yún nán jīn yá hóng chá

I-Yunnan jinya hongcha iyitiye yebomvu ephambili (ngokwezigaba zesiShayina 红茶, hóngchá; ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga ibizwa ngokuthi “emnyama”) evela esifundazweni saseYunnan, eyenziwa cishe ngokuphelele ngamaqabunga angakavuleki awodwa ohlobo olukhulu lwamaqabunga esihlahla setiye. Igama ngokuqondile lisho “amaqabunga egolide” (金芽, jīnyá): ngemva kokufakwa umoya-mpilo okuphelele, amathiphu ambozwe uboya obuningi athola umbala ogqamile osagolide, owanikeza itiye igama lalo. Leli tiye liyingxenye yomndeni omkhulu wamatiye abomvu aseYunnan i-dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng), kodwa liyabonakala kuwo njengelinye lamazinga amahle kakhulu futhi abizayo — eduze “kwenalithi yegolide” (金针, jīnzhēn), “umnenke wegolide” (金螺, jīnluó) kanye “nentambo yegolide” (金丝, jīnsī). Indawo yokuzalwa ye-dianhong kanye nesikhungo sokukhiqizwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zamaqabunga kuthathwa njengesifunda saseFengqing (凤庆, Fèngqìng) entshonalanga yeYunnan. Esikweni letiye, i-jinya hongcha yaziswa ngokunambitheka okunjengoju, okumnandi, okumnene ngaphandle kokubaba okunamandla futhi isebenza njengekhadi lokwamukela letiye elibomvu laseYunnan lekhwalithi ephezulu.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elifakwe umoya-mpilo ngokuphelele.
Uhlobo oluncane: itiye elibomvu laseYunnan i-dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng) yesitayela se-gongfu (工夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá).
Isigaba sekhwalithi: esiphezulu — izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emaqabungeni angakavuleki awodwa (单芽, dānyá).
Imvelaphi: isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShayina.
Izifunda ezibalulekile: i-Lincang (临沧, Líncāng) enesifunda saseFengqing, i-Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), i-Pu’er (普洱, Pǔ’ěr), i-Xishuangbanna (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), i-Dehong (德宏, Déhóng).

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi “金芽” akulona igama lezinhlobo zezitshalo, kodwa kuyinkomba yesitayela kanye nezinga ngaphakathi kwe-dianhong: itiye, eligoqwe ngokuphelele lisuka emaqabungeni anoboya obusagolide. Ukumiswa kwamatiye abomvu e-gongfu aseShayina kwenziwa ngaphakathi kochungechunge lwe-GB/T 13738; ingxenye enikezelwe kumatiye abomvu e-gongfu (工夫红茶) ibeka izidingo ezijwayelekile, okuwela ngaphansi kwazo ne-dianhong. Ukuhlelwa okunembile kwezinga kunengqondo ukukuhlola emaphaketheni athile.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

Unyaka wokuzalwa kwe-dianhong: 1939.
Umsunguli: u-Feng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘, Féng Shàoqiú), obizwa ngokuthi “ubaba we-dianhong” (滇红之父).
Indawo: isifunda saseShunning (顺宁, Shùnníng), manje esiyiFengqing.

Ithemu elibomvu eYunnan lavela sekwephuzile ngokwezilinganiso zomlando. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1930, ngaphansi kwezimo zempi kanye nesidingo sezwe sempahla yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ukuze kutholwe uhlobo lwemali, uchwepheshe u-Feng Shaoqiu wafika entshonalanga yeYunnan futhi, ethembele ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zasendaweni ezinothile zezihlahla ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, wakha ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza itiye elibomvu le-gongfu. Amaqoqo okuqala, akhiqizwa eFengqing, abonisa ukungena okukhanyayo kanye nokunambitheka okugcwele futhi asheshe azuza ukuqashelwa ezimakethe zangaphandle.

Izitayela eziphambili ezingamaqabunga — i-jinya, i-jinzhen, i-jinluo — zakheka kamuva kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokukhula kwemakethe yasekhaya yaseShayina yetiye elisezingeni eliphezulu ngeminyaka yama-2000. Namuhla, “amaqabunga egolide” abonwa njengesinye sezithombe ze-dianhong yesimanje esezingeni eliphezulu futhi avame ukusetshenziswa njengetiye lesipho.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo: isihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis var. assamica — uhlobo olukhulu lwamaqabunga (oluyi-assam).
Izinhlobo zendawo: “uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwaseFengqing” (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng), “uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwaseMengku” (勐库大叶种, Měngkù dàyèzhǒng), “uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwaseMenghai” (勐海大叶种, Měnghǎi dàyèzhǒng).
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: iqabunga elingakavuleki elilodwa (单芽, dānyá) ngaphandle kwekhasi noma iqabunga elinekhasi elincane elisanda kuqala ukubonakala.
Uboya: uboya obuningi obusasiliva (毫, háo), okuthi lapho kufakwa umoya-mpilo bube buphuzi futhi bube yigolide.

Izihlahla zaseYunnan ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zihlukaniseka ngamaqabunga amakhulu, anenyama anokuqukethwe okuphezulu koboya kanye nezinto ezincibilikayo. Yilobu boya, obunothe ngama-amino acid, okuthi ngemva kokomiswa bube yigolide futhi bunikeze itiye eliphelelisiwe ukucwebezela okuyisici. Ukuvunwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zamaqabunga kwenziwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho ukugcwala kwezinhlanganisela ezibalulekile emaqabungeni kukuphezulu kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi ngokwawo umatasa kakhulu: ikhilogremu yetiye eliphelelisiwe kuthatha amashumi ezinkulungwane amaqabunga akhethwe ngesandla.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa:

Indawo kanye nokuphakama: amasimu asezintabeni ekuphakameni okulinganiselwa cishe kusuka ku-1000 kuya ku-2200 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Inhlabathi: inhlabathi ebomvu kanye nenhlabathi ye-laterite, enothe ngensimbi, enokukhipha amanzi okuhle.
Isimo sezulu: isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon, esinezikhathi ezibonakalayo ezomile nezimanzi, nenkungu evamile kanye nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku.
Indawo yesifunda saseFengqing: entshonalanga yeYunnan, cishe 24.5° N latitude kanye no-99.9° E longitude.

Inhlanganisela yezindawo eziphakeme, ukuchichima kokukhanya okuhlakazekile ngenkungu, kanye nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa kwasemini nobusuku kunciphisa ukukhula kwamahlumela futhi kunomthelela ekunqwabelaneni kwezinto ezinuka kamnandi nezokunambitheka. Izigodi zemifula i-Lancangjiang (澜沧江, Láncāngjiāng, indawo engenhla yoMfula iMekong) kanye nemingenela yayo zakha isimo sezulu esincane esiyisici sezindawo eziyinhloko zamatiye. Amasimu amaningi aseduze kwezihlahla zetiye ezindala ngisho nezasendle, okugcizelela ubudala besiko letiye lale ndawo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukushiswa (萎凋, wěidiāo): amaqabunga ayashiswa, kuncishiswe umswakama futhi kwenziwe anwebeke.
Ukugoqwa (揉捻, róuniǎn): ngokucophelela, ukuze kungonakaliswa amaqabunga athambile futhi kulondolozwe uboya; kubeka isimo futhi kuqalise ukukhishwa kojusi.
Ukufakwa umoya-mpilo (发酵, fājiào): isigaba esibalulekile, lapho ama-polyphenol efakwa umoya-mpilo, futhi umbala wezinto zokusetshenziswa ushintsha usuka kohlaza oluphuzi uye ogolide oluyithusi.
Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): kulungisa isimo sekhasi, kumise ukufakwa umoya-mpilo futhi kwakhe iphunga lokugcina.

Kuma-dianhong angamaqabunga, ukucophelela kokucubungula kubaluleke kakhulu: ukugoqwa ngokweqile kubhubhisa uboya, kanti ukufakwa umoya-mpilo okujule kakhulu kuphuca itiye ukusha futhi kwenza ukunambitheka kube flat. Ingcweti ilinganisela izinga lokufakwa umoya-mpilo ukuze ngesikhathi esisodwa kutholakale ukunambitheka okunjengoju, okumnandi kanye nokungena okuphilayo, okukhanyayo. Abanye abakhiqizi banikeza amaqabunga isimo esiqondile esinjengenalithi (khona-ke itiye lisondele “kunalithi yegolide”) noma umoya omncane (osondele “kumnenke wegolide”); “i-jinya” uqobo isho ukugcizelela amaqabunga aphelele agolide.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba:

Ukubukeka kwetiye elomile: amaqabunga agolide aphuzi kanye nansundu wegolide alinganayo, ambozwe ngokuchichimayo uboya.
Umbala wokungena: kusuka ogolidi-osawolintshi kuya ku-amber obomvu, okukhanyayo futhi okusobala.
Iphunga: elinjengoju (蜜香, mìxiāng), elinamanothi ebhatata ebhakiwe (薯香, shǔxiāng), izithelo ezomisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi izici zezimbali kanye ne-malt.
Ukunambitheka: okumnene, okuyindilinga, okumnandi ngokusobala, ngesimo esinjengevelvet futhi cishe ngaphandle kokubaba okuhlanganisayo.
Ukunambitheka kwangemuva: okuhlala isikhathi eside, okumnandi, nobumnandi obunjengoju obubuyayo.

I-jinya hongcha enhle ishiya umuzwa wokukhuluphala kanye “nokugcwala” kokungena ngaphandle kwakho konke ukushuba. Phansi kwenkomishi ngemva kokuphola kuvame ukugcina umkhondo wephunga elinjengoju.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Imikhiqizo yokufakwa umoya-mpilo kwama-polyphenol: i-theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), i-thearubigin (茶红素, cháhóngsù), i-theabrownin (茶褐素, cháhèsù) — yizona ezinquma umbala wokungena kanye nokugcwala kokunambitheka.
Ama-polyphenol etiye (茶多酚, cháduōfēn): ohlotsheni oluyi-assam, ekuqaleni maningi, okunikeza ukungena okugcwele.
I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): okuqukethwe kuphezulu, njengoba amaqabunga ecebile ngaleli alkaloid.
Ama-amino acid, kuhlanganise ne-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān): okuqukethwe okuphezulu emaqabungeni kubangela ubumnandi nobumnene.
Ushukela oncibilikayo kanye nezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi: zakha amathoni anjengoju kanye nezithelo.

Isilinganiso se-theaflavin ne-thearubigin ikhulu kunakho konke sinquma ikhwalithi: ibhalansi enokuvumelana inikeza umbala okhanyayo nokunambitheka “okuphilayo”, kuyilapho ukugcizelela ngokweqile kwe-theabrownin emnyama kwenza ukungena kube buthuntu futhi kube makhulu.

8. Izakhiwo Ezinomusa:

Umsebenzi we-antioxidant: unikezwa ama-polyphenol kanye nemikhiqizo yokufakwa kwawo umoya-mpilo.
Umthelela omncane wokuvuselela: ngenxa ye-caffeine ihlangene ne-theanine, okunciphisa ubukhali bokuvuka.
Isimo esifudumezayo: njengetiye elifakwe umoya-mpilo ngokuphelele, i-dianhong ngokwesiko ithathwa njenge “fudumele” kakhulu futhi inobubele esiswini, kunetiye eliluhlaza.

Imiphumela eshiwo ingezansi ibonisa imibono ejwayelekile ngetiye elibomvu kanye nedatha ngokwakheka kwalo, hhayi izincomo zezokwelapha. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-caffeine, abantu abazwelayo kuyo, kufanele bazame ukulinganisela, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yesibili yosuku. Uma kunezifo, kunomqondo ukubonisana nodokotela, hhayi ukubheka itiye njengendlela yokwelapha.

9. Ukuphisa:

Izitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma i-teapot encane yobumba lwase-Yixing (紫砂, zǐshā) engu-100–150 ml; ngokuhlukana, i-chahai (公道杯, gōngdàobēi) ilusizo.
Isilinganiso: cishe u-3–4 g wamaqabunga ku-100–150 ml wamanzi.
Izinga lokushisa: 85–90 °C. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zamaqabunga zithambile futhi zicebe ngezinto, ngakho-ke amanzi abilayo ashubile akhipha ukubaba kalula; ukwehlisa kancane izinga lokushisa kwenza ukunambitheka kube mnene futhi kube mnandi kakhulu.
Ukugeza: ukugeza okusheshayo (imizuzwana engu-3–5) kuyamukeleka, kodwa akukho esidingekayo; ngokuvamile ukungena kokuqala kuyaphuzwa.

Umkhuba wokuphisa okuningi: ukuphisa kokuqala kugcinwa cishe imizuzwana engu-8–15, bese isikhathi sandiswa kancane kancane. I-jinya yekhwalithi imelana nokuphisa okuningi okumfushane oku-6–8 noma ngaphezulu, ivuleka isuka ebumnandini obukhanyayo obunjengoju iye emathoni ejulile anjenge-malt. Ngendlela yaseNtshonalanga, thatha cishe u-3 g ku-300 ml, amanzi angu-85–90 °C, isikhathi sokugcina sibe yimizuzu engu-2–4; ukugcina isikhathi eside ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kwengeza ukubaba ngokushesha, ngakho-ke kungcono ukungashiyi amaqabunga emanzini isikhathi eside.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama, kude nemithombo yokushisa.
Ukuhlukaniswa: isitsha esivaleke ngokuqinile, esivikela emaphungeni angaphandle, njengoba itiye limunca amaphunga kalula.
Umswakama: gwema ukuswakama, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuswakama koboya kanye nokulahlekelwa kwephunga.

Ithemu elibomvu alidingi izimo ezikhethekile zokuvuthwa futhi livuleka kahle kakhulu onyakeni owodwa noma emibili yokuqala, nakuba ngokugcinwa okufanele ligcina ikhwalithi eyamukelekayo futhi nangaphezulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubumnandi obusha obukhanyayo kancane kancane bunikeza indawo emathonini ayindilinga, “afudunyeziwe”; ukuvuthwa okuhlosiwe isikhathi eside kwalolu hlobo lwetiye akusilo inhloso engokwesiko.

11. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa:

Ukubekwa kwentengo: okuqukethwe okuphezulu komsebenzi wezandla ekukhethweni kwamaqabunga angakavuleki awodwa kwenza i-jinya hongcha yangempela ibize ngokusobala kune-dianhong evamile yamakhasi.
Ububanzi: amanani ayahluka kakhulu kuye ngesifunda, isikhathi sokuvuna kanye nengxenye yamaqabunga amsulwa; okunikezwayo okungabizi nge “amaqabunga egolide” ngokuvamile kusho izinto zokusetshenziswa ezixubile noma ezisetshenzisiwe kabusha.

Izinkinga ezijwayelekile zemakethe: ukuthengisa ngaphansi kwegama “金芽” i-dianhong ejwayelekile exutshwe namaqabunga; ukwengezwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa eziphukile nezesigaba esiphansi; ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingaveli eYunnan; ezimweni ezithile — ukufakwa kombala wokufakela, ukuze kukhuliswe ukubukeka “kwegolide”. Izinkomba zokuhlola: amaqabunga kufanele alingane, aphelele, anoboya bemvelo obusagolide obumnyama, hhayi ngombala ogqamile ngokweqile noma ongalingani; ukungena — kukhanyayo futhi kucacile, ngaphandle kokudideka; ukunambitheka — kumnandi futhi kumnene, ngaphandle kokubaba okubukhali namathoni angaphandle. Okufanele kukuhluphise umbala omncengi olingana ngokungemvelo wetiye elomile, ukuchichima kwezicucu kanye nokunambitheka “okungenalutho”, okunamanzi lapho kumenyezelwe izinga eliphezulu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Incazelo yegama: “金芽” — “iqabunga legolide”; umbala ogolide awunikezwa ngombala, kodwa uboya bemvelo, obuphuzi lapho kufakwa umoya-mpilo.
Umndeni wezitayela “zegolide”: i-jinya ihlala eduze “kwenalithi yegolide” (金针), “umnenke wegolide” (金螺) kanye “nentambo yegolide” (金丝) — zonke zihlukaniseka ngesimo nangendlela yokugoqa.
Isifinyezo “dian”: uhlamvu 滇 (Diān) — igama lasendulo kanye nencazelo emfushane yeYunnan, yingakho “i-dianhong” — “itiye elibomvu laseYunnan”.
Isisekelo samaqabunga amakhulu: yilo kanye uhlobo lwe-assam oluqukethe okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol okwenza itiye elibomvu laseYunnan ligcwale ngokukhethekile uma liqhathaniswa namatiye abomvu amaqabunga amancane.
Umlando omncane kodwa ogqamile: ukukhiqizwa kwe-dianhong kuneminyaka engaphansi kwekhulu, kodwa sekuphumelele ekubeni elinye lamakhadi okwamukela etiye laseYunnan kanye ne-pu’er.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yunnan jinya hongcha iyinkulumo yemvelo enamandla yezihlahla zaseYunnan ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, ehunyushwe esimweni esithambile, esibucayi setiye lamaqabunga. Ihlanganisa ukugcwala nokuphelela, okuyizici ze-dianhong, nobumnandi obumnene obunjengoju kanye nokungabikho kobukhulu, okwenza ibe lula ekuphuzeni itiye kwansuku zonke, kanye nokwazana netiye elibomvu laseYunnan lilonke. Ukhiye wokuqonda leli tiye ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa: amaqabunga egolide alinganayo, uboya obuningi kanye nokungena okumsulwa, okukhanyayo kukhuluma kakhulu ngomsebenzi othembekile wengcweti kunegama elikhulu ephaketheni.

Uma ukhetha i-jinya hongcha, kufanele ubheke izici ezisobala — isifunda semvelaphi, isikhathi sokuvuna, ingxenye yamaqabunga aphelele — kanye nemizwa yakho ngesikhathi sokuphisa. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elinonophele, inani legram elinengqondo kanye nokuphisa okuningi okumfushane kuvumela ukuvula uhlangothi lwalo oluqinile: ubumnandi obude obunjengoju kanye nesimo esinjengevelvet sokungena ngaphandle kokubaba okungadingekile.

the teas described here are available from teamotea