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I-Chrysanthemum tea ingenye yeziphuzo zezimbali ezivame kakhulu e-China, ezilungiswa ngezimbali ezomisiwe ze-chrysanthemum etshaliwe (菊花, júhuā). Naphezu kwegama elithi “itiye” egameni, akusona isiphuzo esivela eqabungeni lesihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis, kodwa iyisithako esidala sokuthatha indawo yetiye: kuhlelo lwamagama okudla lwase-China, iziphuzo ezinjalo zaziwa ngokuthi 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá)—“itiye elingena esikhundleni”, okusho ukuthi isithako semifino esifakwa emanzini esiphuzwa futhi sinambithwa ngendlela yetiye. Impahla eyinhloko ivela ezindleleni ezimbalwa zezinhlobo ze-Chrysanthemum morifolium, etshalwa ezifundazweni i-Zhejiang, i-Anhui, i-Henan kanye nezinye izifunda. Impilweni yansuku zonke, i-chrysanthemum iphuzwa njengesiphuzo sasehlobo “esipholile”, ngokuvamile sine-goji berry noma ushukela oyi-candy, futhi ixutshwa ne-shu pu’er, okwenza isiphuzo esibizwa nge-菊普 (jú pǔ). Imakethe iqhakambisa ngokuhlukile okuthiwa “i-chrysanthemum yeqhwa” yase-Xinjiang, okuthi, njengoba kuzokhonjiswa ngezansi, ngokwesayensi yezitshalo akulona nhlobo i-chrysanthemum.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nomsuka:

Uhlobo: isithako sezimbali semifino, isithako esithatha indawo yetiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá).
Umthombo ngokwesayensi yezitshalo: izimbali ze-chrysanthemum yasengadini i-Chrysanthemum morifolium (umndeni i-Asteraceae, i-Astrovye) kanye nezindlela zayo ezisondele.
Okungekho emkhiqizweni: iqabunga le-Camellia sinensis—itiye langempela alitholakali esithakweni se-chrysanthemum.
Izifunda eziyinhloko: i-Zhejiang (i-Tongxiang, 桐乡), i-Anhui (i-Huangshan 黄山, i-Chuzhou 滁州, i-Bozhou 亳州), i-Henan (i-Jiaozuo 焦作 / indawo yomlando yase-Huaiqing 怀庆).

Kubalulekile ukuqonda imvelo yalo mkhiqizo. Isithako se-chrysanthemum sihlukaniswa “netiye” kuphela ngokwendlela esiphuzwa ngayo, hhayi ngokwesayensi yezitshalo: asikho isitshalo setiye kuso, futhi inani lempilo, ukunambitha kanye ne-terroir kunqunywa yikona kanye i-chrysanthemum. Ohlelweni lwase-China, iziphuzo ezinjalo zihlukaniswe ngobuqotho zaba yisigaba esihlukile ngaphansi kwe-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá)—isithako sezitshalo esingenela esikhundleni. Lokhu akusiyona “into engelona iqiniso”, kodwa iwuhlobo oluzimele lwamakhulu eminyaka olunezobuchwepheshe balo bokusebenza kwezolimo, amazinga ekhwalithi kanye nesiko lokuphisa.

Igama lesi-Latin lidimga ukucaciselwa okuthile: indlela eyamukeleka kakhulu ukubhala kwalo yi-Chrysanthemum morifolium, nokho, ezincwadini ezithile zesayensi yezitshalo, lolu hlobo luvela ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo elithi Dendranthema morifolium—umphumela wengxabano yakudala ngokuhlukaniswa kohlobo. Lapha kusetshenziswa i-Chrysanthemum morifolium esetshenziswa ngokwejwayelekile.

Ngokwehlukana, kufanele kushiwo ngokuqondile nge “chrysanthemum yeqhwa”: i-天山雪菊 (tiānshān xuějú), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-昆仑雪菊 (kūnlún xuějú), ngokwesayensi yezitshalo ayilona i-chrysanthemum, kodwa i-coreopsis edaywayo—i-Coreopsis tinctoria, isitshalo somndeni ofanayo i-Astrovye, kodwa sohlobo oluhlukile, oludabuka eNyakatho Melika futhi etshalwa endaweni ephakeme yase-Xinjiang. Kuthengiswa emkhakheni ofanayo wempahla, kodwa uhlobo lwehlukile.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

Endulo: i-chrysanthemum itshalwe e-China iminyaka engaphezu kweyizinkulungwane ezimbili, ekuqaleni njengesitshalo sokuhlobisa kanye nesokwelapha.
Umkhosi: Umkhosi we-Double Ninth (重阳节, chóngyáng jié) ngokomlando uhlotshaniswa ne-chrysanthemum—ukunyukela ezindaweni eziphakeme newayini le-chrysanthemum (菊花酒, júhuā jiǔ).
Uphawu: i-chrysanthemum ingenye yezitshalo “ezine ezihloniphekile” zomdwebo (四君子, sì jūnzǐ) kanye ne-plum, i-orchid ne-bamboo, imele ukuqina kanye nekwindla.

I-chrysanthemum ihlotshaniswa ngokuqinile nomfanekiso wembongi-ehlala yedwa u-Tao Yuanming (陶渊明), owadumisa le mbali emhlane wothango olusempumalanga. Isuka ekutshalweni kokuhlobisa nokwenziwa “kwe-apteke”, i-chrysanthemum yagcina ingene ngokuqinile empilweni yansuku zonke njengesisekelo sesiphuzo esiqabulayo, esiphuzwa unyaka wonke, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokushisa.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo Nempahla Engavuthiwe:

Isitshalo: utshani obuhlala iminyaka eminingi bomndeni i-Astrovye obuneziqu eziqondile namaqabunga ahlukene phakathi.
Imbali yomkhamo: imbali eyinkomishi, lapho kuhlukaniswa izimbali ezinjengolimi (ezingasemaphethelweni, “amacembe”) nezimbali ezimise okweshubhu (ezimaphakathi)—yinkomishi imbala iyonke esetshenziswa njengempahla engavuthiwe.
Impahla engavuthiwe: izimbali eziphelele ezomisiwe noma amathupha angakaqhakazi.

Izinhlobo zokuhweba ezitholakala emakethe zifanele ukuhlukaniswa ngakunye.

胎菊 (tāi jú): i-chrysanthemum “yombungu”—amathupha angakaqhakazi noma asanda kuqala ukuvuleka we-chrysanthemum emhlophe yase-Hangzhou (杭白菊). Athathelwa phezulu njengempahla endala, ethambile futhi emnandi kakhudlwana, enokubaba okuncane.
白菊花 / 杭白菊 (bái júhuā / háng bái jú): i-chrysanthemum emhlophe, indinganiso yayo ingumkhiqizo wase-Tongxiang (i-Zhejiang), onesimo sokukhomba indawo ngokusemthethweni (地理标志, dìlǐ biāozhì).
黄山贡菊 / 贡菊 (huángshān gòngjú / gòngjú): i-chrysanthemum “yentela” evela esifundeni sase-Huangshan (i-Anhui, indawo yomlando yase-Huizhou); izimbali ezimhlophe ezizacile, ezaziswa kakhulu ngokunambitheka kwazo okumsulwa.
金丝黄菊 (jīnsī huángjú): i-chrysanthemum ephuzi “enentambo zegolide” enombala ogcwele ocebile wesithako.
滁菊 (chú jú), 亳菊 (bó jú), 怀菊 (huái jú): ngokulandelana zivela e-Chuzhou, e-Bozhou (i-Anhui) kanye nasesifundeni sase-Huaiqing (i-Henan).

Lezi zinhlobo ziyingxenye yohlu lwendabuko “lwama-chrysanthemum adumile”. Uhlu lwakudala “lwamané adumile” (四大名菊, sì dà míng jú) ngokuvamile lubiza i-亳菊, i-滁菊, i-贡菊 ne-杭菊; kanjalo, ohlwini oluthile lwezifunda, “amane” afaka ne-怀菊 (i-Henan, efakwa naku “makhambi amane ase-Huai”). Ukwakhiwa kwabané kuhluka ngokomlando ngokwemithombo, okufanele kucatshangelwe.

Ekugcineni, i-天山雪菊 (tiānshān xuějú)—lokhu, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, yi-coreopsis edaywayo (i-Coreopsis tinctoria), hhayi i-chrysanthemum; inikezwa ngokuhlukana ngenxa yesithako sayo esibonakala kalula esinombala obomvu onsundu ngokumnyama.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

I-Tongxiang (i-Zhejiang): izwe eliphansi, elinomswakama le-delta yase-Yangtze; indawo yokuzalwa yendabuko ye-杭白菊 kanye namathupha e-胎菊.
I-Huangshan (i-Anhui): izifunda ezinamagquma, ezikhiqiza i-贡菊 emhlophe emihle.
I-Xinjiang, izintaba zase-Kunlun: indawo ephakeme, lapho kutshalwa khona i-coreopsis “ye-chrysanthemum yeqhwa”.

Ukuvunwa kwe-chrysanthemum kwenzeka ekwindla kwesedlule, ngokuvamile phakathi no-Okthoba noNovemba, lapho izinkomishi zefika ezingeni elifanele lokuvuleka. Kwithupha le-胎菊, ukuvuna kwenziwa ngaphambi kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuqhakaza okugcwele. Ikhwalithi yempahla incike ohlotsheni, isikhathi sokuvuna kanye nokunemba kokomisa, okungenani kuncike ezindaweni.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuvuna: ukuqoqa izimbali namathupha ngesandla noma ngomshini esigabeni esifanele.
Ukulungisa nokomisa: izindlela ezimbalwa—ukwelapha ngesitimu bese womisa (okujwayelekile kwi-杭白菊), ukomisa ngomoya oshisayo / ukubuna (okujwayelekile kwi-贡菊), kanye nokomisa okumayelana emthunzini.
Ukuhlunga: ukukhetha ngosayizi, ukuphelela nombala.

Indlela yokomisa inethonya elibonakalayo ekubukekeni nasekunambithekeni. Ukulungiswa “nge-steam” nokomisa okwengeziwe kunikeza izimbali ezicindezelwe kancane, ezifiphele zohlobo lwase-Hangzhou; ukomisa okushisayo kulondoloza isimo esivuleke kakhulu se-贡菊 yase-Huangshan. Ngokwehlukana, sizobalula umkhuba oyingozi wokuqhumisela ngesibabule (硫磺熏, liúhuáng xūn): wenza umbala wempahla ube mhlophe futhi ubukeke “usha”, kodwa ushiya iphunga elihlabayo elimuncu futhi awufuneki—umkhiqizo wekhwalithi womiswa ngaphandle kwawo.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic:

Isithako: kusuka kokuphuzi okuphaphathekile nokusagolide (i-chrysanthemum emhlophe nephuzi) kuye kumbala othungelayo oyijambalazi onsundu ngokubomvu (i-coreopsis “ye-chrysanthemum yeqhwa”).
Iphunga: elisha lezimbali notshani, emathupheni e-胎菊—linempunga yombhede kakhudlwana futhi linokunambitheka koju.
Ukunambitha: kuthambe, kunoshukela omncane nokubaba okuncane, kushiya uhlanzekile emlonyeni.

I-胎菊 ivamise ukunambitheka njengempahla emnandi futhi “ebushelezi” kunazo zonke; i-贡菊 yaziswa ngokuvezwa kwezimbali okusobala; izinhlobo eziphuzi zinikeza isithako esiwugqinsi; i-coreopsis iphawuleka ngombala ogcwele kanye namathoni obusi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Flavonoid: i-luteolin, i-apigenin, i-acacetin kanye nama-glycosides azo—iqembu eliyinhloko lezinhlanganisela eziphilayo.
Ama-Phenolic acid: ngokuyinhloko i-chlorogenic acid.
Amafutha ayingcithi: izakhi ze-terpenic (kuzo kukhona i-borneol, i-camphor nezinto ezihlobene), ezakha iphunga.

Kwi-coreopsis “ye-chrysanthemum yeqhwa”, ukwakheka kwehlukile: umbala ojulile nokunambitha kunqunywa ama-flavonoid-chalcones ayo (ikakhulukazi i-marein kanye nezinhlanganisela ezihlobene). Iphrofayili eqondile incike ohlotsheni, indawo kanye nendlela yokomisa.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Njengoba kucatshangwa ngokwesiko lendabuko: i-chrysanthemum ihlukaniswa njengeziphuzo “ezipholile”, ihlotshaniswa “nokuhlanza ukushisa” (清热, qīngrè) kanye nomqondo “wokucaca kwamehlo” (明目, míngmù); inhlanganisela yakudala ne-goji berry (枸杞, gǒuqǐ).
Okufundwa yisayensi: ama-flavonoid nama-phenolic acid e-chrysanthemum ayaphenywa njengama-antioxidant; kukhulunywa ngedatha yaselabhorethri neyokuqala, hhayi isenzo somtholampilo esifakazelwe.

Isixwayiso esibalulekile: isithako se-chrysanthemum singumkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi umuthi. Awunazo izithembiso zokwelapha, futhi izimangalo zempilo ezidayiswayo zidlulela ngale kwesihloko se-athikili ye-encyclopedia. Ezixwayisweni ezaziwayo ezingathathi hlangothi, kufanele kushiwo ukulinganisela ekusebenziseni; ukuqapha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ukuphuza imithi (kufanele kuboniswane nodokotela kuqala); kanye nokusabela okungenzeka kubantu abangezwani nezitshalo zomndeni i-Astrovye. Konke lokhu kunikezwa njengolwazi, ngaphandle kwezincomo noma imithamo.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isilinganiso: cishe amagremu angu-3–5 empahla (izimbali eziphelele ezimbalwa noma isandla samathupha e-胎菊) emanzini angu-200–250 ml.
Amanzi: cishe u-85–95 °C; kwithupha elithenda, eduze komkhawulo ophansi, ezimbalini eziphelele ezigcwele nezinhlobo eziphuzi—eduze nomkhawulo ophezulu.
Izitsha: ingilazi yegilasi noma i-gaiwan—ingilazi ivumela ukubuka imbali ivuleka; i-teapot nayo ilungile.
Isikhathi: imizuzu engu-2–4 ekufakweni kokuqala, bese kuba ngokokunambitha.
Ukuphindaphinda: impahla ikwazi ukumelana nokufakwa okungu-2–4; amathupha e-胎菊 anikela ukunambitheka kwawo ngokulingana nangokwesikhathi eside.

I-chrysanthemum ivamise ukuphuzwa nokwengezwa ushukela oyi-candy (冰糖, bīngtáng) kanye ne-goji berry, futhi iphiswa kanye ne-shu pu’er (菊普, jú pǔ). Isithako siphekwa kahle sipholile: sesipholile noma sifakwe efrijini ngenkathi yokushisa, sembula uhlangothi lwaso oluqabulayo. I-coreopsis “ye-chrysanthemum yeqhwa” iphiswa ngokufanayo, kodwa umbala wayo ojulile ubonakala ngokushesha.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: endaweni eyomile, emnyama, esitsheni esivalwe ngokuqinile, kude namaphunga angaphandle.
Ubungozi: impahla yembali imunca umswakama kalula, yesaba umswakama, ilahlekelwa iphunga kalula futhi yonakaliswe izinambuzane.

Lapho umswakama uphezulu, kuhle ukusebenzisa ukupakisha okuvaleka ngokuphelele; abanye bagcina impahla efrijini esitsheni esivalwe ngokuqinile. Izimbali ezinomswakama noma eseziphele umbala zilahlekelwa yikhwalithi.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

Inkomba yentengo enkulu: cishe ama-¥160–280/kg, ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu ngokohlobo nezinga (amathupha e-胎菊 neziqephu eziwupreme zibiza kakhulu, impahla ejwayelekile ishibhile). Lena inkomba yesilinganiso, hhayi isiqinisekiso sokudayisa.
Indlela impahla yobuqotho ebukeka ngayo: umbala wemvelo, hhayi “omhlophe ngokugqamile”; izimbali eziphelele, ezingaphuliki kalula; iphunga lembali elihlanzekile ngaphandle kokuhlabeka kwamakhemikhali.

Izinkinga ezijwayelekile zemakethe. Ukuqhunyiswa ngesibabule kunikeza ukubukeka okumhlophe ngokwemvelo, “okusha” futhi kushiya iphunga elimuncu elinolaka—lapho kuphiswa, isithako esinjalo singanambitheka ngokuhlabeka. Kukhona ukufakwa kombala, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni eziphuzi nakwi-coreopsis: uma amanzi ephenduka umbala ngokushesha ngokuqhakazile ngokungemvelo, futhi impahla “iphelelwa umbala”, lokhu yisizathu sokusola. I-coreopsis (i-天山雪菊)—ingumkhiqizo osemthethweni ozimele, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi ukhiqizwa ngokuqondile “njenge-chrysanthemum”, nakuba kuwuhlobo oluhlukile. Ekugcineni, i-胎菊 ne-贡菊 ezibizayo zivame ukuhlanganiswa nempahla eshibhile. Izinkomba zokukhetha—ukuphelela kwezimbali, umbala wemvelo kanye nephunga elihlanzekile.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Igama elithi 胎菊 ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi “i-chrysanthemum yombungu”—la ngamathupha, akhiwa ngaphambi kokuqhakaza okugcwele.
Inhlanganisela ye-chrysanthemum ne-shu pu’er—i-菊普 (jú pǔ)—isiphuzo esidumile, lapho imbali ithambisa khona ukugcwala kwetiye eligugile.
“I-chrysanthemum yeqhwa” yase-Kunlun—yisimo esibonakala kakhulu emakethe, lapho ngaphansi kwegama le-chrysanthemum kuthengiswa isitshalo esingesinye ngokwesayensi yezitshalo (i-coreopsis).
I-chrysanthemum—ingenye yezimbali ezimbalwa ezingene kuhlu lomdwebo “lwabané abahloniphekile”, nasesikweni leziphuzo zansuku zonke.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Chrysanthemum tea iyisibonelo esiyindida se-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): isiphuzo esiphekwa futhi siphuzwe njengetiye, kodwa esingenziwa ngeqabunga letiye, kodwa ngezimbali ezomile ze-chrysanthemum. Lesi isiko elizimele elinezifunda zalo ezidumile—i-Tongxiang, i-Huangshan, i-Chuzhou, i-Bozhou kanye nezinye—nezinhlobo zalo kusukela kwithupha elithenda le-胎菊 kuya kweziphuzi ze-金丝黄菊, kanye nesiko lokuphisa elaziwayo, kufaka phakathi ukuphakelwa okubandayo kanye nenhlanganisela ne-goji ne-pu’er.

Nakho konke ukuhlonipha loluhlobo, kubalulekile ukubiza izinto ngamagama azo: itiye langempela alikho kulo mkhiqizo, futhi “i-chrysanthemum yeqhwa” yase-Xinjiang—iyi-coreopsis edaywayo, hhayi i-chrysanthemum. Isithako se-chrysanthemum sihlala siyisiphuzo sokudla esimnandi, hhayi umuthi, futhi noma yiziphi izithembiso zempilo kufanele zihlolwe ngokuhlolisisa. Ukuqonda ukuthi yini ngempela ethelwe enkomishini, kwengeza inani esiphuzweni—njengomkhiqizo onezindawo zangempela, isayensi yezitshalo kanye nobungcweti obungemuva kwawo.

the teas described here are available from teamotea