huāzhuān

I-Hua Zhuan ingenye “yezitini ezintathu” (三砖) ze-triad edumile yetiye elimnyama lase-Anhua “izikhonkwane ezintathu, izitini ezintathu, umqulu owodwa” (三尖三砖一卷). Lesi isigaxa esicindezelwe ngesitimu esinephethini ekhanyayo ephawulekayo kuyo yonke imiphetho emine, esavela ngo-1958 njengokuthatha indawo okuqinile nokwenziwa ngobuchwepheshe komqulu omkhulu othwala kanzima i-qiānliǎng (千两茶).

1. Ukwehlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: itiye elimnyama — i-heicha (hēichá, 黑茶)
• Isigaba: isitini esicindezelwe, uchungechunge “lwezitini ezintathu” (三砖)
• Imvelaphi: isifunda i-Anhua (安化), ingxenye emaphakathi yesifundazwe saseHunan — inhliziyo engokomlando yetiye elimnyama laseHunan
• Izinga: isitini sezinga elimaphakathi elihle (中档), elihloselwe ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, nokwethenjelwayo

Esifundeni i-Anhua kwasungulwa lonke uhlelo lomkhiqizo we-heicha yase-Anhua: “izikhonkwane” ezihlakazekile (三尖) emabhokisini alukiwe oqalo, izitini ezicindezelwe (三砖) kanye nemiqulu eyikholomu (一卷). I-Hua Zhuan ingeyomndeni wezitini futhi izuza njengefa isisekelo esifanayo sezinto ezingavuthiwe “nomakhelwane” bayo emgqeni — isitini esimnyama i-hēizhuān (黑砖) kanye ne-fu zhuan i-fúzhuān (茯砖).

Ngaphansi kwesiko lase-Anhua, i-hua zhuan ithatha indawo emaphakathi: akuwona umkhiqizo oyisipesheli kakhulu emgqeni (okuthathwa njengalabo i-tian jian ethambile “yasezulwini” kanye ne-qiānliǎng eqoqwayo), kodwa futhi akuyona impahla engcolile “yokudla”.

Ohlelweni lokuhlukanisa, i-hua zhuan ichazwa ngamapharamitha amathathu: uchungechunge — “izitini ezintathu” (三砖); ukuma nokupakishwa — isigaxa esiwunxande esicindezelwe esinemiphetho enephethini; isiginesha yendlela — ukucindezelwa ngesitimu ngaphandle “kokuqhakaza”. Izinga lezinto ezingavuthiwe liqinisekisiwe njengebanga lesibili nelesithathu le-maocha emnyama.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

I-Hua zhuan ingumkhiqizo omusha uma kuqhathaniswa onezimpande ezijulile. Ukhokho wayo oqondile, “umqulu wezimbali” i-huājuǎn (花卷), usukela ematiiyeni eyikholomu, umlando wawo e-Anhua uhlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-19 (umugqa we-bǎiliǎng — “amakhulu aliang” — uhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zokubusa kukaDaoguang kanye nabahwebi baseShaanxi). Isitini esimnyama uqobo njengefomethi yesimanje yase-Anhua sasungulwa ngo-1939 efektri yetiye i-Baishaxi (白沙溪) — lona “ungukhokho” (祖) wazo zonke izitini zesimanje zase-Anhua.

I-Hua zhuan yavela ngo-1958 impela njengempendulo enseleleni yesikhathi: ukukhiqizwa ngesandla okunzima kwemiqulu i-qiānliǎng kwakungahlangabezani nezidingo zemakethe enkulu. Ngokudlulisela umqondo “womqulu wezimbali” esimweni sesitini, abakhiqizi bathola umkhiqizo owawugcina ubuhle obaziwayo kanye nesiko lezinto ezingavuthiwe, kodwa owawuvumela ukukhishwa okuzinzile kwezimboni. Kanjalo i-hua zhuan yaba “ukuthatha indawo okuhlanganisiwe” komqulu — efinyeleleka kalula, ethwaleka kalula futhi ehlala isikhathi eside.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: i-maocha emnyama (hēi máochá, 黑毛茶) — umkhiqizo osakaqediwe, odlule ekulungisweni ukumiswa, ukusontwa, isigaba esibalulekile sokugcina emanzi esitashini (wòduī, 渥堆) kanye nokomiswa
• Izinga: iqabunga lebanga lesibili nelesithathu (二-三级黑毛茶)

Lokhu kuhlelwa ngezigaba kubalulekile ekuqondeni indawo yetiye emgqeni. Izinto ezithambile kakhulu (ibanga lokuqala) ziya ku-tian jian, iqabunga elimahhadlahhadla elineziqu zezimbali nezingcezu (ibanga lesithathu nelesine) — ku-sheng jian kanye ne-fu zhuan. I-Hua zhuan imi ncamashi phakathi nendawo: iqabunga selikhule ngokwanele ukunikeza ukumnandi okugcwele, okuvuthiwe, ngaphandle kokuba mahhadlahhadla ngokweqile noma ukuba nenqwaba yeziqu. Ngokwezinto ezingavuthiwe, i-hua zhuan empeleni ifana nesitini esimnyama i-hēizhuān — umehluko phakathi kwazo awukho ezingeni leqabunga, kodwa ekumeni, ekwakhekeni kanye nasemvelaphi yobuchwepheshe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Isiginesha esibalulekile ye-hua zhuan — ukucindezelwa ngesitimu (蒸压). Ngemva kokuba i-maocha emnyama isihlungiwe futhi yahlanganiswa, iyashiswa ngesitimu ukuze ithambe futhi ivumeleke, bese ifakwa efomini futhi icindezelwe ibe isigaxa esiwunxande esiqinile. Ukomiswa kwesitini kwenziwa ngokucophelela, ezingeni lokushisa elipholile, ukuze kugcinwe ukwakheka kanye nephunga elimnandi lokuguga.

Ngokungafani ne-fu zhuan, ebuchwephesheni be-hua zhuan asikho isigaba “sokuqhakaza” (fāhuā, 发花) — ukuthuthukiswa ngamabomu “kwembali yegolide” yesikhunta i-Eurotium cristatum (冠突散囊菌). I-Hua zhuan — “isitini esicindezelwe esimsulwa”, ubumnandi baso obakhelwe phezu kwekhwalithi ye-maocha, ukuminyana kokucindezelwa kanye nokuguga okuhle okulandelayo.

Kufanele kukhulunywe ngokuhlukile ngomhlobiso wokuhlobisa. Iphethini emiphethweni emine yesitini — akuwona nje umhlobiso: lokhu kungukucaphuna okubonakalayo okuqondile kwemvelaphi ye-hua zhuan. Yavela emqulwini i-huājuǎn (花卷, “umqulu wezimbali”) — lowo mndeni okungowomndeni okungowomndeni i-qiānliǎng eyinganekwane. Umqulu oyikholomu wawenziwa ngendlela enzima kakhulu: itiye elishiswe ngesitimu lalifakwa ebhokisini likaqalo, elalendlalwe ngefayibha yesundu kanye namaqabunga e-knotweed, bese kucinishwa “ngokugxishwa” (cǎizhì, 踩制) — ngokugingqika, ukunyathelwa nokubambisana ngamasongo, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho ikholomu “yomiswa elangeni futhi yafakwa amazolo ebusuku” cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu. Le nqubo eyenziwa ngesandla yayihamba kancane futhi inzima ngokomzimba.

I-Hua zhuan yaxazulula inkinga ngezimboni: umqondo ofanayo wezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nobuhle obufanayo bomqulu “oyimbali” kwadluliselwa esimweni sesitini esicindezelwe esingakhishwa ngamaqoqo ajwayelekile. Iphethini ekhanyayo emiphethweni yalondoloza uhlamvu lwesiShayina “oluyimbali” 花 egameni njengenkumbulo yomqulu onguyena khokho.

6. Izici Zokunambitheka Nephunga:

I-Hua zhuan inikeza ukunambitheka okusenjwayelweni ye-heicha yase-Hunan evuthiwe: elinganayo, egcwele, ngaphandle kokuhlabahlaba. Iphrofayili yakhelwe phezu kwephunga lokuguga (chénxiāng, 陈香) — elithambile, elinjengokhuni nomhlabathi, okuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka kujule futhi kube mnandi kakhudlwana. Ukwakheka kokunambitheka kuyindilinga futhi kuhlanzekile, ngaphandle kwaleyo nothi “yekhowe” ye-jūnhuāxiāng (菌花香), ebonakala ku-fu zhuan enembali yegolide.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Ekwenzeleni itiye lesitini eliminyene, kusebenza izimiso ezifanayo njengakwamanye ama-heicha acindezelwe:

• qhekeza isilinganiso osidingayo ngommese we-pu’er, ulwela ukugcina izingcezu eziphelele, hhayi ukuphahlaza iqabunga libe uthuli;
• sebenzisa amanzi abilayo agcwele — i-maocha emnyama evuthiwe ivuleka kuphela ngamanzi ashisayo;
• geza (hlambulula) iqabunga kafushane ukuze “uvuse” izinto ezicindezelwe;
• qhubeka nokuthela amanzi e-gaiwan noma eketeleni, kancane kancane ubelula isikhathi; isitini simelana nokuphindwa okuningi kokwenziwa.

Ukubilisa nakho kuyasebenza: ukubilisa isikhathi eside ngomlilo omncane kwembula konke ukujula “kwephunga lokuguga” — indlela evamile yetiye elimnyama.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Njengalo lonke itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua, i-hua zhuan inenani ngenxa yekhono layo lokuguga: ngokugcinwa okufanele unyaka nonyaka “indala, inephunga elimnandi kakhulu” (越陈越香), ijulisa i-chénxiāng yayo futhi inciphise ubuhlungu bokusha.

11. Inani kanye Nemikhohliso:

Izixhumanisi zokwehlukanisa zivumela ukuhlukanisa ngokwethenjwayo i-hua zhuan ngaphakathi komugqa ngisho nangaphandle kokunambitha.

• Ukuma nephethini. Isitini esiwunxande esiminyene esinomhlobiso oqoshiwe ophawulekayo kuyo yonke imiphetho emine — lena yikhadi lokuvakasha eliyinhloko le-hua zhuan kanye nomthombo wohlamvu lwesiShayina 花 egameni layo; ngokuma kwesitini sihlukene “nezingqimba” ezihlakazekile kanye nemiqulu eyikholomu.
• Ukuqhathanisa ne-fu zhuan. Hlephula isitini: uma ngaphakathi kunezichashazi ezisagolide “zembali yegolide” — i-fu zhuan oyibonayo, hhayi i-hua zhuan. I-Hua zhuan ayinakho ukuqhakaza.
• Ukuqhathanisa nesitini esimnyama. Ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezifanayo, i-hēizhuān ayinawo umhlobiso womphetho onephethini; ngokuqjizelelayo umhlobiso wokuhlobisa kanye nemvelaphi emqulwini “oyimbali” yilokho okuhlukanisa i-hua zhuan.
• Ukunambitheka. Okuhlanzekile, okugcwele, okunephunga lokuguga elinjengokhuni ngaphandle kwenothi yekhowe — kuwuphawu “lwesitini esimsulwa esicindezelwe” sezinga elimaphakathi esivela eqabungeni lezinga lesibili nelesithathu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Hua zhuan iyisibonelo sendlela isiko lase-Anhua lakwazi ngayo ukugcina umphefumulo “womqulu wezimbali” wasendulo, ngokuwuguqulela olimini lwesitini esinokwethenjelwa, sansuku zonke: iphethini emaphethweni ikhumbuza nge-qiānliǎng, futhi ukunambitheka okulinganayo nokuvuthiwe kumenza umngane othembekile ekuphuzeni itiye kwansuku zonke.