gǒuqǐ

Ama-goji berry (枸杞, gǒuqǐ) yizithelo ezomisiwe zezihlahla zohlobo lwe-Lycium emndenini we-nightshade, osekuyisikhathi eside eShayina zifakwa emanzini ashisayo futhi ziphuzwe “ngendlela yetiye”. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, isiphuzo esinjalo sivame ukubizwa ngetiye, kodwa ngokwesayensi yezitshalo akulona itiye: alinawo amahlamvu esihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis, futhi ohlelweni lwesiShayina lokuhlukanisa iziphuzo, singaphansi kwezinto ezithatha indawo yetiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá)——ama-infusion ezitshalo afakwa ngendlela yetiye. Emakethe, kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinto zokusetshenziswa: i-goji berry enkulu ebomvu (大枸杞 / 红枸杞) kanye ne-goji berry emnyama (黑枸杞). Ebomvu itshalwa ngokuyinhloko eNingxia, nendawo eyisilinganiso esifundeni saseZhongning County, kanti emnyama itshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseQinghai naseXinjiang. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ama-goji afakwa wodwa noma ezingxubeni, afakwa “etiye lezinto eziyisishiyagalombili”, afakwa ethermos ukuze aphuzwe usuku lonke lomsebenzi, futhi afakwa emsobheni, epapini, nase-compote. Ngezansi, zombili izinhlobo zichazwa njengohlobo oluzimele lwe-infusion——ngomkhuba walo, i-terroir, nendlela yokulungiselela.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: into ethatha indawo yetiye, i-infusion yezitshalo (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); akulona itiye ngomqondo wesayensi yezitshalo.
• Ijikijolo elibomvu: i-goji evamile — Lycium barbarum; ngokwesiko lesiShayina — 宁夏枸杞 (Níngxià gǒuqǐ).
• Ijikijolo elimnyama: i-goji yaseRussia — Lycium ruthenicum; ngokwesiko lesiShayina — 黑果枸杞 (hēiguǒ gǒuqǐ).
• Umndeni nohlobo: nightshade family (茄科, qiékē), uhlobo lwe-boxthorn (枸杞属, gǒuqǐ shǔ).
• Imvelaphi yebomvu: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, indawo eyisilinganiso — iZhongning County (中宁, Zhōngníng); “iZhongning goji” inesimo sokukhomba indawo ngokomthetho (地理标志, dìlǐ biāozhì).
• Imvelaphi yemnyama: iQinghai Province (青海, Qīnghǎi), ikakhulukazi iQaidam Basin (柴达木, Cháidámù) kanye nesifunda saseNomhon (诺木洪, Nuòmùhóng); kanye naseXinjiang (新疆, Xīnjiāng).

Kubalulekile ukwehlukanisa imiqondo ngokushesha. Ku-infusion ye-goji, awekho amahlamvu e-Camellia sinensis, ngakho-ke azikho izingxenye “zetiye” ——i-caffeine yemvelaphi yetiye, i-theanine, ama-catechin. Umkhiqizo ufakwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezithathwe etiyeni, ngakho-ke kulula ukuwuhlukanisa njengohlobo lwe-代用茶——“itiye elithatha indawo”, noma isiphuzo sezitshalo. Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kwezinto zokusetshenziswa: ku-”Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” (中国药典, Zhōngguó Yàodiǎn), isithelo se-枸杞子 (gǒuqǐzǐ) esifakiwe ngokusemthethweni yi-goji ebomvu i-Lycium barbarum; uhlobo olusondelene nalo, i-Chinese goji (中华枸杞, Zhōnghuá gǒuqǐ, Lycium chinense), isetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kodwa ayithathwa njengezinto ezisemthethweni ze-pharmacopoeia, kanti i-goji emnyama i-Lycium ruthenicum ingumkhiqizo ohlukile wesifunda, ongafakiwe ohlwini lwe-pharmacopoeia lwe-枸杞子.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Isikhathi sasendulo: i-goji ishiwo ezincwadini zokuqala zamakhambi zesiShayina, kuhlanganise ne-”Shennong Bencao Jing” (神农本草经, Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng) futhi kamuva ne-”Bencao Gangmu” (本草纲目, Běncǎo Gāngmù) ka-Li Shizhen (李时珍, Lǐ Shízhēn).
• Isiko lokudla nokwelapha: i-goji yisibonelo esijwayelekile somqondo wokuthi “ukudla nemithi kunomsuka ofanayo” (药食同源, yàoshí tóngyuán).
• Umkhuba waseNyakatho-ntshonalanga: amajikijolo ayingxenye “yetiye lezinto eziyisishiyagalombili” (八宝茶, bābǎo chá)——i-infusion emnandi yabantu baseHui eNingxia naseGansu.
• Uphawu lwesimanje: i-goji isiphenduke uphawu olungemthetho lokunakekela impilo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka, i-goji isingene ngokuqinile ekuphekeni nase-infusion zasekhaya zasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeShayina. “Itiye lezinto eziyisishiyagalombili” lilungiswa engilazini enesembozo: ngaphandle kwama-goji berry, kufakwa i-chrysanthemum, i-red date, i-longan eyomisiwe, amagilebhisi omisiwe, i-hawthorn, izingcezu zikashukela ocwebezelayo, ngezinye izikhathi netiye eliluhlaza okuncane——ukwakheka kuyahlukahluka emndenini nomndeni. Kufanele kushiwo ngokuhlukile isithombe sesimanje se-inthanethi: isisho esithi “ukufaka i-goji ethermos” (保温杯里泡枸杞, bǎowēnbēi lǐ pào gǒuqǐ) eShayina sesiphenduke uphawu oluhlekisayo lokukhula nokunaka impilo yomuntu.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

• Isitshalo (esibomvu): isihlahla esivuthuluka amahlamvu, esinameva, esicishe sibe yi-1–3 m ubude, sinezingatsha ezigobile namahlamvu amise okwemkhonto; izimbali zinsomi-ku-violet.
• Isithelo (esibomvu): ijikijolo elide-ellipsoid ubude balo cishe buyi-1–2 cm, lisawolintshi-kubomvu, limnandi, linezinhlamvu eziningi ezincane.
• Isitshalo (esimnyama): isihlahla esifushane kakhulu, esinameva amaningi, esijwayele izingwadule nenhlabathi enosawoti.
• Isithelo (esimnyama): ijikijolo elincane, elicishe libe yindilinga ububanzi balo cishe buyi-5–9 mm, limnyama-nsomi kuye kokumnyama, livamise ukuba yisicaba futhi linesiqu esifushane.
• Ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa: amahlumela amancane namahlamvu e-goji (枸杞叶, gǒuqǐ yè; 枸杞头, gǒuqǐ tóu) nawo ayadliwa, kwenziwa ngawo i-infusion kanye nezidlo zemifino.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

• INingxia neZhongning: inhlabathi ye-alluvial ne-saline engatheni esigodini somfula, ukunisela ngamanzi e-Huanghe (黄河, Huáng Hé), ilanga eliningi kanye nokwehluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku.
• IQinghai neQaidam: ukuphakama okucishe kube ngu-2600–3000 m, isimo sezulu esomile se-continental esiqinile, inhlabathi enosawoti nemisebe ye-ultraviolet enamandla.
• IXinjiang: izindawo ezomile ezinezimo ezifanayo, lapho kuqoqwa khona futhi i-goji emnyama, ingxenye yayo ikhula endle.

I-Terroir ye-goji inomthelela obalulekile, oqondile. I-insolation enamandla nokwehluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa emini nasebusuku kusiza ukunqwabelana kukashukela ku-goji ebomvu, kuyenze ibe mnandi ngendlela exakile. Ku-goji emnyama, izimo ezinzima zama-salt marsh aphakeme zihlotshaniswa nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-anthocyanin——imibala enikeza i-infusion yayo umbala ogcwele. Kungalesi sizathu ukuthi izindawo “ze-terroir” ——isigodi sase-Huanghe eNingxia neQaidam Basin eQinghai——zaziswa kakhulu kunezinto ezisemazingeni aphansi.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukuvuna: ngesandla; i-goji ebomvu ikhiwa ngezikhathi ezimbalwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwehlobo kuya ekwindla njengoba ivuthwa.
• Ukulungiselela: ngokwesiko, amajikijolo amasha afakwa kafushane esixazululweni esibuthakathaka se-alkali yokudla (食用碱, shíyòng jiǎn) ukuze kuphazanyiswe i-waxy coating yesikhumba futhi kusheshiswe ukoma.
• Ukoma: ukoma elangeni ezintweni eziyizintambama noma ukoma ngomoya ofudumele; kubalulekile ukungomi kakhulu noma “ukushisa” izinto zokusetshenziswa.
• Ijikijolo elimnyama: lomiswa ngokucophelela okukhulu, ezingeni lokushisa elilinganiselwe futhi ngokuvamile emthunzini, ukuze kulondolozwe ama-anthocyanin angazinzile.
• Ukuhlunga: ngosayizi, umbala, nokuphelela; ijikijolo elikhulu elilinganayo liya emazingeni aphezulu.

Ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhiqiziwe inqunywa kakhulu ukoma. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu licekela phansi izinhlayiya zombala nezinto ezinuka kamnandi, kanti ijikijolo elingomile ngokwanele likhunta ngokushesha futhi libambelele. Ngokuhlukile, kufanele kushiwo ukwephulwa komthetho: ukuqhumisa ngesibabule ukuze kutholwe umbala “ogqamile” nokudaya akuzona izindlela zobuchwepheshe, kodwa kungukukhohlisa, okuzoxoxwa ngakho ngezansi.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Ijikijolo elibomvu (elomile): lithambile, linwebeka kancane, limnandi ngokusobala linomuncu omncane.
• Ijikijolo elibomvu (i-infusion): isobala, ikhanya ngokuphuzi-osawolintshi; ukunambitheka kuthambile, kumnandi, akunabuhlungu.
• Ijikijolo elimnyama (elomile): cishe alinashukela, linambitheka okwemifino okungathathi hlangothi, kunezinhlamvu ezizwakalayo.
• Ijikijolo elimnyama (i-infusion): kunambitheka kancane, kodwa umbala uyamangalisa ngenxa yama-anthocyanin.

Umbala we-infusion ye-goji emnyama udinga incazelo eyengeziwe. Ama-anthocyanin ayo (izinhlayiya ezigxile ku-petunidin) aziphatha njengenkomba ye-acidity yemvelo: emanzini ane-acid encane, i-infusion iba nsomi-ku-pomegranate, kanti emanzini angathathi hlangothi na-alkaline, iba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma luhlaza-ngolwandle. Ngakho-ke, ijikijolo elifanayo emanzini ahlukene empompini linikeza i-infusion ensomi noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka——lokhu kuncike ku-pH nobulukhuni bamanzi, hhayi “kwikhwalithi” yezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukwengeza, izinga lokushisa linomthelela: emanzini abilayo, ama-anthocyanin acekelwa phansi ngokushesha futhi umbala uyaphaphatheka, ngakho-ke i-goji emnyama ifakwa emanzini afudumele, hhayi abilayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ijikijolo elibomvu: i-goji polysaccharides (枸杞多糖, gǒuqǐ duōtáng; ezincwadini——i-LBP), ama-carotenoid, ikakhulukazi i-zeaxanthin (ikakhulukazi esesimweni se-zeaxanthin dipalmitate), i-betaine, ama-amino acid akhululekile, amavithamini, nezinto ezincane eziwusizo.
• Ijikijolo elimnyama: ama-anthocyanin (izinhlayiya ze-petunidin zigcwele), ama-proanthocyanidin, ama-polysaccharides.

Ama-carotenoid anikeza ijikijolo elibomvu ithoni yawo e-orange-bomvu, kanti i-zeaxanthin ingeminye yemithombo embalwa yokudla yale nhlayiya yombala ngezinga eliphezulu kangako. Ama-anthocyanin ejikijolo elimnyama abangela kokubili umbala walo omnyama kanye noshintsho olushiwo ngenhla lombala we-infusion ngokuya nge-pH.

8. Izakhiwo Ezinempilo:

• Ngokwesiko lasekhaya lesiShayina: i-goji ebomvu kuthiwa “inika isibindi nezinso ukudla” (补肝肾, bǔ gān shèn) futhi “icacisa ukubona” (明目, míngmù); lolu wulimi lwemibono yesiko, hhayi izifo zomtholampilo.
• Okucwaningwa yisayensi: kucwaningwa ama-goji polysaccharides, i-zeaxanthin maqondana nempilo yamehlo, kanye nomsebenzi we-antioxidant wama-extract; i-goji emnyama icwaningwa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yama-anthocyanin.
• Isimo somkhiqizo: umkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi umuthi.

Kubalulekile ukusho ngokucacile: i-goji ingukudla nesiphuzo, hhayi indlela yokwelapha. Izithembiso zezempilo ezivame ukuhambisana nokuthengiswa kwezitolo zezinga eliphansi zidlulela ngale kohla lwe-athikili ye-encyclopedia futhi azimayizinto eziqinisekisiwe zezokwelapha. Ezinye zezexwayiso ezaziwayo kufanele zishiwo ngokungathathi hlangothi: ukulinganisela okunengqondo enanini; ukuqapha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa; ukuqaphela kulabo abaphuza imithi ethinta ukujiya kwegazi——ku-goji kunezibiko zokusebenzisana okungenzeka nama-anticoagulant. Imithamo ethile nezincomo akukhona okwalesi sihloko; lapho kunezifo, isinqumo sisekudokotela.

9. Ukufaka:

• Izitsha: kwebomvu——ingilazi yegilasi, i-gaiwan, noma i-thermos; kwemnyama——ingilazi esobala, ukubona umbala.
• Umthamo (obomvu): cishe u-5–10 g (cishe amajikijolo angu-20–30) ku-300–500 ml wamanzi.
• Izinga lokushisa (elibomvu): cishe u-85–95 °C.
• Isikhathi (esibomvu): imizuzu engu-5–10; amajikijolo avuvukele angadliwa.
• Ama-infusion (abomvu): amelana nokufakwa amanzi izikhathi ezi-2–3, ngemva kwalokho ukunambitheka kuyancipha.
• Umthamo (omnyama): cishe u-2–3 g (amajikijolo amancane angu-20–30) engilazini ngayinye.
• Izinga lokushisa (elimnyama): cishe u-40–60 °C——hhayi amanzi abilayo, ukuze kulondolozwe ama-anthocyanin nombala.
• Ukuphakwa (okumnyama): kufudumele noma kubanda; i-infusion ebandayo iyamangalisa ikakhulukazi ngombala.

Emprakthikhi, i-goji ebomvu ivame ukufakwa ezingxubeni——ne-chrysanthemum, i-red date, i-longan——njenge-”tiye lezinto eziyisishiyagalombili”. I-goji emnyama kulula ukuyilungiselela engilazini yegilasi noma ebhodleleni: thela amanzi afudumele, yiyeke imizuzu embalwa, bese ubuka ukuthi i-infusion ingena kanjani umbala. Uma umuntu efuna ithoni epomegranate, engeza ijusi kalamula omncane (ukwenza i-acid ibe khona); emanzini ane-alkaline, i-infusion izohlala iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuze iphakwe ibandayo, amajikijolo afakwa emanzini aphansi ezinga lokushisa futhi kufakwe isikhathi eside.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama esitsheni esivalwa ngokuqinile.
• Umswakama: amajikijolo amunca umswakama, lapho umswakama uphezulu ayabambana, abamnyama, futhi akhunte.
• Ukugcinwa isikhathi eside: esiqandisini noma efrijini ephaketheni elivalwe ngokuqinile.
• Izinambuzane: hlola njalo izinto zokusetshenziswa ukuthola amamu okudla nezimpethu ezincane.

I-Goji yizinto ezithinteka kalula emswakameni nasekukhanyeni. Ijikijolo elibomvu uma lingagcinwanga kahle libambana ngokushesha libe yisigaxa futhi lilahlekelwe ukugeleza, kanti elimnyama lilahlekelwa ukugqama kwama-anthocyanin. Isikhwama esincane sokumunca umswakama wokudla esitsheni sisiza ukugcina amajikijolo ehlakazekile.

11. Intengo Kanye Nomgunyathi:

• Isilinganiso sentengo enkulu: cishe u-70–160 ¥/kg njengezinga; intengo eqondile incike ohlotsheni, ebangeni, kubukhulu, nangonyaka wesivuno.
• Ebomvu yangempela: umbala awulingani, umnyama-nsomi, hhayi “ogqamile-ngokomlilo”; ngasesiqwini sezithelo kuvame ukuba nebala elikhanyayo; ukunambitheka kumnandi; uma kufakwa emanzini, amanzi angena umbala kancane kancane.
• Ukukhohliswa kwebomvu: ukudaya ngamadayi okudla ngisho nawembonini, ukuqhumisa ngesibabule (硫熏, liú xūn) ukuze kugqame, ukufaka ushukela nesisindo, nokuthengisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezindala njengezintsha.
• Emnyama yangempela: encane, ivame ukuba nesiqu esisele; i-infusion emanzini afudumele iguqula umbala ngokushintsha kwe-pH.
• Ukukhohliswa kwemnyama: ukuxuba amanye amajikijolo amnyama afanayo, ukudaya, nokuthi izinto ezisemazingeni aphansi zingobezindawo “eziphakeme zasendle”.

Indlela elula yokuhlola i-goji emnyama yilolo hlolo lombala: thela ingxenye encane ngamanzi afudumele; ijikijolo langempela linikeza i-infusion eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ensomi, futhi lapho kufakwa i-acid, liguqula umbala ngokusobala kube pomegranate. Isixazululo samanzi esibomvu ngokucijile “esopha” ngokushesha nangokulinganayo kuyimbangela yokusola idayi yokwenziwa, kuhlanganise nalawo madayi embonini ayingozi njenge-rhodamine (罗丹明, luódānmíng). Ku-goji ebomvu, umbala ogqamile ongokwemvelo ngokungafanele, iphunga elimuncu-ngekhemikhali, namanzi angena umbala obomvu ngokujulile ngokushesha kuyasoleka.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Inkomba yemvelo: i-infusion ye-goji emnyama ingasetshenziswa njengenkomba ye-pH ebonakalayo——kusuka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka endaweni ene-alkaline kuya epomegranate endaweni ene-acid.
• Isayensi yamagama: igama lamazwe ngamazwe elithi “goji” liwukubhalwa ngesiLatini kwendlela yesiShayina yokuphimisela igama elithi 枸杞 (gǒuqǐ).
• I-thermos njengophawu: i-inthanethi-meme ethi “i-goji ethermos” (保温杯里泡枸杞) igxilile emasikweni e-pop yesiShayina.
• Hhayi amajikijolo kuphela: amahlumela amancane e-goji adliwa njengomfino, kanti amagxolo ezimpawu (地骨皮, dìgǔpí) ayizinto ezihlukile zomuthi wesintu.
• Ukuguquguquka kwentengo: i-goji emnyama ngesinye isikhathi yayikhangiswa “njengegolide elithambile” (软黄金, ruǎn huángjīn), okwathi ngemva kwalokho intengo yayo yehla ngokusobala njengoba amasimu ayanda.

Ekuphetheni:

Ama-goji berry akulona itiye, kodwa ayi-infusion yezitshalo ezimele, osekuyikhulu leminyaka eShayina ifakwa emanzini futhi iphuzwa “ngendlela yetiye”, ifakwa ekuphekeni kwansuku zonke kwasenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ngemva kobulula bangaphandle, kukhona umhlaba owehlukaniseka ngokusobala: ijikijolo elikhulu elibomvu elimnandi lemvelaphi yaseNingxia ngesilinganiso eZhongning, kanye nejikijolo elincane elimnyama lezindawo eziphakeme zaseQinghai naseXinjiang, i-infusion yalo eguqula umbala ngokubonakalayo kusuka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuye epomegranate ngokuya nge-acidity yamanzi.

I-goji kufanele iphathwe njengento ethatha indawo yetiye kanye nomkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi njengomuthi. Lapho-ke ubuhle bayo——ukunambitheka, umbala, ukulula kokuyifaka, nendima yayo ephawulekayo emasikweni ansuku zonke——kuvela ngokwethembeka, ngaphandle kwezithembiso eziphakeme, futhi ukuqonda i-terroir, ubuchwepheshe bokoma, kanye nezimpawu zezinto zokusetshenziswa zangempela kusiza ukuhlukanisa umkhiqizo wekhwalithi kumgunyathi.

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