Itiye Elimnyama lase-Anhua

Itiye Elimnyama lase-Anhua (安化黑茶, Ānhuà hēichá) yiqoqo lomndeni wonke wamatiye amnyama aphuthumile, akhiqizwa esifundeni sase-Anhua (安化县, Ānhuà Xiàn) esifundazweni saseHunan. Lona ngomunye wemikhiqizo emidala nebaluleke kakhulu esigabeni se-Hei Cha (黑茶, Hēichá) eChina, ehlanganisa ‘Amathiphu Amanyuvesi’ (三尖, Sān Jiān), ‘Izitini Ezintathu’ (三砖, Sān Zhuān) kanye ‘Nomsila Owodwa’ (一卷, Yī Juǎn) — i-Qian Liang Cha. Emakhulwini eminyaka, leli tiye beliyisidingo sempilo kubantu abahamba bodwa eNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina, eTibet naseMongolia, futhi manje seliqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo kanye nefa lesizwe elingaphatheki.

1. Isigaba Nokudabuka:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliphuthumile (后发酵茶, hòu fājiào chá), liyingxenye yesigaba se-Hei Cha (黑茶, Hēichá — “Itiye Elimnyama”). Izinga lokuvutshelwa liyehluka kuye ngohlobo oluncane nesikhathi sokugcinwa, kodwa isisekelo siwukuvutshelwa kwe-microbiological kwangemva, okwenzeka phakathi nokukhiqizwa (isiteji “Wo Dui” — 渥堆, wòduī) kanye nasesikhathini sokugcinwa.
• Isigaba: Amatiye adumile eChina; umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sezwe sokuqashelwa kwendawo (国家地理标志产品, Guójiā Dìlǐ Biāozhì Chǎnpǐn). Omunye wabameleki abaphambili be-Hunan Hei Cha kanye nesizinda esibalulekile sokukhiqiza amatiye amnyama eChina yonkana.
• Imvelaphi: China, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南省, Húnán Shěng), umkhandlu we-Iyang (益阳市, Yìyáng Shì), isifunda sase-Anhua (安化县, Ānhuà Xiàn). Indawo yesibonakaliso sendawo ihlanganisa yonke indawo yesifunda sase-Anhua kanye nezigodi ezithile zesifunda sase-Taojiang (桃江县), izifunda zase-Heshan (赫山区) nase-Ziyang (资阳区) — sezizonke izinhlaka zokuphatha ezingama-32.
• Izigi zendawo: Cishe 27°58′–28°38′ enyakatho, 110°43′–111°58′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nesiko:

• Umlando: Umlando wokulima itiye e-Anhua uhlanganisa iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ubufakazi bokuqala obubhaliwe kuthiwa kubhekisela ku-“Qujiang bopian” (渠江薄片, Qújiāng Bópiàn — “Izingcezu ezincane zaseQujiang”) emibhalweni yesikhathi saseTang ngonyaka wama-856. Ngesikhathi seMibuso Emihlanu (五代, Wǔdài, Ikhulu le-10), itiye lendawo lalifakwe ezimpahleni ezinikelwa enkantolo. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaSong (宋, Sòng, 960–1279), enxanembeni esenyakatho yomfula uZishui (资水, Zī Shuǐ) kwasungulwa imakethe yokuhwebelana i-Boijiang (博易场), lapho itiye lalishintshelwa ngelayisi, usawoti nezindwangu.

  Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeMing (明, Míng), abakhiqizi betiye base-Anhua bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe baseSichuan be-“Wucha” (乌茶), bathatha indawo yokugcwalisa ngomusi esikhundleni sokuwosa (杀青, shā qīng) futhi bahlanganisa ubuchule be-“Wo Dui” (渥堆), okwavumela ukuthola itiye elinambitheka kamnandi elifundisiwe, elingenaso isihlahla, nephunga elimangalisayo likaphayini. Ngonyaka wesithathu wokubusa kwe-Jiajing (嘉靖三年, 1524), igama elithi “Hei Cha” (黑茶) lavela okokuqala emibhalweni esemthethweni. Ngo-1595 (万历二十三年, Wànlì èrshísān nián) ngomthetho wobukhosi, itiye lase-Anhua laqashelwa njenge-“Guan Cha” (官茶, guān chá — “itiye likahulumeni”) elenzelwe ukuthengiswa ezindaweni ezingasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yemingcele.

  Ngesikhathi se-Qing (清, Qīng), abathengisi baseShanxi (晋商, Jìnshāng) bavula i-“Ndlela Yetiye Eyizi-10 000” (万里茶路, Wànlǐ Chálù), futhi i-Anhua yaphenduka isikhungo esikhulu sokuthengisa itiye esinamahhovisi angaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu eduze komfula i-Zishui. Ngesikhathi se-Tongzhi (同治, Tóngzhì, 1862–1874), indlu yezentengiselwano yaseShanxi i-“Sanhe-gong” (三和公) yathuthukisa kusuka ku-“Bailian Cha” (百两茶, “Itiye Le-Grama Eliyikhulu”) i-“Qian Liang Cha” (千两茶) edumile — isilinda esisinda cishe ama-36.25 kg, kamuva eyathola isihloko sokuthi “Inkosi yamatiye omhlaba”.

  Ngo-1939, isazi sezolimo u-Peng Xianze (彭先泽, Péng Xiānzé), owathweswa iziqu e-Imperial University of Kyushu, waya esikhundleni soMnyango Wezolimo WezeTiye waseHunan wasungula ifektri yetiye lesitini (isandulela se-“Baishaxi” yanamuhla, 白沙溪), lapho ngo-1940 wakhiqiza ngempumelelo isampula yokuqala ye-Hei Zhuan Cha (黑砖茶), ebeka izisekelo zetiye elicindezelweyo lesimanje. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kuleyo fektri kwaqala ukukhiqizwa i-Hua Zhuan Cha (花砖茶) ne-Fu Zhuan Cha (茯砖茶) — “izitini ezintathu” ze-Anhua.

  Ngo-2007, i-Anhua Hei Cha ithole ukuvikelwa kwesibonakaliso sendawo (2010 — ukuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni yiMnyango Omkhulu Wokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi). Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Qian Liang Cha bufakwa kuhlu lwamafa esizwe angaphatheki. Ngo-2010, i-Anhua Hei Cha yangena ematiyeni ayishumi angcono kakhulu eMbonweni Womhlaba we-EXPO eShanghai.

• Igama:

  • “Anhua” (安化) — igama lesifunda, ngokoqobo “Ukuguqulwa Okunokuthula”. Libonisa imvelaphi yendawo.
  • “Hei” (黑) — “okumnyama”. Ichaza umbala omnyama weqabunga elomile nekunambitheka, okuyinto ejwayelekile ematiyeni aphuthumile.
  • “Cha” (茶) — “itiye”.

• Ukubaluleka kwesiko: I-Anhua Hei Cha emakhulwini eminyaka ibiyimpahla yamasu, eyayihambiselana namahhashi (uhlelo lwe-“Cha Ma Hushi” — 茶马互市) futhi ihlinzeka ngamavithamini namaminerali kubantu ababedla inyama nobisi kuphela. Abahamba bodwa babesithi: “Kungcono izinsuku ezintathu ngaphandle kokudla, kunesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kwetiye” (宁可三日无粮，不可一日无茶). Itiye lase-Anhua liyingxenye ebalulekile ye-“Ndlela Yetiye” kanye neSilika, futhi ngokufanele libizwa ngokuthi “Itiye Eliyimfihlakalo LeNdlela Yasendulo YeSilika” (古丝绸之路的神秘之茶) kanye “Nesiphuzo Sokuphila” (生命之茶). Ubuchwepheshe obalulekile bokukhiqiza i-Anhua Hei Cha kuze kube manje bungaphansi kwezimfihlo zikahulumeni ezisezingeni lesibili.

3. Imfundiso Yezimila Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

• Izinhlobo / Izimila: Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko ngamaqabunga e-Anhua Qunti Zhong (安化群体种, Ānhuà Qúntǐ Zhǒng) — inqwaba yezimila zetiye ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Omelele kakhulu nodumile yi-Yuntaishan Daye Zhong (云台山大叶种, Yúntáishān Dàyè Zhǒng — “Uhlobo Olunamaqabunga Amakhulu OseLwandle Lwase-Yuntaishan”), olufakwe eqenjini lokuqala lezinhlobo ezingama-21 ezikhethekile zezihlahla zetiye ezigunyazwe ezingeni likazwelonke. Kulolu hlobo kwabe sekuqokwa izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe i-Zhile Qi (槠叶齐), i-Baimao Zao (白毫早) ne-Xiangbo Lü (湘波绿), ezaba izinhlobo ezikhethekile zezwe.

  Kwezemvelo — uhlobo lwesihlahla (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis), kusuka kumaqabunga aphakathi kuya kwamakhulu. Amaqabunga ayisimo seqanda, anomzimba, anomphetho osikeke ngokujulile. Isihlahla sibonakala ngokumelana namakhaza kahle nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-polyphenols (ngaphezu kuka-35% eqabungeni elisha).

• Ukuvunwa: Isikhathi esikhulu sokuvuna kusuka entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla (u-April — u-Okthoba). Ezinhlobonhlobo eziphakeme (i-Tian Jian) kunconywa ukuvuna entwasahlobo; ematiyeni esitini nakacindezelwe kusetshenziswa izinto zasehlobo nasekwindla.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amathathu kuya kwamane (一芽三叶至四叶, yī yá sān yè zhì sì yè), ngokuncane — ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amabili eziphakeme. Izinga lokuvuthwa kwezinto zisetshenziswa liphakeme kakhulu kunaleya yamatiye aluhlaza, okuyisisekelo esidingekayo ekuvutshelweni kwe-mikrobhe ephumelelayo esitejini se-“Wo Dui”.

• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Kulawulwa ngokuqinile yizinga le-DB43/T 657. E-Qian Liang Cha: itiye langempela lase-Anhua kuphela, ngaphandle kweziqu nezinto zangaphandle. E-Tian Jian: amaqabunga anempilo, aphelele, amnandi nehlumela zamazinga okuqala, ezivunwa kusebusweni abomile.

4. Indawo Nezimfanelo Zokulima:

• Ubuso kanye nendawo: Isifunda sase-Anhua sisenyakatho-maphakathi yeHunan, enxanembeni esenyakatho yentaba eyi-Xuefeng (雪峰山, Xuěfēng Shān). Indawo yesifunda ingama-4950 km², okuyisifunda sesithathu ngobukhulu esifundazweni. Ubuso buyintaba, obunamagquma ahlukaniseke ngokujulile, izigodi eziminyene, nomnotho wamanzi omningi. Umfula iZishui (资水) unqamula isifunda kusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga, unikeza indlela yezokuthutha yemvelo futhi udala isimo sezulu esikhethekile ezingadini zetiye ezisogwini. Izinga lamahlathi licishe libe ngu-70%.

• Ukuphakama kokulima: 400–800 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle ezindaweni ezinkulu zetiye; amanye amasimu atholakala kuze kufike ku-1000 m.

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esise-subtopikhi, esisekelwe emoyeni wemvula, esineziqephu ezicacile zenyaka. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi konyaka lingu-16–18°C, isamba semvula sinyaka si-1200–1700 mm, umswakama we-80%. Izinsimu zetiye zisuke zigcwele amafu nenkungu unyaka wonke, okuvimbela ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile futhi kusiza ukuthola ama-amino acid nezinto ezinuka kamnandi.

• Imihlaba: Isici esiyingqayizivele se-Anhua — ukuba khona kwezindawo ezinkulu zezinto eziwile zeqhwa (冰碛岩, bīngqí yán), ezakhiwe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyikhulu nezinkulungwane eziyisi-7–6 edlule. Ngokulinganisa, indawo yase-Anhua inamalungelo angaba ngu-85% wempahla yomhlaba yezinto eziwile zeqhwa. Ngokuwohloka kwalaa matshe, kwakhiwa imhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi (红壤, hóng rǎng) ene-pH 4.5–6.5, ecebe kakhulu ngezinto eziphilayo, kanye ne-selenium, i-zinc namanye amaminerali amancane. Yikho okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-selenium emhlabathini lapho kusiza ukuqiniswa kwalesi sakhi eqabungeni letiye.

• Inhliziyo yendawo: Inhliziyo yomlando yokukhiqiza — “Imifudlana Emibili, Izigodi Eziyisithupha, Izintaba Ezimbili” (二溪六洞二山): i-Majiaxi (马家溪) ne-Gaojiaxi (高家溪); i-Huoshadong (火烧洞), i-Tiaoyudong (条鱼洞), i-Piaoshudong (漂水洞), i-Tanxiangdong (檀香洞), i-Shenshudong (深水洞), i-Xiangangdong (仙缸洞); izintaba i-Furongshan (芙蓉山) ne-Yuntaishan (云台山). Itiye eliphuma esigodini i-Tiaoyudong ngokwemfundiso lithathwa njengezinga eliphakeme lekhwalithi. Isisho esithi “emaweni ezintaba nasezindaweni ezingamagceke emifula — alitshalwa, kodwa likhula ngokwalo” (山崖水畔，不种自生) sibe isiqubulo esingumbongo sendawo ye-Anhua.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Anhua Hei Cha bungobunye obunzima kakhulu nobunezigaba eziningi emhlabeni wetiye. Kuhlanganisa ukucubungula kokuqala (初制, chūzhì) ukuze kutholakale itiye elimnyama eliluhlaza i-Hei Mao Cha (黑毛茶, Hēi Máochá) kanye nokucubungula okuqedile (精制, jīngzhì) ukuze kwakheke imikhiqizo eqedile yezinhlobo ezahlukene. Izici ezingafani ezibalulekile yilezi: isiteji se-“Wo Dui” esihlanganyela izilwanyane ezincane, ukoma ngomlilo ovulekile wephayini esitofu sika-“Qixingzao” (七星灶, qīxīng zào — “Isitofu Sezinkanyezi Eziyisikhombisa”), kanye naku-Fu Zhuan Cha — inqubo eyingqayizivele ye-“Fa Hua” (发花, fā huā — “Ukuqhakaza Kwezimbali Zegolide”).

• Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎi zhāi): Ukuvunwa ngesandla kwamaqabunga anezinga elithi “ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amathathu kuya kwamane”. Ematiyeni esitini, kuvunyelwe izinto ezingavuthiwe kakhulu.

• “Ukubulala Okuluhlaza” (杀青, shā qīng): Ukuwosa ebhodweni noma ukucutshungulwa ngomusi ophezulu ukuze kuyekiswe ama-enzyme. Ngokungafani ne-“Wucha” yaseSichuan, lapho kwakusetshenziswa ukugcwalisa ngomusi, indlela yase-Anhua isebenzisa ukuwosa, okuqeda ukunambitheka kohlaza bese kusungula isisekelo sokunambitheka okuphelele nokuthambile.

• Ukusikrulula Kokuqala (初揉, chū róu): Amaqabunga asikrululwa ngesandla noma ngemishini, kulimaza izindonga zamangqamuzana futhi kukhulula ijusi yamangqamuzana edingekayo ukuze kuvutshelwe kwangemva.

• 渥堆 (渥堆, wòduī — “Ukuqoqwa Kwamanzi”): Isiteji esibalulekile nesingajwayelekile. Amaqabunga asikrululiwe aqoqwa ezindundumeni eziphakeme ngama-0.5–1 m futhi agcinwe esimweni sokushisa nokomswakama okulawulwayo amahora angama-20–30. Ngaphakathi kwenqwaba, izilwanyane ezincane ziyanda kakhulu (isikhunta esinjenge-Aspergillus, Eurotium, amabhaktheriya), okuyi-extracellular enzymes yazo ebangela ukwenzeka kwe-oxidation yama-polyphenols, ukwehlukaniswa kwamaprotheni nama-pectin, nokwehlukaniswa kwe-cellulose. Yileli nqubo eyakha umbala omnyama ojwayelekile we-Anhua Hei Cha, ukunambitheka okubushelelezi nokugcwele, kanye nephunga elithile “lokuphuthumile”.

• Ukusikrulula Kwesibili (复揉, fù róu): Ngemva kwe-“Wo Dui”, amaqabunga asikrululwa futhi ukuze kucinisekwe isimo futhi kukhishwe ijusi eyengeziwe.

• Ukoma Ngomlilo Wephayini (七星灶松柴明火干燥, qīxīng zào sōng chái míng huǒ gānzào): Itiye lome phezu komlilo ovulekile wezinkuni zikaphayini esitofu esinezinyathelo eziningi i-“Qixingzao”. Lesi siteji “yikhadi lokuhambela” le-Anhua Hei Cha: yilelo elinikeza itiye iphunga elimangalisayo lomusi wephayini (松烟香, sōng yān xiāng). Izinga lokushisa nesikhathi sokoma kulawulwa ngokuqinile.

• Ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlungwa (筛分整理, shāi fēn zhěnglǐ): Itiye eliluhlaza elitholakele i-Hei Mao Cha lihlukaniswa ngosayizi, isimo nekhwalithi kuzinga elihlukahlukene.

• Ukuhlanganiswa nokucindezelwa (拼堆・压制, pīnduī · yāzhì): Kumkhiqizo ngamunye wokugcina kukhethwa uhlanganiso lwawo. Ukwakhiwa kwezitini (砖, zhuān) — ukucutshungulwa komusi oshisayo nokucindezelwa ngomshini noma ngesandla. Ukwakhiwa kwezilinda ze-Qian Liang Cha — inqubo eyingqayizivele yesandla “yokumiswa okuhlanu, izikhala ezinhlanu, nokugcwaliswa okuhlanu” (五吊、五蒸、五灌) ngokufakwa ezingobeni zomhlanga, okugxunyekwe ngamaqabunga e-Polygonum namakhowe, kanye nokugcina ukugxishwa ngezibambo zokhuni yithimba labantu abayisikhombisa.

• “Ukuqhakaza” / Fa Hua (发花, fā huā) — kwe-Fu Zhuan Cha kuphela: Izitini ezisanda kucindezelwa zifakwa ekamelweni elikhethekile elilawulwa izinga lokushisa (~25–28°C) nokomswakama, lapho phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa, amakoloni esikhunta esiluncedo esingu-Guāntū Sànnáng Jūn (冠突散囊菌, Guāntū Sànnáng Jūn, Eurotium cristatum) akula ebusweni nangaphakathi kwetiye, akhe iziqu zegolide eziphuzi ezibizwa nge-“Jin Hua” (金花, Jīn Huā — “Izimbali Zegolide”). Uma “Izimbali Zegolide” ziningi, ikhwalithi yetiye iba phezulu.

• Ukoma nokuvuthwa (干燥・陈化, gānzào · chénhuà): Imikhiqizo ecindezelwe eqedile iyomiswe bese ithunyelwa ukugcinwa, lapho kuqhubeka ukuvutshelwa kancane kwemvelo, kujula futhi kuhlanganise iphrofayili yokunambitheka nephunga ngokuhamba kweminyaka.

6. Izici Zezitho Zezwa:

Njengoba i-Anhua Hei Cha ihlanganisa umndeni wonke wemikhiqizo, iphrofayili yezitho zezwa yehluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo oluncane. Ngezansi kunencazelo ejwayelekile enokuphawula ngezihlukumezi ezibalulekile.

• Isimo sangaphandle seqabunga elomile: Sincike kulolu hlobo lomkhiqizo. I-Hei Mao Cha eyomile — amaqabunga asonteke anombala onsundu omnyama noma omnyama-onsundu onokukhanya okufana namafutha (黑褐油润). I-Tian Jian — amaqabunga amancane ngokuqhathaniseka, asonteke ngokuqinile anezingxubho zegolide zama-tips. Amatiye esitini — amabhulokhi acindezelwe ngokuqinile: i-Hei Zhuan — ubuso obushelelezi, obumnyama obukhanyayo; i-Hua Zhuan — umhlobiso oqoshiwe wezimbali eceleni; i-Fu Zhuan uma iphukeka ibonisa amachashazi amaningi egolide — “Jin Hua”. I-Qian Liang Cha — isilinda esikhulu esinebhakhethi lomhlanga.

• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Umusi wephayini (松烟香) — inothi eliyisisekelo, elibonakala kakhulu ku-Hei Zhuan naku-Tian Jian. Ku-Fu Zhuan — iphunga elijwayelekile lesikhunta, “leembali” (菌花香, jūn huā xiāng), okubangelwa “Izimbali Zegolide”. Ngokuguga, kuthuthuka amanothi e-chenxiang (陈香 — “iphunga lokukhula”): izithelo ezomile, amantongomane, ukhuni, umhlaba.

• Iphunga lokunambitheka: Eliyingqungquthela, elinezendlalelo eziningi. Amathoni ayisisekelo — umusi wephayini nokhuni. Ku-Fu Zhuan — iphunga lesikhunta elibonakalayo elinamahlumela ezimbali eziphuzi. Emasampulini agugile — amanothi emithi nawe-“khemisi” (药香, yào xiāng): i-camphor, izihlahla ezomile, i-dessert plum.

• Ukunambitheka: Okuqinile, okugcwele, okuyindilinga (醇厚, chún hòu). Kumnandi futhi kuyahamba (甘滑, gān huá) emzimbeni omkhulu. Amatiye amancane angabonisa ubumnand’ obuncane (微涩, wēi sè), okuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka kuhlehle ngokuphelele. Ukunambitheka kwangemuva — okuqhubekayo, nobumnand’ obubuyayo (回甘, huí gān). Umuzwa “wokufana namafutha” wokwakheka, umuzwa wokumboza oqinile. Izingcweti zichaza ukuguquka kokunambitheka ngefomula ethi “kuqala ubumnand’ obuncane — bese kuba mnandi — bese kuba thambile” (先涩、后甘、再醇).

• Umbala wokunambitheka: Kusuka kumbala ophuzi okhanyayo (橙黄, chéng huáng) kuya konsundu obomvu ocebile (橙红, chéng hóng) kuye ngohlobo oluncane nobudala. I-infusion icacile, imsulwa (透亮, tòu liàng).

• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elenziwe): Amaqabunga aphelele, angenamandla anombala onsundu omnyama, avuleka kahle ngemva kwemijovo eminingi. Ku-Tian Jian kungase kubonakale amahlumela angavulekanga. Ematiyeni esitini — iqabunga livuthiwe ngokwengeziwe, linobukhona beziqu eziphukile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

I-Anhua Hei Cha inephrofayili yamakhemikhali eyingqayizivele, ebangelwa kukho kokubili izici zendawo (imihlaba yezinto eziwile zeqhwa) kanye nemvelo yokuvutshelwa kwe-microbiological.

• Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚): Okutholakala eqabungeni elisha — ngaphezu kuka-35%. Esikhathini se-“Wo Dui”, ingxenye ye-catechin iyanciphaka ibe ama-theaflavin, ama-thearubigin nama-theabrownin, okuqinisekisa ukuthambile kokunambitheka nombala omnyama we-infusion. Ngokocwaningo, okutholakala kwe-polyphenol ku-extract ye-Tian Jian kucishe kube ngu-373.77 mg/g — okuyizinga eliphakeme kakhulu kuma-heicha afundwayo; ku-Fu Zhuan naku-Bailian Cha — kuncane ngokwezinga elithile.
• Ama-Polysaccharide etiye (茶多糖): Okutholakala kuphakeme kakhulu kunakwamanye amaqoqo amaningi etiye, ngoba kusetshenziswa izinto ezivuthiwe ezinamakhabhohayidreyithi amaningi. Ama-polysaccharide etiye anomthelela wobufakazi bokwehlisa ushukela, ofana nomphumela ofana ne-insulin.
• Ama-amino acid: Kuhlanganisa i-L-theanine (茶氨酸) — i-amino acid esiza ukuphumula nokugxila. Inani eliphelele le-amino acid yamahhala kuma-Anhua Hei Cha lilinganiselwe (cishe 9.5–16 mg/g we-extract).
• Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine (咖啡碱) — 80–98 mg/g we-extract (ephansi kune-shu-pu’er, ~117 mg/g), i-theobromine, i-theophylline. Izinga eliphansi le-caffeine lenza i-Anhua Hei Cha ithambe ngokwebanga lomphumela wokukhuthaza.
• Amavithamini: Amavithamini C, eqembu B (B1, B2, B6), E, K, PP. Njengoba izinto zisetshenziswa zihlanganisa amaqabunga avuthiwe neziqu, okuqukethwe kwamavithamini namaminerali amaningi kuphakeme kunamatiye asetshenziswa amaqabunga amancane.
• Amaminerali: I-potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-iron, i-zinc, i-fluoride. Ukuphawula okukhethekile i-selenium (硒, xī): okuqukethwe etiyeni lase-Anhua kufinyelela ku-0.25–6.4 mg/kg ngokwesilinganiso esisondele ku-0.22 ppm, okuphindwe kabili isilinganiso samaqabunga etiye eChina. I-fluoride isiza ukuvikela ukugothama nokuphuka kwamathambo.
• Izakhi eziyingqayizivele:
  • Izakhi zomzimba Eurotium cristatum (ku-Fu Zhuan Cha): isikhunta sikhiqiza ama-amino acid angu-18 nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezingaphezu kuka-450 ezinomsebenzi wokuqeda amafutha ogqamile.
  • Imibala yetiye: ama-thearubigin nama-theabrownin — imikhiqizo yokwenza okujulile kwama-polyphenol — inomthelela wokulwa nokujiya kwegazi nokulwa nesifo semithambo.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Isenzo sokuqeda amafutha — “Ukuhlukanisa Amafutha” (刮油, guā yóu): Kuyinto eyaziwa kakhulu nge-Anhua Hei Cha. Ama-polyphenol nezinto zawo eziguquliwe zincibilikisa amafutha ngempumelelo futhi zisiza ekukhipheni ama-lipid egazini. Izakhi zomzimba ze Eurotium cristatum ngokwengeziwe zandisa ukuhlehla kwezicubu zamafutha. Kungalesi sizathu abantu abahamba bodwa, abadla inyama nobisi ikakhulukazi, bathembele kuleli tiye emakhulwini eminyaka.
• Ukwehlisa “ukuphakama okuthathu” (降三高, jiàng sān gāo): Ucwaningo lomtholampilo luqinisekisa ikhono le-Anhua Hei Cha lokwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol (LDL), ama-triglyceride egazini (降血脂), umfutho wegazi (降血压) ngokwenza kwe-theanine nama-catechin emithanjini yegazi, kanye nezinga likashukela egazini (降血糖) ngenxa yomphumela ofana ne-insulin wama-polysaccharide etiye.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya (助消化): I-caffeine, ama-amino acid, nama-phospholipid akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-asidi yesisu nokunyakaza kwamathumbu. Izilwanyane ezisiza ukugaya (ikakhulukazi ku-Fu Zhuan) zithuthukisa i-microbiome yamathumbu. Imithi yendabuko yayisebenzisa i-Hei Cha evuthiwe ekugcwaleni, esiswini esihambisayo nokungagayeki.
• Isenzo sokulwa nama-oxidant (抗氧化): Naphezu kokwehla kokuqukethwe kwe-catechin ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, i-Anhua Hei Cha igcina umsebenzi omkhulu wokulwa nama-oxidant ngenxa yokwakheka kwama-flavonoid ayinkimbinkimbi nemibala yetiye. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ngokwekhono lokuqeda ama-radical akhululekile (DPPH, ORAC), ama-Hei Cha aseHunan adlula i-pu’er ne-liu bao.
• Ukuvikela isistimu yenhliziyo nemithambo: Imibala yetiye (ama-theabrownin, ama-teayellow) inomthelela wokulwa nokujiya kwegazi, ivimbela ukuhlangana kwama-platelet, isiza ekuncibilikisweni kwe-fibrin futhi ivimbela ukwakheka kwezicu ze-atherosclerosis.
• Amandla okulwa nomdlavuza: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-selenium kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni omzimba nezivikeli, kunomthelela wokulwa nemisebe, futhi, ngokocwaningo oluningi, kuvimbela ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza.
• Isenzo sokukhipha amanzi nobuthi (利尿解毒): I-caffeine ikhuthaza ukuhlungwa kwezinso. Ama-polyphenol abamba izinsimbi ezisindayo futhi zisize ekuzikhipheni.
• Isenzo sokufudumeza nokuqinisa: I-Hei Cha ingamatiye “afudumele” emfundisweni yezokwelapha yaseChina, efudumeza ngesikhathi esibandayo futhi iqinise ngobumnene.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100°C (amanzi abilayo aphakeme). Ematiyeni acindezelwe nakuwo agugile — kumele kube ngu-100°C ngokuqinile.
• Inani letiye: 7 g ku-210 ml wamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:30). Ematiyeni esitini: 5–8 g ku-150–200 ml.
• Izitsha: Iketela lase-Yixing lobumba olunsomi (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú) — yisinqumo esingcono, ubumba lumunca futhi “lukhumbula” iphunga le-heicha. I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) — ilungele ukunambitha nokulawula isikhathi sokugxilisa. Ekuphiseni nsuku zonke — iketela elikhulu le-porcelain noma lengilazi.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa izitsha ngamanzi abilayo, ukhiphe amanzi.
  2. Faka itiye esitsheni esifudumele. Ematiyeni acindezelwe — qala ukususa isiqephu esidingekayo ngommese okhethekile we-pu’er.
  3. Ukuhlamba (润茶, rùn chá): thela amanzi abilayo, umiswe cishe imizuzwana engu-10, ukhiphe amanzi. Inhloso — “ukuvusa” itiye nokugeza uthuli.
  4. Ukujova kokuqala kuya kwesine: thela futhi ukhiphe ngokushesha (即冲即出, jí chōng jí chū), ngaphandle kokugcina isikhathi eside.
  5. Kusukela ekujoveni kwesihlanu: andisa isikhathi sokugxilisa ngemizuzwana engaba ngu-30 ekujoveni ngakunye okulandelayo.
  6. I-Anhua Hei Cha imelana nokujova okuyishumi nangaphezulu, ivulela kancane izinhlangothi ezintsha zokunambitheka.
  7. Amasampuli amadala nasegugile alungele ukubiliswa (煮饮, zhǔ yǐn): itiye lifakwa eketeleni lamanzi bese libiliswa ngomlilo omncane, okuveza ngokuphelele amanothi ajulile.

10. Ukugcinwa:

I-Anhua Hei Cha ingeyamatiye, okuthi uma egcinwe ngendlela efanele, athuthukise izimfanelo zawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi — “indala kuba nephunga elimnandi kakhulu” (越陈越香, yuè chén yuè xiāng). Isikhathi esifanele sokuguga sithathwa njenge-5–10 eminyakeni, nakuba amanye amasampuli ekhula kahle amashumi eminyaka.

• Indawo: Igumbi elomile, elimnyama, elinomoya ongena kahle. Ukungena komoya okulingene kudingekile ukuze kugcinwe impilo yezilwanyane ezincane ezihlanganyela ekuvutshelweni kwangemva.
• Izinga lokushisa: Elingaphakathi endlini, ngaphandle kokushintsha okukhulu. Gwema ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile nokufudumeza.
• Isitsha: Ukupakishwa kwangempela (ibhasikidi lomhlanga, iphepha le-kraft) noma isitsha se-ceramic / sobumba esingafakwanga ugqinsi. Akunconywa ukugcinwa okuvaliwe engilazini noma ensimbi — itiye kumele “lifunde”.
• Izitha zetiye: Iphunga langaphandle (gcina ngaphandle kwezinongo, iziqholo, nezinto zokuhlanza); umswakama owedlulele (uholela ekwakhekeni kwesikhunta); imisebe yelanga eqondile.
• Kubalulekile: Ungadidanisi i-“Jin Hua” (amachashazi egolide, azanyana akhiqizwa yi-Eurotium cristatum) nesikhunta (黄曲霉): “Izimbali Zegolide” zimele amakoloni abheke eceleni, agcwele, anombala ogqamile wegolide, kanti isikhunta esiyingozi sibonakala ngokungalingani, siphela ngokuluhlaza-mpunga noma okumnyama.

11. Intengo Kanye Nokukhwabanisela:

I-Anhua Hei Cha ihlanganisa ububanzi obubanzi bentengo — kusuka kumatiye esitini atholakalayo nsuku zonke kuya kumasampuli okuqoqwa e-Qian Liang Cha, amanani awo alinganiswa ngezinkulungwane ze-yuan.

Izici ezinquma intengo:

• Uhlobo lomkhiqizo: i-Tian Jian ne-Qian Liang Cha — yizona ezibiza kakhulu; i-Hei Zhuan ne-Fu Zhuan evamile — yizona ezishibhe kakhulu.
• Iminyaka (unyakawokukhiqiza): amasampuli omlando amadala abaluleke kakhulu.
• Izinga lezinto zokusetshenziswa: izihlahla zasendle (荒山茶) > ezisentsimini; izinga lokuqala > elesithathu noma elesine.
• Isithunzi somkhiqizi: amafektri omlando (“Baishaxi”, “Gaomaerxi”) abiza kakhulu.
• Ubukhona nobuningi “BeZimbali Zegolide” (ku-Fu Zhuan).

Ungakugwema Kanjani Ukukhwabanisela:

• Thenga kubaphakeli abathembekile: Izitolo zetiye ezikhethekile ezinethunzi eliqinile, izitolo ezisemthethweni zamafektri aqinisekisiwe. Qaphela ubukhona belogo yesibonakaliso sendawo emaphaketheni.
• Hlola isimo sangaphandle: Iqabunga elomile kumele libe nsundu omnyama ngokukhanya okufana namafutha, ngaphandle kothuli oluningi, izinto zangaphandle, namacezu eqabunga. Ukucindezelwa kwezitini — okuqinile, okulingene, ngaphandle kwemifantu. Ku-Qian Liang Cha — ibhakede lomhlanga liphelele, ngaphandle komonakalo.
• Hlola iphunga: Iphunga likaphayini elijwayelekile kanye/noma nephunga lesikhunta le-“Zimbali Zegolide”. Ukungabi khona kokubola, i-asidi, nephunga lokushile.
• Hlola i-infusion: Ingafani, igcwele, inombala osawolintshi noma obomvu-onsundu. I-infusion enokungcola, efiphele — uphawu lwekhwalithi ephansi noma yokugcinwa okungalungile.
• Qaphela intengo ephansi ngendlela emangazayo: I-Anhua Hei Cha yangempela yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ayikwazi ukushibha. Qaphela kakhulu lapho uthenga amasampuli “agugile” kanye “nawomlando” — ukukhwabanisela amatiye amadala kuyinzuzo ikakhulukazi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• “Umhlaba — eChina kuphela, eChina — eHunan kuphela, eHunan — e-Anhua kuphela”: Lesi sitatimende esidumile sichaza ukungafani kwe-Qian Liang Cha — okuwukuphela kwetiye emhlabeni elisakhiqizwa ngesandla kuphela yithimba lezingcweti eziyisikhombisa ngobuchwepheshe obungakwazi ukwenziwa ngomshini. Inqubo “yokumiswa okuhlanu, ukucwiliswa emanzini okuhlanu, nokugcwaliswa okuhlanu” ithatha usuku lonke futhi idinga ulwazi lweminyaka eminingi.
• Imfihlo yombuso evikelwe: Inani lobuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokukhiqiza i-Anhua Hei Cha (kuhlanganisa nengqubo ye-“Fa Hua”) lisemthethweni lihlukaniswa njengemfihlo yombuso yezinga lesibili — isimo esingavamile emkhakheni wetiye.
• Itiye lasEthuneni Langaleso Sizwe: Ngo-1972–1974, ekumbiweni kwamathuna aseMawangdui (马王堆) eChangsha, kwatholakala izikhwebo zomhlanga ezibhalwe “ibhasikidi elilodwa [letiye]” kanye nezimbila ezimnyama, ezachazwa ekuhlolweni ngesibonakhulu njengeletiye. Inani lezingcweti likholelwa ukuthi leli kwakuyitiye lase-Anhua, okusunduza umlando wokulima itiye lendawo eminyakeni engama-2300.
• Umhlanga owodwa — ibhasikidi elilodwa: Ekukhiqizeni ibhasikidi le-Qian Liang Cha, kusetshenziswa kuphela umhlanga we-Nanzhu (楠竹) osanda kugawulwa, futhi esiqwini esisodwa kungenziwa ibhasikidi elilodwa kuphela — lezi yizidingo zobuchwepheshe.
• Iqine kumafutha, kodwa ithambe esiswini: Ngokungafani netiye eliluhlaza, elingacasula ulwelwesi lwamathumbu lapho kungekho okudliwayo, i-Anhua Hei Cha, ngenxa yokuvutshelwa okujulile, iqukethe kakhulu i-catechin yamahhala encane futhi ayilimazi isisu kuphela, kodwa futhi inomthelela wokuvikela olwelwesini lwamathumbu.

13. Izinhlobo Ze-Anhua Hei Cha:

Uhlelo lwendabuko lokuhlukanisa luhlanganisa amaqembu amathathu: “Amathiphu Amanyuvesi”, “Izitini Ezintathu” kanye “Nomsila Owodwa”.

• Amathiphu Amanyuvesi (三尖, Sān Jiān) — amatiye angahlangene emabhasikidini omhlanga:

  • Tian Jian (天尖, Tiān Jiān — “Ithiphu Lasezulwini”, i-Xiangjian No.1): Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu; izinto zokusetshenziswa — izinga lokuqala, amahlumela athambile namacembe aphezulu. Iphunga likaphayini elicacile, i-infusion ephuzi-owolintshi emsulwa. Ngesikhathi se-Qing lalinikelwa enkantolo njengentela.
  • Gong Jian (贡尖, Gòng Jiān — “Umphako”, i-Xiangjian No.2): Izinga lesibili; izinto zokusetshenziswa — izinga lesibili elinengxenye encane yezinga lokuqala nelesithathu. Ukunambitheka okugcwele, okuqinile. Ngesikhathi seMing nangesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi — itiye lezikhulu nabathengisi abakhulu.
  • Sheng Jian (生尖, Shēng Jiān — “Ithiphu Elilula”, i-Xiangjian No.3): Izinga lesithathu; izinto zisetshenziswa ezingahluzekile ngokwengeziwe ezineziqu. Ukunambitheka okunamandla, okunobumnand’ obuncane. Ngokomlando — itiye eliningi lansuku zonke.

• Izitini Ezintathu (三砖, Sān Zhuān) — amatiye acindezelwe:

  • Fu Zhuan Cha (茯砖茶, Fú Zhuān Chá): Ivutshelwa ngesikhathi se-“Fu Tian” (伏天, izinsuku ezishisa kakhulu zasehlobo); isici esingafani — “Izimbali Zegolide” (Eurotium cristatum). Iphunga — lesikhunta nelembali. Lihlukaniswa ngamazinga akhethekile (超级), akhethekile (特制) navamile (普通).
  • Hei Zhuan Cha (黑砖茶, Hēi Zhuān Chá): Ngaphandle “KweZimbali Zegolide”. Iphunga likaphayini elicacile, ubuso obumnyama obukhanyayo obushelelezi. Izinto zokusetshenziswa — izinga lesithathu noma elesine le-hei mao cha eliluhlaza. Lihlukaniswa ngamazinga akhethekile (特制) navamile (普通).
  • Hua Zhuan Cha (花砖茶, Huā Zhuān Chá): Iqhamuka ku-“Hua Juan Cha” (花卷茶). Ubuchwepheshe bokucindezela bufana ne-Hei Zhuan, kodwa izinto zokusetshenziswa zingcono kancane (konke kusezingeni lesithathu), futhi eceleni kwesitini kunomhlobiso oqoshiwe. I-“chenxiang” ecacile — iphunga lokuguga. Lihlukaniswa ngamazinga akhethekile (特制) navamile (普通).

• Umsila Owodwa (一卷, Yī Juǎn) — i-Hua Juan Cha / Qian Liang Cha:

  • Qian Liang Cha (千两茶, Qiān Liǎng Chá — “Itiye Le-Grama Eliyinkulungwane”): Isilinda esisinda ama-36.25 kg (ama-liang amadala ayinkulungwane), ubude obucishe bube ngu-166.5 cm, isikalo esingu-~56 cm. Kugqunywe ngamaqabunga e-Polygonum namakhowe, kufakwe ebhasikidini lomhlanga omusha. Kuhlanganisa iphunga lomhlanga, lamakhowe, ukuphunga kukaphayini ne-“chenxiang” ejulile. Akuhlukaniswa ngezigaba. Kuphinde kukhishwe ngosayizi wama-liang angama-500, 300, 100 kanye ne-10.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Anhua Hei Cha akulona nje itiye, kodwa indawo yonke yokunambitheka, iphunga, ubuchwepheshe, neziphetho zomuntu, ezicindezelwe eqabungeni elimnyama nasezilindeni zomhlanga. Umlando weminyaka eyinkulungwane, indawo eyingqayizivele yamatshe eqhwa aneminyaka eyizigidi eziyikhulu, “Izimbali Zegolide” eziyimfihlakalo, ubuchwepheshe besandla obungenalo okufanayo emhlabeni — konke lokhu kwenza i-Anhua Hei Cha ibe yinto engajwayelekile ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezimangazayo zamatiye aseChina.

Leli tiye lizothola abalithandayo phakathi kwalabo abafuna ukunambitheka okujulile, okumbozayo, “okufudumele” ngaphandle kobumnandi obuhlabayo nokuqina okukhazimulayo; ababonga ikhono letiye lokuba ngcono ngokuhamba kweminyaka; labo abathakasela izimfanelo zokuphilisa nomlando ocebile wesiko. Ukuqala ukujwayelana, kungcono nge-Tian Jian — njengommeleli othambile futhi ohlakaniphileyo womndeni — bese, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, udlulela ku-Fu Zhuan “Nezimbali Zegolide” zayo ezikhangayo, futhi ekugcineni, uye ku-Qian Liang Cha enkulu, emele umoya we-Anhua ngesimo sayo esikhulu kakhulu.