hēizhuān

Isitini Esimnyama esivela esifundeni sase-Anhua (安化) — esinye ‘sezitini ezintathu’ emthethweni oyisisekelo we-sānjiān sānzhuān yī juǎn (三尖三砖一卷), itiye elimnyama elicindezelwe ngokuqinile, okuyilo okwaqala ngawo umlando wesimanje wokukhiqizwa kwezitini zefekthri e-Hunan ngo-1939. Libizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi ‘ukhokho’ (祖) wezitini zesimanje zase-Anhua.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa ngezigaba kanye nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: itiye elimnyama (heicha), isitini esicindezelwe.
• Isigaba: i-Anhua heicha, esinye ‘sezitini ezintathu’ (三砖) emthethweni oyisisekelo ‘izici ezintathu ezicijile, izitini ezintathu, umqulu owodwa’ — sānjiān sānzhuān yī juǎn (三尖三砖一卷).
• Imvelaphi: isifunda sase-Anhua (安化), esifundazweni sase-Hunan — isikhungo esingokomlando sokukhiqiza itiye elimnyama.
• Indawo ohlelweni lwe-Anhua heicha: uhlelo lwamagama amukelwe ngokwejwayelekile lungena efomuleni ‘izici ezintathu ezicijile, izitini ezintathu, umqulu owodwa’. ‘Izici ezintathu ezicijile’ (三尖) zihlanganisa tiānjiān ovulekile, gòngjiān no-shēngjiān, apakishwe kubhasikidi abalukiweyo mièlǒu (篾篓); ‘umqulu owodwa’ (一卷) yikholomu edumile ye-qiānliǎng (千两茶) kanye nolibo lonke lwe-huājuǎn (花卷). ‘Izitini ezintathu’ (三砖) amapuleti acindezelwe: i-fuzhuan (茯砖) enokukhula kwesikhunta okusagolide, i-huazhuan (花砖) enomhlobiso emaphethelweni, kanye ne-heizhuan (黑砖) uqobo, isitini esimnyama.
• Ukuma Emakethe: itiye lesigaba esimaphakathi (中档) — umkhiqizo wansuku zonke onekhwalithi, ongenabo ubumnene obuyisikhulu be-tiānjiān futhi ongenakho ukukhanya okuqoqekayo kwe-qiānliǎng, kodwa onobuhle bawo obuqinile, obuqinile. Kulolu zintathu, i-heizhuan inendawo ekhethekile: kungayo lapho kwaqala khona ukucindezelwa kwezimboni.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Indawo yokuqala ye-heizhuan ngu-1939, lapho ifekthri yase-Baishaxi (白沙溪) yakhiqiza isitini sokuqala esimnyama. Lo mcimbi uthathwa njengokuzalwa kokucindezelwa kwefekthri yesimanje kwetiye elimnyama lase-Anhua — kulapha lapho bonke uhlu ‘lwezitini ezintathu’ lukhule khona. Ngakho-ke, i-heizhuan yanikezwa indima ehloniphekile ‘njengokhokho’ (祖) wezitini zesimanje zase-Anhua — ifomu elavumela ukumiswa emgangathweni, ukugcinwa endaweni nokuthuthwa kwetiye elimnyama lase-Hunan ngezinga lezimboni.

Ngokuphambene netiye lochungechunge ‘lwesici esicijile’, ngokomlando elalihlotshaniswa nenkantolo nezicukuthwane (tiānjiān eyenzelwe izicukuthwane, gòngjiān ‘njengentela’), i-heizhuan ekuqaleni yayicatshangwa njengomkhiqizo omkhulu, onokwethenjelwa — oqinile, okulula ukuwuthutha, okwenzelwe ukugcinwa isikhathi eside. Le mvelo ebonakala iwusizo yiyona eyayenza yaba isisekelo sesiko lezitini zase-Anhua.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: i-heizhuan icindezelwa nge-maofen emnyama (黑毛茶) — umkhiqizo osaqhubekela phambili osuphenyiwe ngokuyisisekelo ngokufunjathiswa okumanzi.
• Ibanga lekhwalithi: kwisitini esimnyama, kusetshenziswa izinto ezingavuthiwe zebanga lesibili nelesithathu (二-三级黑毛茶) — lawa akusewona amaflesh acwebileyo aqhamuka esiqongweni, kodwa iqabunga elivuthiwe, eliqinile, elinikeza ukumnandi okunomzimba ovelele nokumelana nokuvuthwa.
• Uhlobo Lwesityalo: umthombo awunikezi i-heizhuan uhlobo oluthile lwesityalo — itiye lenziwa ngezinto zendawo zase-Anhua, ezijwayelekile kuso sonke isifunda sokukhiqiza i-heicha. Indima ebalulekile ayidlalwa ukuhlukahluka kwesihlahla kangako, kodwa ibanga lekhwalithi yeqabunga nobuchwepheshe bokusenga kokuqala bube yi-maofen emnyama.

4. Indawo Nokutshalwa Kwayo Okukhethekile:

• Izwe Lokuzalwa: isifunda sase-Anhua esifundazweni sase-Hunan, isikhungo esingokomlando sokukhiqiza itiye elimnyama.
• Izimo: indawo enezintaba, isimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama, kanye nomhlabathi wendawo ohlukile kwakha izinto ezingavuthiwe ezinomzimba oqinile, ogcwele, okwazi ukumelana nokuvutshelwa isikhathi eside nokucindezelwa.
• Ukuhlelwa Kwezokuthutha: isidingo sefomu elikwazi ukuthuthwa, elihlala isikhathi eside lanquma kakhulu ukubukeka kwezitini zendawo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukucindezela nge-Hwamula (蒸压, zhēngyā): umsebenzi obalulekile, ochaza isimilo se-heizhuan. I-maofen emnyama elungisiwe ikhethwa ngebanga lekhwalithi, iyagetshengwa ukuze ithambe futhi inikeze ukubumbeka, bese icindezelwa ngokuqinile ibe yisimo sesitini. Umphumela uyipuleti eliminyene kakhulu, eliqinile (紧实): i-heizhuan yaziwa ngobuncane bayo nokuma okuyijiyomethri okunembile.
• Ukomisa: isitini esiqediwe somiswa ekugcineni emazingeni okushisa aphakathi — angabi ngaphezu kuka-65 °C (干燥 ≤65℃). Leli yiphuzu eliyisisekelo: indlela yokushisa enobumnene iqinisa ukuma futhi imise umswakama, ngaphandle ‘kokushisa ngokweqile’ itiye futhi igcine amandla okuvuthwa ngokuqhubekayo.
• Umehluko kwi-fuzhuan (茯砖): i-heizhuan ayinaso isigaba ‘sokuqhakaza’ (发花) — ‘isikhunta esagolide’ Eurotium cristatum (冠突散囊菌, guāntū sǎnnángjūn) asikhuliswa. Uma i-fuzhuan inokukhula okulawulwayo kwezimbewu ezisagolide ku-25–45 °C nomswakama ongu-75–90 % phakathi nezinsuku eziyi-15–22 okunikeza ‘iphunga lesikhunta’ (菌花香) elijwayelekile, i-heizhuan ilandela indlela ‘ehlanzekile’ yokucindezela okuqinile nokomisa, ithuthukisa iphunga lokuvuthwa ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwemicilia ebonakalayo.
• Umehluko kwi-huazhuan (花砖): isitini esimnyama sihluke ngokungabi bikho kwemihlobiso yokuhlobisa emaphethelweni epuleti — i-heizhuan ihlala iqinile futhi ibushelelezi.

6. Izici Zezinzwa Zomzimba:

Iphrofayili ye-heizhuan ‘yiphunga elidala’ (陈香, chénxiāng) kanye nokugcwala okuhlanzekile, okulungisiwe kokunambitha (醇正, chúnzhèng). Ukumnandi kuminyene, kuwulayini olinganayo, kunomzimba omnyama; ngokuphambene ne-tiānjiān enentuthu yayo kaphayini evelele (松烟香) kanye ne-fuzhuan enothi lwesikhunta, i-heizhuan ibambelela ekujuleni kwayo okuzolile kwetiye elimnyama eselivuthiwe. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, isitini esigcinwe kahle siyavuleka ngokugcwele — kuyo yonke i-Anhua heicha kusebenza umgomo othi ‘indala, iba nephunga elimnandi kakhulu’.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Njengoba ipuleti licindezelwa liqine kakhulu, ukuze lenzelwe itiye, lihlukaniswa ngokucophelela ngommese wetiye, kuhlukaniswe ingxenye edingekayo. Amatiye amnyama alolu hlobo athanda:

• amanzi abilayo asezingeni eliphezulu (eduze no-100 °C), avula izinto ezingavuthiwe esezivuthiwe;
• ukuhlanza (ukuthela okusheshayo okokuqala ‘ukuvusa’ nokuhlambulula ucezu oluqinile);
• ukulinda isikhathi okuningi okufushane ku-gaiwan noma kwi-teapot ye-Yixing, kunwetshwe kancane kancane njengoba iqabunga livuleka;
• ukubilisa (煮茶) ngezingcezu zokugcina, esezivele zikhiphe iphunga eliyinhloko — indlela efaneleka kakhulu yesitini esiqinile esivuthiwe.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitini esigcinwe ngendlela efanele siyavuleka ngokugcwele ngokuhamba kweminyaka — kuyo yonke i-Anhua heicha kusebenza umgomo othi ‘indala, iba nephunga elimnandi kakhulu’. Indlela yokomisa yokugcina enobumnene (engekho ngaphezu kuka-65 °C) igcina amandla okuvuthwa ngokuqhubekayo, kanti ukuma okuqinile kwenzelwe ukugcinwa isikhathi eside.

11. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi:

Ngokuma kwayo emakethe, i-heizhuan itiye lesigaba esimaphakathi (中档). Ungayehlukanisa kanjani i-heizhuan yangempela:

• Kwi-fuzhuan (茯砖): i-heizhuan ayinazo ‘izimbali zegolide’ — lapho uhlephula ipuleti, ngeke ubone izichasiso eziphuzi-nsagolide ze-Eurotium cristatum futhi ngeke uzwe iphunga lesikhunta. I-heizhuan ‘yiphunga elidala’ elihlanzekile ngaphandle kwenothi lesikhunta.
• Kwi-huazhuan (花砖): i-heizhuan ibushelelezi, ayinawo umhlobiso, kanti i-huazhuan inephethini yokuhlobisa emaphethelweni amane epuleti.
• ‘Kuzici ezicijile’ (三尖): i-heizhuan iyisitini esicindezelwe, hhayi itiye elivulekile kubhasikidi olukiwe; ngokuvamile ayinayo intuthu yephayini evelele, ejwayelekile ku-tiānjiān no-gòngjiān, okuthiwe aqhunyiswa ngomlilo kaphayini.
• Ngobuningi nangokuma: i-heizhuan yangempela ibonakala ngokucindezelwa okuqinile kakhulu, okuminyene (紧实) nokuma okuyijiyomethri okunembile kwepuleti.
• Ngezinto ezingavuthiwe: isisekelo i-maofen emnyama yebanga lesibili nelesithathu, okunikeza ukumnandi okuvuthiwe, okuqinile, hhayi ubukhaphukhaphu ‘obumnene-njengezimbali’ bezigaba eziphakeme kakhulu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Amazinga kanye nebanga lekhwalithi: i-heizhuan ingeyemikhiqizo yetiye elimnyama lase-Anhua, elawulwa ngaphakathi kohlelo lukazwelonke nolomkhakha lokumiswa emgangathweni kwamatiye amnyama aseChina. Imingcele eyisihluthulelo elawulwayo ibanga lekhwalithi le-maofen emnyama yokuqala (二-三级), ubuningi bokucindezelwa, indlela yokomisa kanye nezici zokumnandi okuqediwe. Izinkomba zezinombolo eziqondile zincike ohlotsheni olusebenzayo lwezinga kanye nesigaba esishiwo umkhiqizi; izinkomba zobuchwepheshe eziqinisekiswe ngokunokwethenjelwa izinto ezingavuthiwe zebanga lesibili nelesithathu kanye nokomisa kokugcina emazingeni okushisa angabi ngaphezu kuka-65 °C.
• I-heizhuan iyisimo lapho indima engokomlando ‘yokuba ngukhokho’ kanye nesimilo esithobile, esinekhwalithi efanele zihlangana khona: itiye elingenazo izakhiwo ezimangalisayo njengesikhunta segolide noma umhlobiso, kodwa kusukela kulo lapho ukuqonda ukuthi kuyini itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua elicindezelwe kuqala khona.