shí rǔ

I-Shi Ru (石乳, Shí rǔ), okuhunyushwa ngokuthi “ubisi lwetshe” noma “ubisi lwamadwala”, iwulungu oluvela emndenini wamatye ase-Wuyishan ama-rock tea (武夷岩茶, Wǔyí yánchá), elingaphansi kwesigaba “samahlumela adumile” (名丛, míngcóng). Ikhaya laleli tiye yizintaba zase-Wuyishan enyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), lapho ematsheni anesihlabathi abomvu agugile kwakheka khona uhlamvu olukhethekile lwamaminerali esiphuzo. Igama livela kakade ezincwadini zetiye lezinkathi zeNgoma mayelana netiye lase-dan, okwenza i-Shi Ru ibe ngesinye sezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezinomlando wegama oqoshiwe ongeminyaka eyikhulu. Esikweni lesimanje letiye lamadwala, i-Shi Ru yaziswa njenge-míngcóng eyivelakancane ene-”rock aftertaste” (岩韵, yán yùn) evelele kanye nokuthungwa okuthambile, “okufana nokhilimu” komhuzuko. Namuhla lena iwuhlobo oluwumkhawulo, olutholakala kancane kakhulu kune-Rougui ne-Shuixian ezisabalele futhi luyingxenye yomkhiqizo oqoqwayo.

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1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nomsuka:

• Uhlobo: iwulungu (乌龙茶, wūlóng chá), itiye elivutshiwe ngokwengxenye (i-oxidized ngokwengxenye)
• Isigaba esingaphansi: itiye lamadwala lase-Wuyishan (武夷岩茶, Wǔyí yánchá)
• Ikilasi: “ihlumela elidumile” (名丛, míngcóng)
• Umsuka: idolobha lase-Wuyishan (武夷山市, Wǔyíshān shì), isifunda sase-Nanping (南平市, Nánpíng shì), isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), i-PRC
• Izinga: GB/T 18745 «地理标志产品 武夷岩茶» — umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo esivikelwe “I-Wuyishan Rock Tea”

I-Wuyishan rock tea ivikelwe njengomkhiqizo wesibonakaliso sendawo, futhi izinga lokukhiqiza lihlukanisa ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa: i-Da Hong Pao (大红袍, Dàhóngpáo), i-míngcóng (名丛), i-Rougui (肉桂, Ròuguì), i-Shuixian (水仙, Shuǐxiān), ne-Qizhong (奇种, qízhǒng). I-Shi Ru ingeyesigaba se-míngcóng — amahlumela aphambili akhethiwe ngokomlando anamagama awo.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Igama lomlando: kukhulunywa ngalo phakathi kwamatiye ase-dan ase-Beiyuan enkathini yeNgoma
• Isikhundla samanje: i-míngcóng yendabuko, ekhiqizwa ngamanani amancane

Igama elithi Shi Ru lingengxenye endala kakhulu yolwazi lwamagama etiye lesiShayina. Enkathini yeNyakatho yeNgoma, phakathi kwamatiye ase-dan (acindezelwe) esifunda sase-Beiyuan (北苑, Běiyuàn, endaweni yase-Jian’ou yanamuhla 建瓯), kwakukhona izigaba ezinamagama, futhi “石乳” livela emibhalweni mayelana netiye lase-dan lase-Beiyuan, kufaka phakathi “Amarekhodi Etiye Lase-dan Lase-Beiyuan Leminyaka Ye-Xuanhe” (宣和北苑贡茶录, Xuānhé Běiyuàn gòngchá lù). Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi leyo Shi Ru yomlando yayiyitiye elicindezelwe elimise okweqhubu futhi ngokobuchwepheshe kwakungewona iwulungu.

Ubuchwepheshe be-rock wulungu bathuthuka e-Wuyishan kamuva kakhulu, phakathi nenkathi yeMing ne-Qing. Enkathini yeYuan eduze kwase-Wuyishan kwasungulwa Ingadi Yetiye Yombuso (御茶园, yùcháyuán), futhi isikhungo sokukhiqiza itiye lase-dan sasuka kancane kancane saya lapha sisuka e-Beiyuan. I-Shi Ru ye-míngcóng yanamuhla izuza ifa legama lakudala futhi ngokwesiko ibhekwa njengokukhethwa okuvela kubantu bendawo bembewu “ye-caicha” (菜茶, càichá), okwakhethwe kuyo iningi lamahlumela anamagama ase-Wuyishan. Ukulandelana okuqondile kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwetiye lase-dan leNgoma nehlumela lamanje akutholakali ngokwethembekile, ngakho-ke kufaneleka kakhulu ukukhuluma ngokulandelana kwegama nesiko lamasiko, hhayi uhlobo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Izinhlobonhlobo: i-míngcóng yabantu base-Wuyishan, isimo sehlathi (灌木, guànmù), iqabunga elimaphakathi
• Umsuka wohlobo: ukukhethwa kwendabuko okuvela kubantu bembewu ye-caicha (菜茶, càichá)
• Izinga lokukha: “ukukha ngeqabunga elivulekile” (开面采, kāi miàn cǎi), amaqabunga amathathu kuya kwamane ehlumela
• Isizini: ukukha kwentwasahlobo, ngokuvamile ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi

Ngokungafani namatiye aluhlaza, lapho ihlumela elithambile lixabiseka khona, ngetiye lamadwala kukhiwa iqabunga eselikhulile, eselilukhuni kancane (ihlumela lapho ihlumela elingaphezulu selivuleke laba yiqabunga). Izinto ezinjalo ezingavuthiwe ziqukethe izinto ezanele zokucutshungulwa ngokujikeleza okuningi nokugazingwa okulandelayo. Izici ezinembile ze-morphometric zalokhu kukhethwa ze-míngcóng azivamisile ukushicilelwa, ngakho-ke encazelweni yohlobo kunengqondo kakhulu ukuncika ekubukekeni okuvamile kwezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla zase-Wuyishan zesikhathi esimaphakathi sokuvuthwa.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

• Indawo: i-danxia (丹霞地貌, Dānxiá dìmào) — amatshe anesihlabathi abomvu nama-conglomerate
• Izixhumanisi: cishe 27.7° N, 118.0° E
• Ukuklanywa kwezindawo: “idwala langempela” (正岩, zhèngyán), “idwala elingaphelele” (半岩, bànyán) kanye “netiye lomfula/lokukhukhuleka” (洲茶, zhōuchá)

Umqondo oyisihluthulelo wetiye lamadwala yi-terroir. Iziza ezingcono kakhulu zakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “imihosha emithathu nemifudlana emibili” (三坑两涧, sān kēng liǎng jiàn): i-Huiyuan-keng (慧苑坑, Huìyuàn kēng), i-Niulan-keng (牛栏坑, Niúlán kēng), i-Dakeng-kou (大坑口, Dàkēng kǒu), i-Liuxiang-jian (流香涧, Liúxiāng jiàn) ne-Wuyuan-jian (悟源涧, Wùyuán jiàn). Amahlumela akhula ezigodini ezincane zamadwala, lapho inhlabathi inothiswe ngemikhiqizo yokuguguleka kwetshe, umswakama uphezulu, futhi ilanga eliqondile lilincane ngenxa yokufutha okuvamile nokukhanya okuhlakazekile. Yilezi zimo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nokwakheka “kwe-rock aftertaste” (岩韵, yán yùn) — ukujula kwamaminerali nokuphikelela komhuzuko. I-Shi Ru etshalwe endaweni ye-zhèngyán yaziswa kakhulu kunezinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ezindaweni ezingamadwala ngokwengxenye nezikhukhulekile.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ikilasi lobuchwepheshe: iwulungu lendabuko lase-Wuyishan eline-gazing ngamalahle

Uchungechunge lokukhiqiza luhlanganisa izigaba eziningana ezilandelanayo:

• Ukushwabena (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukushwabena elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng) nangaphakathi endlini (晾青, liàngqīng) ukuze kulahlakale umswakama futhi kuqaliswe ukuvutshelwa
• Ukwakheka kohlaza (做青, zuòqīng): ukushintshana kokunyakazisa (摇青, yáoqīng) nokuphumula kweqabunga — isigaba esibalulekile, esinquma izinga le-oxidation emaphethelweni eqabunga nephrofayili yephunga elimnandi
• Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng): ukufudumeza, okumisa i-oxidation yama-enzyme
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukwakheka kwemicu esongekile
• Ukomiswa kokuqala (烘焙, hōngbèi): ukuqinisa ukuma nokunciphisa umswakama
• Ukukhetha: ukukhetha ngesandla iziqu namaqhezu amaholo
• Ukugazinga (炭焙, tànbèi): ukushiswa kokugcina, ngokuvamile ngamalahle okhuni, ngezikhathi eziningana

Yizinga lokushisa (焙火, bèihuǒ) elinquma kakhulu isitayela seqoqo elithile le-Shi Ru: kusukela emlilweni olula (轻火), ogcina amanothi ezimbali nezithelo, kuya kosinki ophakathi (中火) nosuphezulu (足火/高火), lapho amathoni e-caramel namantongomane kanye namaminerali evela ngokuqine kakhudlwana, futhi umhuzuko uba mninzi.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Iqabunga elomile: imicu esongekile enombala onsundu ngokumnyama-oluhlaza okotshani onomthunzi ojwayelekile wokushiswa
• Iphunga elimnandi: amaminerali-agazingiwe, anesisekelo sezimbali nezithelo kanye nokuthamba “okufana nokhilimu” okubonakalayo, okubhekisela egameni lalolu hlobo ngokwalo
• Ukunambitheka: kuminyene, okusongelayo, ngokujula kwamaminerali nokubabayo okusesilinganisweni
• Umhuzuko: kusuka osawolintshi wegolide kuya e-amber, obala
• I-aftertaste: ukubuya okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside (回甘, huígān) nokukhiqizwa kwamathe (生津, shēngjīn)

Igama elithi “ubisi lwetshe” lihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nokuthungwa kwesiphuzo — okuyindilinga, okubushelelezi, okunamafutha kancane. Ku-Shi Ru yekhwalithi enhle evela e-zhèngyán kuzwakala ukulingana phakathi kwamaminerali edwala nokuthamba komzimba womhuzuko, futhi “i-rock aftertaste” ibonakala njengethoni yamaminerali ezinzile, ehlala emlonyeni ngemva kokuswela.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-polyphenols etiye (茶多酚, chá duō fēn): cishe 15–25 %, ingxenye yawo eguqulwa ngesikhathi sokushiswa
• I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn): cishe 2–4 %
• Ama-amino acid (氨基酸, ānjī suān), kufaka phakathi i-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ān suān): cishe 2–4 %
• Izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi: ezakhiwa ngesikhathi sokwakheka kohlaza futhi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushiswa

Amanani athile ancike ezintweni ezingavuthiwe, ezingeni le-oxidation nasezingeni lokugazingwa futhi awagxilile ohlotsheni. Ukushiswa kunciphisa ingxenye yama-catecin akhululekile futhi kukhiqize imikhiqizo emisha yokusabela okushisayo (kufaka phakathi ama-pyrazine nezinye izinhlanganisela), ezakha amathoni “athosiwe” ne-caramel ephunga elimnandi. Ububanzi obunikeziwe kufanele buthathwe njengobucishe.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Ukuhlaba umxhwele nokugxilisa ingqondo: inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-theanine inikeza umphumela othambile wokuvuselela
• Ama-antioxidant: ama-polyphenol anomsebenzi we-antioxidant
• Ngemva kokudla: amawulungu ngokwesiko aphuzelwa ukuzwa ukukhanya ngemva kwesidlo esisindayo

Njenganoma yiliphi itiye, i-Shi Ru ayilona ikhambi lokwelapha, futhi ukuyifaka izakhiwo zokwelapha akulungile. Amawulungu amadwala agazingwe kahle esikweni lasekhaya lamaShayina abhekwa “njengafudumele kakhudlwana” futhi anobubele esiswini, uma kuqhathaniswa namatiye aluhlaza amasha, kodwa lokhu kuhlobene kakhulu nemizwa yomuntu siqu kunokuthi kuhlobene ne-pharmacology enobufakazi. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe yi-caffeine, kufanele kugcinwe ukulinganisela kusihlwa futhi kubantu abazwela kakhulu kuyo.

9. Ukugxishwa:

• Izitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗) engu-100–120 ml noma i-Yixing teapot yobumba (紫砂, zǐshā)
• Amagremu: cishe 7–8 g nge-110 ml (amawulungu amadwala agxishwa aminyene)
• Amanzi: athambile, izinga lokushisa cishe 100 °C (amanzi abilayo)
• Ukuwasha: okusheshayo, imizuzwana engu-3–5, ukuze kwembuleke iqabunga elisongekile
• Ukuthelwa: imihuzuko yokuqala emi-3–4 ngemizuzwana engu-10–15, bese isikhathi sandiswa kancane kancane

I-Shi Ru yembulwa kahle ngendlela yokuthelwa (ukugxishwa ngokuthelwa): imihuzuko emifushane ivumela ukulandelela ukuthi isixha siguquka kanjani kusuka emathoni okuqala ezimbali namaminerali kuya kwanambitheka amnandi futhi aminyene. I-gaiwan ilungele kakhulu ukuhlola iphunga elimnandi, kanti ubumba lwe-Yixing luthambisa futhi luyindilinga ukunambitheka. Itiye lekhwalithi enhle elivela e-zhèngyán likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa okuyi-8–10 noma ngaphezulu, ekugcineni linikeza ubumnandi obuthambile ngaphandle kobuze. Amanzi abilayo ayakhethwa lapha: akhipha ngokugcwele amaminerali “nomlilo” wokushiswa.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: okomile, okupholile, ukungabikho kwephunga langaphandle nokukhanya
• Ukupakishwa: okuvalwe ngokuphelele, kude nezinongo, ikhofi nemikhiqizo enephunga elimnandi
• Ukuphumula ngemva kokushiswa (退火, tuìhuǒ): itiye elisanda kugazingwa linikezwa isikhathi “sokuzinza” amaviki ambalwa noma izinyanga

Amawulungu amadwala agazingiwe, kufaka phakathi i-Shi Ru, angamatiye akwazi ukukhula lapho egugile. Ngokushesha ngemva kokushiswa, iphunga elimnandi libuswa “umlilo,” futhi isiphuzo siyasiza ukuhlala isikhashana ukuze ukunambitheka kube okuphelele. Lapho igcinwe kahle endaweni eyomile, i-Shi Ru ingagcinwa iminyaka, iguquke ibe “itiye lamadwala eligugile” (陈岩茶, chén yánchá); ngezinye izikhathi ukuze kuzinze kwenziwa ukushiswa kabusha okulula. Isitha esikhulu saleli tiye umswakama, ngakho-ke ukuvaleka ngokuphelele kokupakishwa kubalulekile.

11. Intengo Nokungamanga:

• Ububanzi bentengo: bubanzi kakhulu; cishe kusuka ku-200–600 yuan nge-500 g ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ezindaweni ezingaphandle nezingamadwala ngokwengxenye kuya ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zama-yuan nge-500 g nangaphezulu ngetiye ledwala langempela (zhèngyán)
• Isici se-terroir: indawo yomsuka inethonya elikhulu enanini kunegama lohlobo ngokwalo

I-Shi Ru akuyona i-míngcóng ekhangiswe kakhulu, ngakho-ke amanani ayo ngokwesilinganiso azolile kunalawo e-Rougui enesasasa elivela emihosheni edumile, kodwa i-Shi Ru ye-zhèngyán yangempela isabiza kakhulu futhi iyivelakancane. Izinkinga ezijwayelekile zemakethe:

• izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ezindaweni ezikhukhulekile nezingaphandle (洲茶/外山) zithengiswa ngaphansi kohlobo lwedwala langempela;
• ukushiswa ngokweqile kufihla izinto ezingavuthiwe ezibuthakakathaka noma ezingagqamile;
• ngaphansi kwegama elithi Shi Ru ngokuvamile kuthengiswa inhlanganisela engenagama noma enye i-míngcóng.

Izinkomba zokuhlola: itiye lamadwala langempela linikeza i-aftertaste yamaminerali ezinzile, ukuphikelela ekuthelweni okuningi futhi “liba yize” kancane; amalahle amsulwa okushiswa akufanele acindezele ngokuphelele ubumnandi obuphilayo namaminerali. Intengo esolisayo ephansi lapho kuthiwa umsuka usendaweni “yemihosha emithathu nemifudlana emibili” cishe njalo ikhombisa ukungahambisani. Kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu ukuncika esithunzini sengcweti nesomthengisi kunasegameni elihle ekupakishweni.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Incazelo yegama: “ubisi lwetshe” libhekisela kanyekanye emamineralini edwala nasekuthunjweni okuthambile, “okufana nobisi” komhuzuko
• Ubuhle begama: igama elithi Shi Ru liqoshiwe emibhalweni yeNgoma mayelana netiye lase-dan kanye “nobisi olumhlophe” (白乳, bái rǔ)
• Ukuvelakancane: namuhla lena i-míngcóng ewumkhawulo, ekhiqizwa ngamanani amancane, ngokungafani ne-Shuixian ne-Rougui ezisabalele
• Igama njengebhuloho lamasiko: iwulungu yesimanje netiye elicindezelwe leNgoma kuhlukene ngokobuchwepheshe, kodwa kuxhunyaniswe ngegama eligciniwe

Ekuphetheni:

I-Shi Ru iwuhlobo lapho kuthakazelisa kakhulu khona inhlanganisela yegama lasendulo nobuchwepheshe besimanje. Njenge-dan tea yayikhona enkathini yeNgoma, kodwa i-Shi Ru yamanje iwulungu eliphelele lamadwala lase-Wuyishan elinokucutshungulwa kweqabunga elijikelezayo nokushiswa ngamalahle, ubunjalo balo bunqunywa ngokuyinhloko yi-terroir yezintaba zase-Wuyishan kanye nobungcweti bokushiswa. “Ukufana nokhilimu” kwayo okuthambile nokujula kwamaminerali kuyenza ibe yimele elicacile leqembu le-míngcóng, nakuba ingaziwa kangako emphakathini obanzi kunezinhlobo ezihamba phambili.

Kulabo abafunda amatiye amadwala, i-Shi Ru iyisizathu esihle sokuqonda umqondo waso sonke isigaba: ukubaluleka kwendawo yomsuka kubaluleke kakhulu kwegama elinomsindo, izinga lokushiswa libeka isitayela, futhi ubuqiniso abuhlolwa ngelebula, kodwa ngokuphikelela komhuzuko nohlamvu “lwe-rock aftertaste.” Ukusondela kuyo kufanele ngokuzolile, ngokunaka imininingwane yokugxishwa kanye nesimo sengqondo esihluzekile ezimangalweni zemakethe mayelana nomsuka.

the teas described here are available from teamotea