wǔ yí shān méi zhàn yá

I-Wuyishan Meizhan Ya (武夷山梅占芽, Wǔyíshān Méizhàn yá) itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elikhiqizwa esifundeni sezintaba zase-Wuyishan enyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Fujian ngokusebenzisa izinto ezingavuthiwe zohlobo lwesihlahla setiye i-Meizhan (梅占, Méizhàn). Igama likhomba ngqo ezintweni ezintathu: indawo yemvelaphi (Wuyishan), uhlobo lwesihlahla setiye (Meizhan) kanye nesimo sezinto ezingavuthiwe — imiqumbe namahlumela amancane athambile (芽, yá). Ezinhlelweni zamanani, itiye livame ukutholakala ngaphansi kwegama elinwetshiwe elithi Wuyishan Meizhan Ya Jingguazi (武夷山梅占芽金瓜子, Wǔyíshān Méizhàn yá jīnguāzǐ), lapho “izinhlamvu zegolide” (金瓜子, jīnguāzǐ) zichaza ukumila kweqabunga elisontiwe. Leli tiye liyingxenye yegagasi elisha lama-tiye abomvu ase-Wuyishan: izingcweti zendawo, ebezisebenze amakhulu eminyaka ngama-ulong ne-lapsang yakudala, emashumini eminyaka amuva seziqale ukusebenzisa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye elibomvu ngezihlahla ezinhlobonhlobo ezinephunga elimnandi. Lidume ngenhlanganisela yephunga lezimbali neloju, okuyisici sohlobo lwe-Meizhan, kanye nokujula kwe-terroir yenhlabathi yase-Wuyishan.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elicwiliswe ngokuphelele.
Isigaba esingaphansi: itiye elibomvu lohlobo lwesitayela saseShayina, ngokobuchwepheshe eliseduze netiye elibomvu le-gongfu (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá).
Imvelaphi: idolobha lase-Wuyishan (武夷山市, Wǔyíshān shì), isifunda sase-Nanping (南平市, Nánpíng shì), isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建省, Fújiàn shěng).
Uhlobo lwesihlahla setiye: i-Meizhan (梅占, Méizhàn), esatshalwa okokuqala e-Wuyishan isuka esifundeni sase-Anxi (安溪县, Ānxī xiàn).
Isimo: “izinhlamvu zegolide” (金瓜子, jīnguāzǐ) — amaqabunga amancane, asonteke ngokuqinile anenqwaba yezihloko ezisagolide ezinoboya.

Ama-tiye abomvu e-gongfu aseShayina achazwa yizinga likazwelonke laleli klasi (uchungechunge lwe-GB/T 13738, ingxenye ephathelene netiye elibomvu le-gongfu). I-Wuyishan Meizhan Ya akusilo igama lemvelaphi elivikelwe ngendlela i-ulong ye-Wuyi Yancha eyiyo ngayo — kunalokho, kuyindlela yokuchaza isitayela: itiye elibomvu elivela ohlotsheni oluthile lwesihlahla, olutshalwe endaweni yase-Wuyishan.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Indawo yokuzalwa yetiye elibomvu: isifunda sase-Wuyishan, ikakhulukazi amadolobhana aseduze kwesango lase-Tongmuguan (桐木关, Tóngmù guān), yiyona ndawo okukholelwa ukuthi yazala itiye elibomvu — kulapha kwavela khona i-lapsang souchong (正山小种, Zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng).
Uhlobo lwe-Meizhan: lwakhuliswa futhi lwakhethwa esifundeni sase-Anxi ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Qing; kamuva, ngeminyaka yawo-1980, lwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlobo oluthuthukisiwe lukazwelonke (国家级良种, guójiā jí liángzhǒng) futhi lwasabalaliswa ezindaweni eziningi zetiyi e-Fujian.

Umfutho oholele ekuveleni kwama-tiye abomvu anezihloko eziyimiqumbe e-Wuyishan waba yimpumelelo ye-jinjunmei (金骏眉, Jīnjùnméi), eyasungulwa maphakathi nawo-2000 isebenzisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile eziyimiqumbe. Ngemuva kwalokhu, izingcweti zesifunda zaqala ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe obubomvu ngezihlahla ezahlukahlukene — hhayi kuphela ngesihlahla sendawo i-xiao-cha, kodwa nangezinhlobo ezingenisiwe ezifana ne-Meizhan, ezaziswa kakhulu ngephunga layo elimnandi. Yilapho kwavela khona isigaba i-Wuyishan Meizhan Ya engeyaso: itiye lapho i-terroir “yentaba yokugeleza okuyisishiyagalolunye” edumile ihlangana khona nesimo sohlobo lwesihlahla sase-Anxi.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Uhlobo lwesayensi yezitshalo: uhlobo oluyi-clonal (无性系, wúxìngxì), isihlahla esincane (小乔木型, xiǎoqiáomù xíng), umqhele omile, amandla okukhula aphezulu.
Iqabunga: isigaba samaqabunga aphakathi nendawo (中叶类, zhōngyè lèi); amacembe amaqabunga amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, ayi-elliptical, aminene, aluhlaza okotshani ngokumnyama, anokucwebezela okunjengokuthosiwe.
Isikhathi sokuhluma: maphakathi nasekupheleni kwesizini, okwenza lolu hlobo lukwazi ukumelana nezimo futhi kulula ukululima.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe: kulezi “zinhlamvu zegolide”, kukhethwa imiqumbe nama-flush ohlobo “lweqabunga elilodwa ngomqumbe” (一芽一叶), anengxenye ephezulu yemiqumbe engakavuli — yingakho kunenqwaba yoboya obusagolide etiyeni eseliphekiwe.

I-Meizhan yaziwa njengohlobo “lwezinjongo ezimbili nezintathu”: kwenziwa ama-ulong, amabomvu kanye nama-tiye aluhlaza ngayo. Kubuchwepheshe obubomvu, yaziswa ngoba imiqumbe namaqabunga amancane anikeza iphrofayili ehlanzekile, ezwayo yezimbali noju engenalo ubugqinsi.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Isimo sezwe: izintaba zase-Wuyishan enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Fujian, cishe u-27.7° N no-118° E, emngceleni nesifundazwe sase-Jiangxi.
Isakhiwo senhlabathi: indawo edumile yohlobo lwe-danxia (丹霞地貌, dānxiá dìmào) — amatshe esihlabathi abomvu agugile kanye nama-conglomerate; inhlabathi ivunduvundu, inamaminerali amaningi, ikhipha amanzi kahle.
Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical monsoon, enomswakama omningi, inkungu eningi kanye nokukhanya okuhlakazekile phakathi kwezintaba.
Ukuphakama: amasimu ase-Wuyishan ikakhulukazi asendaweni ephakeme esukela cishe kumamitha angu-200 kuya kwangu-800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kunezindawo ezithile eziphakeme kunalokho.

Inkulumo yendawo ethi “amathambo amatshe kanye nephunga lezimbali” (岩骨花香, yángǔ huāxiāng) ngokwesiko ibhekisela kuma-ulong, kodwa isisekelo samaminerali senhlabathi siyezwakala nasema-tiyeni abomvu: yengeza ukujula ekunambithekeni kanye “nokujiya” okuthintekayo, okungenayo ezinguqulweni ezisemathafeni ze-Meizhan.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukushwabadeliswa (萎凋, wěidiāo): izinto ezingavuthiwe ziyashwabadeliswa, kwehliswe umswakama futhi kuqaliswe ukulungiselela ukucwiliswa; ezintweni ezithambile eziyimiqumbe, inqubo yenziwa ngokucophelela.
Ukusontwa (揉捻, róuniǎn): amaqabunga ayashwabadeliswa, kwephuke izindonga zamangqamuzana futhi kukhishwe ubisi lwawo; kulesi sigaba lapho ukusonteka okuqinile “kwembewu” kumiswa khona.
Ukucwiliswa, “i-fermentation” (发酵, fājiào): isigaba esibalulekile setiye elibomvu — ngaphansi komswakama nezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo, ama-polyphenol ayacwiliswa, akhe uketshezi olubomvu kanye nephunga lezithelo neloju.
Ukomiswa (干燥 / 烘干, gānzào / hōnggān): itiye liyomiswa, kumiswe ukucwiliswa futhi kuqiniswe iphunga.

Ubuncane balesi sitayela — ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile eziyimiqumbe nokusonteka okuqinile kube “yinhlamvu yegolide”. Ukomisa ngokweqile noma ukucwilisa ngokweqile izinto ezinjalo kulula, ngakho-ke ikhwalithi incike kakhulu ezandleni zengcweti.

6. Izici Ezizwakalayo:

Iqabunga elomile: “izinhlamvu” ezimnyama nsundu eziminyene, ezisonteke ngokuqinile ezinezihloko ezicacile ezinoboya obusagolide; iphunga limnandi, linobusi.
Uketshezi: kusuka kokusagolide okuwolintshi kuye koku-amber ngokubomvu, okusobala, okucwebezelayo.
Iphunga: ubusi nezimbali (amaphunga e-orchid ne-plum, ayisici se-Meizhan), anamathoni ezithelo ezomisiwe kanye nebhatata elibhakiwe.
UkuNambitheka: kuthambile, kumnandi, kuyagonyuluka, kunobuthayo obuncane kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside okumnandi (回甘, huígān).
Iqabunga elihlanjululiwe: libomvu ngokwethusi, lithambile, linenani elikhulu lemiqumbe ephelele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-polyphenol etiye (茶多酚, cháduōfēn): acishe abe ngu-8–15% — ingxenye yawo yehliswe ukucwiliswa uma kuqhathaniswa netiye eliluhlaza.
Ama-Theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù): acishe abe ngu-0.3–1.5%, abhekele ukukhanya “nokuphila” koketshezi.
Ama-Thearubigin (茶红素, cháhóngsù): acishe abe ngu-5–12%, akha umbala obomvu kanye nomzimba.
Ama-Theabrownin (茶褐素, cháhèsù): amaphesenti ambalwa, anomthelela ekugcwalisweni kombala.
I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): cishe u-2–4%.
Ama-Amino acid, okuhlanganisa ne-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān): acishe abe ngu-2–4%; ezintweni ezingavuthiwe eziyimiqumbe, ingxenye yawo ivamise ukuba phezulu, okunikeza ubumnandi “ne-umami”.

Amanani anikeziwe awahlosile nje: izinombolo zangempela zincike kwiqoqo, isikhathi sokukha, izinga lokucwiliswa kanye nezimo zokugcina.

8. Izinzuzo Eziwusizo:

Ukuvuselela okuthambile: i-caffeine ehlanganiswe nama-amino acid inikeza amandla ngaphandle kobugqinsi obuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nekhofi.
Amandla e-antioxidant: ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin anomsebenzi we-antioxidant.
Ukunethezeka esiswini: itiye elicwiliswe ngokuphelele libonwa “njengelifudumele” futhi, ngokuvamile, libekezelelwa kalula esiswini esingenalutho kunetiyi eliluhlaza.
Isimo sokufudumala: ngokwesiko laseShayina, itiye elibomvu libhekwa njengesiphuzo esifudumezayo, esifanele ngesikhathi esibandayo.

Lokhu kubhekisela ekubukeni nasezicini ezijwayelekile zesiphuzo, hhayi emthelela wokwelapha. Abantu abazwela ku-caffeine kufanele bacabangele okuqukethwe kwayo.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Izitsha: i-gaiwan noma iketela elincane le-porcelain elinomthamo ongu-100–120 ml; ubumba lungenza kahle, kodwa i-porcelain idlulisa iphunga ngokunemba okukhulu.
Isilinganiso: cishe u-5 g ku-100 ml (ngenkomishi egcwele kakhudlwana — kuze kufike ku-6 g).
Amanzi: athambile, asanda kubiliswa futhi apholiswe kancane; izinga lokushisa lingu-90–95 °C. Amanzi abilayo ashishe kakhulu ezintweni ezithambile eziyimiqumbe akhipha ubudlabha kalula.
Ukugeza: ukugucula okufushane ngemizuzwana engu-3–5 ngokuthanda, ikakhulukazi “ukuvusa” iqabunga.
Ama-infusion (indlela yokuthulula): ama-infusion okuqala imizuzwana engu-8–15, bese isikhathi sandiswa kancane kancane. Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezisezingeni eliphezulu zikwazi ukumelana nama-infusion angu-8–10, zivuleke zisuka kubumnandi bobusi ziye kumathoni aminyene, ezithelo.
Indlela elula: u-3–4 g ku-300–400 ml, amanzi angu-85–90 °C, ukugxilisa imizuzu engu-2–3; kulungele ukuphuzwa kwansuku zonke kanye nendlela “yomkhulu” yokwengeza amanzi.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitsha: ukupakishwa okuvaleka kahle, okungafaki ukukhanya noma ikani likathayela.
Izimo: indawo epholile, eyomile, kude nokukhanya, amaphunga angaphandle kanye nomswakama; isiqandisi asidingeki futhi akunconywa ngenxa yamanzi akha amaconsi kanye namaphunga.
Isikhathi sokuphila: itiye elibomvu alenzelwe ukuguga isikhathi eside. Iphunga le-Meizhan likhanga kakhulu ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyi-12–18; ngokugcinwa okufanele, itiye lihlala limnandi iminyaka engu-2–3, kodwa kancane kancane lilahlekelwa amanothi ezimbali aphezulu.

11. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi:

Izimo zemakethe: leli itiye elibomvu lohlobo oluthile lwesigaba senani elimaphakathi, lifinyeleleka kakhulu kune-jinjunmei esezingeni eliphezulu. Cishe kusuka kumakhulu ambalwa kuya cishe enkulungwaneni yama-yuan ngo-500 g wezinguqulo ezinhle; amaqoqo amahle emiqumbe avela ezindaweni ezinhle abiza ngaphezulu, amajwayelekile — ngaphansi kakhulu.
Okufanele ukubheke: iphunga lezimbali neloju eliphilayo, uketshezi oluhlanzekile olusobala, ukunambitheka okumnandi okubuyayo okuzwakalayo kanye nekhono lokumelana nama-infusion amaningi ngaphandle “kobuze”.

Izindlela eziyinhloko zokwehlisa izindleko nokufaka esikhundleni: ukwenza amanga ngokuthi itiye lase-Wuyishan ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ze-Meizhan ezitshalwe emathafeni ase-Anxi noma kwezinye izindawo (ukujula kwe-terroir kulula kakhulu); ukusebenzisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezinokhahlo, hhayi eziyimiqumbe kuyilapho kugcinwa isimo “sembewu”; ukucwiliswa ngokweqile noma ukomiswa okushiswe ngokweqile, kufihle izinto ezingavuthiwe ezishibhile ngamanothi e-caramel negwayi. Kungakuhle ukungabaza uma iqabunga elomile lingenazo izihloko ezisagolide, iphunga “liyisicaba” noma likhipha iphunga lokusha, kanti uketshezi luphelelwa amandla ngokushesha ngemuva kwe-infusion yesibili noma yesithathu. Kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu ukuhlola ukunambitheka kanye nodumo lomthengisi kunegama elihle ohlwini lwamanani.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

Ukuguquguquka kohlobo: kwenziwa ama-ulong, amabomvu kanye nama-tiye aluhlaza nge-Meizhan — isibonelo esingajwayelekile sesihlahla esifaneleka ngokulinganayo kubuchwepheshe obumbalwa.
Injongo yegama lesihlahla setiye: izinhlamvu 梅占 zihlotshaniswa ne-plum (梅, méi) nokuqhakaza kwayo ekuqaleni konyaka; uhlobo luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimo sephunga lezimbali ne-plum.
Isimo njengophawu: igama elithi “izinhlamvu zegolide” (金瓜子) alibhekiseli ekunambithekeni, kodwa ekubukekeni kwemiqumbe esontekiwe enoboya obusagolide.
Ubuze bamasiko: e-Wuyishan, i-terroir efanayo izala kokubili ama-ulong adumile kanye nokhokho wawo wonke ama-tiye abomvu — i-lapsang, okwenza lesi sifunda sibe yinkundla eyingqayizivele yokuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezifana ne-Meizhan Ya.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Wuyishan Meizhan Ya ingummeleli ogqamile wesikole sesimanje sase-Wuyishan setiye elibomvu, lapho isihlahla sohlobo oluvela e-Anxi sihlangana nenhlabathi enaminerali amaningi kanye nesimo sezulu esincane esinenkungu enyakatho ye-Fujian. Ezinguqulweni eziningi zasemathafeni ze-Meizhan, ehluke ngakho akusiyona nje amandla ephunga, kodwa ukulinganisela: inothi eliphezulu lezimbali neloju lilinganiselwa ukujiya kwe-terroir kanye nobumnandi obuthambile, obude.

Leli tiye lifaneleka kahle labo abathanda ama-tiye abomvu anephunga elimnandi ngaphandle kokubaba nobuthayo, futhi lisebenza njengendawo yokungena elula emhlabeni wama-tiye abomvu ase-Wuyishan — afinyeleleka kakhulu kune-jinjunmei esezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo anobuso obubonakalayo bohlobo lwesihlahla. Ukhiye wenkomishi ephumelelayo ulula: izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile eziyimiqumbe, amanzi angashisi kakhulu kanye nama-infusion amafushane, embula iphunga kancane kancane, kusukela enothini lokuqala lobusi kuya emzimbeni ominene wezithelo wama-infusion okugcina.

the teas described here are available from teamotea