chábóhuì

Umbukiso wetiyi ( chábóhuì, 茶博会) awuyona nje indawo yokuhweba, kodwa uwukuphila okuminyene komkhakha wonke: ezinsukwini ezimbili noma ezintathu ehholo elilodwa kuhlangana amasimu, izimboni, amazinga kahulumeni, ukumaketha kanye nesiko lokunambitha. Ukufunda ‘ukufunda’ umbukiso onjalo kusho ukukwazi ukwehlukanisa i-terroir ekupakishweni, uhlobo lwetiye esiqubulini, kanye nesitifiketi esitikeni.

Yini umbukiso wetiyi nokuthi wenziwa kuphi

Ifomethi yesimanje yombukiso wetiyi waseShayina yakheka ngeminyaka yawo-2000 kanye nokukhula kwemakethe yabathengi basekhaya. Namuhla, kunezindawo ezimbalwa ezithathwa njengezinkulu kunazo zonke: i-China International Tea Expo kahulumeni ( Zhōngguó guójì cháyè bólǎnhuì, 中国国际茶叶博览会) e-Hangzhou ( Hángzhōu, 杭州), kanye nochungechunge lwemibukiso yezohwebo i-Huajuchen ( Huájùchén, 华巨臣) e-Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Beijing nakwamanye amadolobha. Izinsuku eziqondile nobukhulu kuyashintsha unyaka nonyaka, ngakho kufanele kucaciswe ngaphambi kohambo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zemicimbi. Eyokuqala — imibukiso ye-B2B/yezimboni, egxile kubathengi, izimboni kanye nokusabalalisa. Eyesibili — imakethe yabathengi ( chá zhǎn, 茶展), lapho umphakathi ufika ukuzonambitha nokuthenga. Empeleni, imicimbi eminingi emikhulu ixubile, kodwa ithoni yamahholo yehlukile: kwenye indawo kukhulunywa ngamathani nezivumelwano, kwenye — nge flavour nokupakishwa kwesipho.

Indawo yehholo: isikhala sihlelwe kanjani

Ihholo lombukiso liyimephu yeShayina encane. Izitendi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi zihlelwa ngezindlela ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: ngohlobo lwetiye kanye nangesifunda sendabuko.

Amaphevilion esifunda ngokuvamile ahlelwa yizinhlangano zendawo zetiye noma iziphathimandla zezifunda. Kanjalo kuvela “iziqhingi”: indawo ye-Pǔ’ěr (普洱) ne-Lìncāng (临沧) yaseYunnan, iphevilion yamatshe aseWuyi i-Wǔyíshān (武夷山) yaseFujian, indawo ye-Ānxī (安溪) nama-oolong e-tiěguānyīn (铁观音), izitendi ze-Xīhú (西湖) ne-lóngjǐng (龙井), ‘itiye elimnyama’ laseHunan i-ānhuà hēichá (安化黑茶), ne-liùbǎochá (六堡茶) yaseGuangxi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlelwa ngokwendawo kungukhiye wokuqala: wazi kusengaphambili ukuthi iyiphi ikhona yehholo ongabheka kuyo uhlobo oludingayo.

Uhlaka lwesibili luwuhlelo lwezikhundla. Izinkampani ezinkulu zikahulumeni kanye namakhamembi anezitendi ezinkulu ezinezindawo zokuxoxisana; abakhiqizi abancane nezimboni ( cháchǎng, 茶厂) banamatafula ahlangene, lapho umkhiqizi ngokwakhe evame ukuhlala khona. Kumthengi oqotho, ifomethi yesibili ivame ukuthakazelisa kakhulu: isondele emthonjeni futhi nokuxoxa kuyiqiniso.

Izigaba eziyisithupha: ozokubona ematafuleni

Ukuhlukaniswa kwetiye waseShayina ngezinhlobo eziyisithupha kuwuhlelo olusebenzayo lokuzulazula kunoma yimuphi umbukiso. Ngokwezinga le-oxidation kanye nobuchwepheshe, yilezi:

• Oluhlaza ( lǜchá, 绿茶) — awu-oxidized, unamandla ngokomthamo wemakethe yasekhaya; bheka i-lóngjǐng, i-bìluóchūn (碧螺春), i-máofēng (毛峰).
• Ophuzi ( huángchá, 黄茶) — isigaba esingavamile esinesigaba ‘sokuconsa’ i-mèn huáng (闷黄); sikhona ngokuncane.
• Omhlophe ( báichá, 白茶) — ukucutshungulwa okuncane, i-báiháo yínzhēn (白毫银针) yaseFujian kanye ne-báimǔdān (白牡丹); bavame ukuthengiswa ngama-‘cake’ acindezelwe anonyaka okhiqizwe ngawo.
• I-Oolong ( wūlóng, 乌龙) — i-oxidized ngokwengxenye; amatiye amatshe aseWuyi i-yánchá (岩茶), i-tiěguānyīn yaseAnxi, i-fènghuáng dāncōng (凤凰单丛) yaseGuangdong.
• Obomvu (ngokwaseNtshonalanga ‘omnyama’, hóngchá, 红茶) — i-oxidized ngokuphelele; i-qímén (祁门), i-diānhóng (滇红), i-zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng (正山小种).
• Omnyama ( hēichá, 黑茶) — avuthiwe emva kokuqeda; lokhu kuhlanganisa i-pǔ’ěr shu kanye ne-sheng, i-ānhuà, i-liùbǎo.

Kubalulekile: embukisweni uzobona nemikhiqizo ‘ephakathi’ — itiye elinambitheke ngezimbali ( huāchá, 花茶, ikakhulukazi i-jasmine), kanye netiye elfomathini yabathengi besimanje: izikhwama, ‘ama-dragon ball’, ama-mini-tuo. Lesi akusona isigaba esihlukile, kodwa kuyindlela yokupakisha.

Ukufunda amalebula namazinga e-GB/T

Ikhono eliyinhloko ‘lokufunda’ umbukiso yikhono lokuhlaziya ilebula. IShayina ilawula itiye ngohlelo lwamazinga kazwelonke i-GB/T, futhi ekupakishweni komkhiqizi oqotho ayabalwa. Uphawu lwezinga likhombisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wenziwe futhi wahlukaniswa ngayiphi inqubo.

Okumele ukubheke:

• Ikhodi yezinga le-GB/T ephepheni lemininingwane. Ezigabeni eziningi kunamazinga ahlukene (isibonelo, okokuhlaza, okubomvu, i-oolong, okumhlophe, i-puer — ngayinye inenombolo yayo). Izinombolo eziqondile kufanele ziqhathaniswe nohlelo lwamanje, njengoba amazinga ebuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile; embukisweni kuyasiza ukubuza umthengisi ngokuqondile ukuthi itiye linikezwe isitifiketi ngaphansi kwayiphi i-GB/T.
• Izinkomba zendawo ( dìlǐ biāozhì, 地理标志). Inani lamatiye adumile avikelwe njengomkhiqizo wendawo ethile; igama elivikelwe liwuphawu lwe-terroir elawulwayo.
• Usuku lokukhiqiza nesikhathi. Kutiye oluhlaza kanye nolune-oxidation encane, ukusha kubalulekile — bheka unyaka omusha wesivuno. Kutiye olumhlophe, i-puer, netiye elimnyama, ngokuphambene, unyaka ukhombisa amandla okuguga kahle.
• Uhlobo lwetiye kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe. Isitendi esiqotho sizoqamba ngokwe-cultivar ( pǐnzhǒng, 品种), isibonelo i-fúdǐng dàbái (福鼎大白) yetiye elimhlophe laseFujian noma uhlobo lwamacembe amakhulu i-dàyèzhǒng (大叶种) lwaseYunnan lwe-puer.

Uhlelo lolimi oluhlukile lungolwe-puer. Lapha kutholakala ukumakwa kwendabuko kwezimboni 唛号 ( màihào) — ikhodi yeresiphi enezinombolo ezine yezimboni ezifana ne-Měnghǎi (勐海, Menghai). Akufanele yakhiwe noma ihunyushwe ngokuqagela: uma ikhodi ingashiwongo, kungcono ukuyiyeka kunokucabangela. Futhi, hlukanisa phakathi kwe-shēng (生, ‘eluhlaza’) ne-shú/shóu (熟, ‘elivuthiwe’, elidlule ekuvutsheni okusheshisayo wòduī, 渥堆) i-puer — lokhu kuyimikhiqizo emibili ehlukene enezindlela ezihlukene ze-flavour nokugcinwa.

Ukunambitha esitendini: umthetho nezimpawu

Umbukiso uyithuba lokuphuza. Ematafuleni uzobona izindlela ezimbili. Eyokuqala — ukusheleza nge-gaiwan ( gàiwǎn, 盖碗): itiye lishalazwa ngokufakwa okufushane emanzini, okukuvumela ukuthi ulifunde ungqimba ngongqimba. Eyesibili — ukushalaza okujwayelekile kokuhlola, okusondele endleleni yokunambitha yobuchwepheshe ( shěnpíng, 审评): isisindo esimisiwe, umthamo kanye nesikhathi, ukuze kuqhathaniswe amasampula ngokuthembekile.

Izimpawu ezisebenzayo zekhwalithi ezifundeka etafuleni:

• Icelemba elomile: ubuqotho, ukufana, ukuhlanzeka kokusontwa, ukungabikho kokuphuka ngokweqile nothuli.
• Iphunga: ukucaca ‘nokuhlanzeka’ ngaphandle kwamanothi angajwayelekile, abolile noma entuthu (ngaphandle uma intuthu iwuphawu lwesitayela, njengaku-zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng).
• Ummbimbi: ukungafiphali nokugqama kombala; ukufiphala kuvame ukukhombisa amaphutha.
• Icelemba elisetshenzisiwe ( yèdǐ, 叶底): ukunwebeka, umbala olinganayo, amahlamvu aphelele kanye nemiqumbe — ‘i-x-ray’ engcono kakhulu yezinto ezingavuthiwe.

Umdayisi omuhle akaphuthumi futhi udela itiye kaningi ngokukhululeka. Ukucindezela okuphikelelayo kokuthi “thenga manje” — kuyisizathu sokuqapha.

Umlando nesiko: kungani imibukiso ibalulekile emkhakheni

Imibukiso yetiye yakhula emasikweni amadala ezimakethe nokuthenga, kodwa ngalesi simo samanje iwumkhiqizo wenguquko, ukuvuleka, kanye nokukhula kwesigaba esiphakathi sasemadolobheni. I-Expo kahulumeni e-Hangzhou ixhumene ngokwesikhungo neqiniso lokuthi lesi sifunda siyinhliziyo yomlando wokutshalwa kwetiye laseShayina kanye nesizinda sezikhungo zesayensi nezemnyuziyamu. Imibukiso yezohwebo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibe yisibonelo sokuvuselelwa kwezigaba: yiyona nge-2000–2010s umthengi omningi avula ngayo kabusha itiye elimhlophe, i-puer egugile, nama-oolong angajwayelekile.

Namuhla umbukiso wenza imisebenzi emithathu ngesikhathi esisodwa: eyezohwebo (izivumelwano nokuthengiswa kwenqwaba), eyezemfundo (izinkulumo, imincintiswano yokushalaza, amaworkshop) kanye neyesithunzi (imiklomelo nemincintiswano, lapho amatiye ahlolwa yijaji). Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza ukuthi ungaphambanisi ‘indondo yombukiso’ yokumaketha nezinga elizimele lekhwalithi.

Ungawuhlukanisa kanjani umhlubulo ekusongeni

Ikhono lokugcina lokufunda umbukiso wukungakholelwa endabeni ekutshelwa yona. Izinkomba ezimbalwa:

• “Izihlahla Zasendulo” ne-”gushu” ( gǔshù, 古树). Igama elisho izihlahla zetiye ezindala lisetshenziswa kabi ekumaketheni i-puer kaningi kunalapho livela khona empeleni. Cela imininingwane ethile: isifunda, intaba, unyaka, bese unambitha, ungakholelwa esiqubulini.
• Intengo eyisimangelo ngokumelene ne-terroir. Igama elidumile ( lóngjǐng, tiěguānyīn) akusona isiqinisekiso sendawo; inkomba yendawo ne-flavour kubaluleke ngaphezu kwegama.
• Ukupakishwa kwesipho. Ibhokisi lokuphana eliwubukhazikhazi ngokuvamile libiza kakhulu kunetiye ngokwalo. Hlukanisa ibhajethi ‘yokuqukethwe’ ‘neyokuhlobisa’.
• Ukusha ngokwesigaba. Kuttadi oluhlaza — okusha, kungcono; kuttadi omnyama nomhlophe — unyaka wokuguga ungaba wubuhle. Uphawu olufanayo lufundeka ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngohlobo.

Ukufunda umbukiso wetiyi kusho ukugcina amamephu amathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa: indawo yehholo, izigaba eziyisithupha, nolimi lwamazinga e-GB/T. Lapho lezi zendlalelo ezintathu zihlangana, iphevilion elinomsindo liphenduka uhlelo oluqondakalayo, futhi inkomishi yetiye esitendini iba yisitatimende esingaqinisekiswa nge-terroir, uhlobo lwetiye, kanye nobuchwepheshe.