Shú pǔ'ěr děngjí

I-pu’er evuthiwe (熟) ihlolwa hhayi kangako ngokwesifunda, kodwa ngobuncane bezinto ezingavuthiwe ezifakwe ekubumbeni okumanzi. Isikali sisuka esigabeni esiphakeme kakhulu “sasenkantolo” gōngtíng kuye kweliphansi eliqatha 九级 — futhi yiso kanye esinquma ukubukeka, intengo kanye nenjongo yetiye eliqediwe.

Okukalwa empeleni

Emhlabeni we-sheng (生) pu’er, ingxoxo ivame ukumayelana nendawo yetshalo, ubudala besihlahla kanye nenkathi yokuvuna. Emhlabeni we-shu (熟) pu’er, “inkanyezi” emaphakathi — yizinga ngobuncane bezinto ezingavuthiwe, ezedlule enqubweni esemqoka 渥堆 wòduī (ukubumba okumanzi). Ngamanye amazwi, izinga lomsoco lapha — liwukulinganisa kokuthi amaqabunga namathupha asemancane futhi ethambile kangakanani, ayelele enqwabeni.

Uhla olujwayelekile lwakhiwe kanje:

宫廷 gōngtíng > 特级 tèjí > 一级 yījí > 三级 sānjí > 五级 wǔjí > 七级 qījí > 九级 jiǔjí

Kunombono olula osebenzayo lapha: uma inani lincane, kusho ukuthi izinto ezingavuthiwe zithambile kakhulu. Izinombolo ezingajwayelekile (一/三/五/七/九) — ziyizitebhisi eziyisisekelo eziyinhloko zesikali; ngaphezu kwazo kwakhiwe izigaba ezimbili “zeprimiyamu” — 特级 kanye nophezulu 宫廷. Ngokuhlukile kukhona 老茶头 lǎo chá tóu — akulona isitebhi sezinga lomsoco, kodwa kungumkhiqizo ovela eceleni waleyo nqubo yokubumba.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe: itiye lase-Yunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu

Ngaphansi kwalesi sikali sonke kunomhlahlandlela owodwa wezitshalo — 云南大叶种 Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng, uhlobo lwase-Yunnan lwesihlahla setiye esinamaqabunga amakhulu. Yilesi sizinda esifanayo sezinto ezingavuthiwe njengaleyo ye-sheng pu’er, kodwa ngokulungiswa okubalulekile mayelana nemvelaphi yamasimu.

Ku-shu okhiqizwe ngobuningi, kuvame ukusetshenziswa 台地 táidì — inqwaba yamaqabunga avela emasimini asemaceleni, atshalwe ngokuminyene, asemasha. Lokhu kuwukukhetha okunengqondo: ukubumba kudinga umthamo omkhulu nofana ncamashí wezinto ezingavuthiwe, futhi itiye lasemasimini likunikeza lokho. Akuvamile ukutholakala isigaba seprimiyamu — 古树熟 gǔshù shú, i-pu’er evuthiwe eyenziwe ngamaqabunga ezihlahla ezindala gǔshù; izinto ezinjalo zibiza kakhulu futhi zisetshenziselwa amaqoqo alinganiselwe.

Uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lubalulekile ngokuqondile ku-shu: iqabunga lalo elijiyile nelicebile liqukethe izinqolobane ezinkulu zezinto ezikhishwa ngamanzi kanye nama-pectin, okuthe ngesikhathi sokubumba kwashintsha futhi kwanikeza ukuminyana okuphawulekayo kokukhishwayo kanye nephrofayili “enoshukela-nomhlabathi”.

渥堆: inqubo eyenza i-shu ibe yi-shu

Umehluko osemqoka phakathi kwe-pu’er evuthiwe ne-eluhlaza — yi-渥堆 wòduī, ukubumba okumanzi. Yilesi sigaba, hhayi ubudala bokugcinwa, esihlukanisa i-shu ne-sheng ezinhlangothini ezahlukene.

Ngokobuchwepheshe, iqabunga lihudulelwa enqwabeni enkulu emanzi, lapho kuqaliswa khona ukubola okulawulwayo okuhilela amagciwane. I-microflora ehamba phambili kulenqubo — i-Aspergillus emnyama 黑曲霉 hēi qūméi (i-Aspergillus kanye nezinhlobo ezihambisana nayo). Le microflora yiyo eqhuba lokho okubizwa ngokuthi 后发酵 hòu fājiào — ukuvutshelwa kwangemuva, lapho kufinyelelwa khona emasontweni ambalwa ukuguqulwa okungathatha iminyaka yokuvuthwa kwemvelo ku-sheng pu’er.

Izinga lomsoco ngobuncane lingena ekuqaleni kwale nqubo: izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-宫廷 — amathupha athambile nabukwayo kanye nama-flush, kanti 九级 — iqabunga eliqatha, elivuthiwe. Ngemuva kokubumba, umehluko ngobuncane uyaqhubeka ukhona emkhiqizweni oqediwe, unquma kokubili ukubukeka kwangaphandle kanye nokunambitheka.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezitebhisi

宫廷 (gōngtíng) — isigaba esiphakeme kakhulu se-shu. Lezi yizinto ezithambile kakhulu ezivela ekubumbeni: ubukhulu becala amathupha awodwana (单芽) kanye neqabunga elisencane ngokwedlulele, elimbozwe kakhulu uboya obusagolide — 金毫 jīn háo. Igama libhekise emcabangweni wetiye “lasenkantolo”, elikhethiwe. Ngaphandle, lokhu kuwumthamo omncane, omnyama, osontekile futhi ombumbene onezichasiso ezisagolide eziphawulekayo.

特级 (tèjí) — “isigaba esiphakeme”, izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile kakhulu. Akuseyona into eyakhiwe ngamathupha kuphela, kodwa kusele iqabunga elincane nelinciphile elinamathupha. Lesi yisitebhi esiphansi ukusuka ku-宫廷, kodwa kuseseyingxenye ephezulu yesikali.

一级 / 三级 / 五级 (yījí / sānjí / wǔjí) — ingxenye yohlu emaphakathi, esebenzayo. Ngokukhula kwenombolo, ubuncane buyancipha: kuba neqabunga elithe thuthuva, amathupha ambalwa, isakhiwo esiqatha sama-tea leaf. Lawa “amagrade akudala”, okwakhiwe phezu kwawo ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo — kusukela kumakhekheba acindezelwe kuya etiyeni elixekethile.

七级 / 九级 (qījí / jiǔjí) — izinto ezingavuthiwe eziqatha, ingxenye engezansi yesikali. Leli yiqabunga elivuthiwe, elikhulu, elisetshenziselwa ubukhulu becala isitini esicindezelwe esikhulu 熟砖 shú zhuān. Izinto ezinjalo zaziswa ngokuminyana kokukhishwayo, isizinda “esinamhlabathi” esigqamile kanye nokumelana nokuphindaphinda okuningi kokuphisa, hhayi ngobuhle.

老茶头 (lǎo chá tóu) — kuhlukile. Akulona i-grade, kodwa kungumkhiqizo ovela eceleni ekubumbeni: ngesikhathi sokubola, iqabunga elicebile nge-pectin (果胶) liyahlangana ezindaweni ezithile libe izigaxa eziminyene. Lezi zigaxa ziyakhethwa futhi zidayiswe ngokuhlukile njengomkhiqizo ozimele. Okukhethekile ngazo — ukuphisa okuminyene kakhulu, ubumnandi obugqamile kanye nokucasulwa oku cishe okungapheli ngenxa yesakhiwo esicindezelwe yi-pectin.

Amazinga

Isikali sezinga le-shu pu’er — siyingxenye yohlelo olusemthethweni (O) lokuhlola izinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nomkhiqizo oqediwe. Izitebhisi ngokwazo (宫廷, 特级, izinombolo ezingajwayelekile) kanye nokuxhumana kwezinga lobuncane kushicilelwe emikhubeni emisiwe yemboni. Izinkomba eziqondile zezinombolo zamazinga azivezwanga lapha, ukuze kungafakwa umcabango esikhundleni senkambiso; kubalulekile ukuqonda umgomo — lokhu kuwukulinganisa ngobuncane bezinto ezibunjiwe, hhayi izitebhusi zokukhangisa.

Ukunambitheka nokuphisa

Iphrofayili yokukhishwayo ishintsha ngendlela elandelanayo ngokwesikali.

• I-宫廷 kanye ne-特级 zinikeza ukukhishwa okuhlanzekile, okubushelelezi, “okunokushelela njengovuliveti” okunamanothi ezithelo ezomisiwe, ushukela omnyama kanye nesizinda esithambile esinesikhumba somuthi-nomhlabathi; umzimba uminyene, kodwa unokushelela okunjengoshilika.
• 一—五级 — ibhalansi phakathi komzimba nephunga lomhlaba; ukukhishwa kugcwele kakhulu ngombala futhi kuminyene, ngephalethi eyamukelwayo “yomqolomba” neyomuthi.
• 七—九级 — iphrofayili “enomhlabathi” kakhulu, enesigqi, enokuminyana okuqatha; leli tiye liyakuthethelela amanzi abilayo ashubile nokuphisa okude.
• 老茶头 — yindaba ehlukile: ukukhishwa okuminyene kakhulu, okunoshukela, okunamafutha, okuvuleka kancane futhi kuhlale amashumi okhehlo.

Imigomo evamile yokuphisa yawo wonke amagrade: amanzi ashisayo abilayo (cishe u-100 °C), ukuwasha okusheshayo okuphoqelekile kwetiye elomile (ukugeza okukodwa noma okubili okufishane, ukuze “kuvuswe” iqabunga elicindezelwe nelibunjiwe futhi kususwe uthuli), bese kuba nokokhehlo olufishane ku-gaiwan noma ku-ithuba lesha lase-Yixing ngokwandisa kancane kancane isikhathi. Izinhlobo eziqatha kanye ne-老茶头 zidinga ukuthintana namanzi okuthe ukubade, kune-宫廷 ethambile.

Ungahlukanisa kanjani ngokwenziwayo

• Iqabunga elomile. I-宫廷 — incane, imnyama, inoboya obuningi obusagolide 金毫; lapho inombolo iphakama, ama-tea leaf aba makhudlwana futhi abe qatha, futhi kuncipha izichasiso ezisagolide. I-老茶头 ibonakala masinyane — izigaxa eziminyene ezingalingani.
• Umbala wokukhishwayo. Kuwo wonke ama-shu ukukhishwa kumnyama, kubomvu-kunsundu; amagrade athambile anikeza ithoni ecacile futhi egqamile, kanti amagrade aqatha — efiphele futhi eminyene.
• Umzimba nokuthungwa. Amagrade aphakeme — ukubushelelezi “nokwamavelvet”; aphansi — ukuminyana okunesizinda esiqatha; i-老茶头 — ukunamathisela okukhulu.
• Umthombo wezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi ngaphambi kwakho — kuyi-台地 ekhiqizwe ngobuningi noma i-古树熟 eyivelakancane — kusiza ukulinganisa okulindelekile: i-shu yeprimiyamu evela ezihlahleni ezindala ngezinga lomsoco elilinganayo izoba ngujuke futhi ibe yinkimbinkimbi.

Into esemqoka okufanele uyigcine engqondweni: izinga lomsoco we-shu pu’er — yisikali sobuncane bezinto ezingavuthiwe ezibunjiwe, hhayi isilinganiso “sezinga” ngomqondo ophelele. Isitini esiqatha se-九级 singaba itiye elimnandi lansuku zonke, kanti i-宫廷 ethambile — ibe nokunambitheka okuhle, kodwa hhayi njalo “kujule” kakhulu. Ukukhetha ngesitebhi — kuwukukhetha isitayela, okulungiselelwa ngaso amanzi, izitsha kanye nesigqi sokuphisa.