunga elimahhadlahhadla elicindezelwe elineziqu zekilasi lesibili nelesithathu siyabonakala.
Iphunga lokuvuthwa: umqulu ovuthiwe ukhipha i-chen xiang ehlanzekile ngaphandle kwephunga lokukhunta; okuthelwe kuphuzi, kunsundu ngokumnyama, kunencasa emnandi ehlala isikhathi eside.
Umehluko ezitini: ngokungafani ne-fuzhuan (茯砖, fú zhuān) imiqulu ayinalo “imbali yegolide” (金花, jīn huā) njengesiginesha eyimpoqo, futhi ihluke ku-heizhuan (黑砖, hēi zhuān) ne-huazhuan ngokuyisisekelo ngesimo esiyisilinda kanye nesigaba “selanga namazolo” ekukhiqizweni.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Bailiang ne-Shiliang — yifilosofi efanayo yomqulu wase-Anhua njengeye-qianliang edumile, kodwa ngezinga lomuntu: zihlangene ngokwanele ukuhlala ekhaya, futhi zihlonipheke ngokwanele ukuvuthwa iminyaka eminingi.