Hēizhuān chá

Isitini esimnyama sase-Anhua County — singenye ‘yezitini ezintathu’ emgomeni wetiye emnyama yase-Anhua, i-heicha ecindezelwe ngokuqinile, okwaqala ngayo umlando wesimanje wokukhiqizwa kwezitini zasetiyeni zase-Hunan ngo-1939.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: itiye elimnyama (heicha, 黑茶), isitini esicindezelwe ngokuqinile.
• Isigaba: esinye ‘sezitini ezintathu’ (三砖) ze-heicha yase-Anhua.
• Imvelaphi: i-Anhua County (安化), isifundazwe sase-Hunan.
• Ingxenye yemakethe: esezingeni eliphakathi (中档) — umkhiqizo oqinile wansuku zonke.

Igama elijwayelekile letiye elimnyama lase-Anhua lihambisana nefomula ethi ‘ezintathu ezicijile, izitini ezintathu, umqulu owodwa’ — sānjiān sānzhuān yī juǎn (三尖三砖一卷):

• ‘Ezintathu ezicijile’ (三尖) — itiye elivundlekile i-tianjian, i-gongjian, ne-shengjian, elipakishwe ngezimbenge ezilukiwe mièlǒu (篾篓).
• ‘Umqulu owodwa’ (一卷) — insika edumile i-qianliang (千两茶) kanye nolibo lonke lwe-huajuǎn (花卷).
• ‘Izitini ezintathu’ (三砖) — i-fuzhuan (茯砖) ene-golden fungus blooming, i-huazhuan (花砖) enomhlobiso onqenqemeni, kanye ne-heizhuan (黑砖) uqobo, isitini esimnyama.

Kulolu zintathu, i-heizhuan inesikhundla esikhethekile: ukucindezelwa kwezimboni kwaqala ngayo, futhi ngokufanele ibizwa ngokuthi ‘ukhokho’ (祖) wezitini zesimanje zase-Anhua. Ngokuma kwayo, leli itiye elingenabumnene obusezingeni eliphezulu be-tianjian futhi lingenawo umhlobiso oqoqwayo we-qianliang, kodwa linobuhle balo obuqinile, obucinene.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Ngokwamasiko:

• Indawo yokuqala: 1939, lapho i-Baishaxi Factory (白沙溪) yakhiqiza isitini sokuqala esimnyama.

Lesi senzakalo ngokujwayelekile sithathwa njengokuzalwa kokucindezelwa kwezimboni kwesimanje kwetiye elimnyama lase-Anhua — kulapha kwasungulwa khona lonke ulibo ‘lwezitini ezintathu’. Ngakho-ke, i-heizhuan yathola indima ehloniphekile ‘njengonkulunkulu’ (祖) wezitini zesimanje zase-Anhua — ifomu elivumele ukumiswa okusezingeni, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuthuthwa kwetiye elimnyama lase-Hunan ngezinga lezimboni.

Ngokungafani netiye lochungechunge ‘olucijile’, ngokomlando elihlobene nesigodlo nezicukuthwane (i-tianjian yezicukuthwane, i-gongjian ‘njengentela’), i-heizhuan ekuqaleni yayicatshangwa njengomkhiqizo omkhulu, onokwethenjelwa — oqinile, okulula ukuwuthutha, owenzelwe ukugcinwa isikhathi eside. Le mvelo engokoqobo iyona eyayenza yaba ingqalasizinda yesiko lezitini zase-Anhua.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Engavuthiwe:

• Impahla engavuthiwe: i-black maofeng (黑毛茶) — umkhiqizo ongakaqedi oseke wacutshungulwa okwesisekelo ngobunyoninco bokumucwa okumanzi.
• Ibanga kanye neKhwalithi: ibanga lesibili nelesithathu (二-三级黑毛茶) — hhayi amafleshi athambile kakhulu aphezulu, kodwa iqabunga elivuthiwe ngokwengeziwe, eliqinile.
• I-Cultivar: alukho uhlobo oluthile oluqokiwe; kusetshenziswa impahla yendawo yase-Anhua, ejwayelekile kuso sonke isifunda esikhiqiza i-heicha.

Okubalulekile akukona nje uhlobo lwesihlahla, kodwa ibanga leqabunga kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenza kokuqala kokwenza i-black maofeng. Impahla engavuthiwe evuthiwe inika umhluzi onomzimba ozwakalayo kanye nokuqina esikhathini sokuguga.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

• Isifunda: i-Anhua County (安化), isifundazwe sase-Hunan — isizinda somlando sokukhiqiza itiye elimnyama.

Indawo enezintaba, isimo sezulu esimanzi sase-subtropical, kanye nomhlabathi wendawo ovelele kwakha impahla engavuthiwe enomzimba ominyene, ocebile, obekezelela ukuvubela isikhathi eside kanye nokucindezelwa. Isidingo sefomu elithuthwayo, elihlala isikhathi eside sasilolonga kakhulu ukubukeka kwezitini zendawo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Umsebenzi obalulekile: ukucindezela ngesitimu (蒸压, zhēngyā) — i-black maofeng elungisiwe iyakhethwa ngokwebanga, iyashiswa ngesitimu ukuze ithambe futhi ikwazi ukubunjwa, bese icindezelwa ngokuqinile ibe isimo sesitini.
• Ukuminyana: i-slab eqinile kakhulu, eyacile (紧实) enejiyomethri ecophelelayo.
• Ukomiswa: isitini eseqediwe somiswa ekugcineni ngezinga lokushisa elipholile — hhayi ngaphezu kuka-65 °C (干燥 ≤65℃). Isimo sokushisa esithambile siqinisa ifomu futhi siqinisekisa umswakama, ngaphandle ‘kokushisa’ itiye futhi silondoloze amandla okuvuthwa okuqhubekayo.
• Amapharamitha alawulwayo (ukumiswa okusezingeni): ibanga le-maofeng yokuqala (二-三级), ukuminyana kokucindezela, indlela yokomisa, kanye nezimpawu zomhluzi oqediwe; izinkomba zezinombolo ezithile zincike ekubuyekezweni okusebenzayo kwezinga likazwelonke kanye nezimboni zamatiye amnyama.

Kulapha futhi umngcele obalulekile wobuchwepheshe phakathi ‘kwezitini ezintathu’. Ngokungafani ne-fuzhuan (茯砖), i-heizhuan ayinaso isigaba ‘sokuqhakaza’ (发花) — okusho ukuthi ‘ikhunta elisagolide’ i-Eurotium cristatum (冠突散囊菌, guāntū sǎnnángjūn) ayikhuliswa. Uma ku-fuzhuan ukukhula okulawulwayo kwezinhlamvu ezisagolide ku-25–45 °C kanye nomswakama ongu-75–90 % phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-15–22 kwenza ‘iphunga lefungus’ (菌花香) elivelele, i-heizhuan ilandela indlela ‘ehlanzekile’ yokucindezela ngokuqinile nokomiswa, ithuthukisa iphunga lokuguga ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwe-mycelium ebonakalayo. Isitini esimnyama sihluke ku-huazhuan (花砖) ngokungabi bikho kwemihlobiso yokuhlobisa emaphethelweni e-slab — sihlala siqinile futhi silula.

6. Izimpawu Zokuhlola Ngemizwa:

• Iphunga: ‘iphunga elidala’ lokuguga (陈香, chénxiāng).
• Ukunambitheka: ukugcwala okuhlanzekile, okulungisiwe (醇正, chúnzhèng); umhluzi uminyene, ushelele, unomzimba omnyama.

Ngokungafani ne-tianjian nentuthu yayo egqamile kamcako (松烟香) kanye ne-fuzhuan enephunga lefungus, i-heizhuan incike ekujuleni kwayo okuzolile kwetiye elimnyama eligugile.

9. Ukugxaza:

Njengoba i-slab icindezelwa ngokuqinile kakhulu, ukuze igxazwe iyehlukaniswa ngokucophelela ngommese wetiye, kukhishwe ingxenye edingekayo. Amatiye amnyama alolu hlobo athanda:

• amanzi abilayo ashi sagoqe (eduze ku-100 °C), aveza impahla evuthiwe;
• ukuwashwa — umhluzi wokuqala osheshayo ‘wokuvusa’ nokuhlanza ucezu oluqinile;
• ukugxazwa okuningi okufushane ngegayiwan noma ngetipoti ye-Yixing, ukwelulwa kancane kancane njengoba iqabunga livuleka;
• ukubilisa (煮茶) kwezingcezu zokugcina, esezikhiphe iphunga layo eliyinhloko — indlela efaneleka ngokukhethekile esitini esiqinile, esivuthiwe.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitini esigcinwe kahle siyavuleka ngokugcwele ngokuhamba kweminyaka — kuyo yonke i-heicha yase-Anhua kusebenza umgomo othi ‘indala iba nephunga elimnandi ngokwengeziwe’. Ukomiswa kokugcina okuthambile (≤65 °C) kuqinisa isimo futhi kulondoloze amandla okuvuthwa okuqhubekayo.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi:

• Ingxenye: i-heizhuan imiswe njengetiye esezingeni lentengo eliphakathi (中档) — umkhiqizo oqinile wansuku zonke.
• Ngokuminyana nesimo: i-heizhuan yangempela ibonakala ngokucindezela okuqinile kakhulu, okuminyene (紧实) kanye nejiyomethri ecophelelayo ye-slab.
• Ngokwempahla engavuthiwe: isisekelo yi-black maofeng yebanga lesibili kuya kwelesithathu, enikeza umzimba womhluzi ovuthiwe, oqinile, hhayi ukhukhamba ‘olumnene-olunezimbali’ lwezigaba eziphakeme kakhulu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Heizhuan yisimo lapho indima yomlando ‘yokhokho’ kanye nohlamvu oluthotshisiwe, oluqinile kuhambisana: itiye elingenazo izakhiwo ezimangalisayo ezifana nefungus elisagolide noma umhlobiso, kodwa kusukela kulo lapho kuqala khona ukuqonda ukuthi kuyini itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua elicindezelwe.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ozintathu:

• Ku-Fuzhuan (茯砖): i-heizhuan ayinazo ‘izimbali ezisagolide’ — uma kuhlukaniswa i-slab, akukho zinhlayiya eziphuzi ngokusagolide ze-Eurotium cristatum ezibonakalayo futhi akuzwakali phunga lefungus; ‘iphunga elidala’ elihlanzekile ngaphandle kwephunga lefungus.
• Ku-Huazhuan (花砖): i-heizhuan ilula, ayinawo umhlobiso, kanti i-huazhuan inephethini yokuhlobisa emaphethelweni amane e-slab.
• Kuzo ‘Ezicijile’ (三尖): i-heizhuan iyisitini esicindezelwe, hhayi itiye elivundlekile esimbengeni elilukiwe; ngokuvamile, ayinayo intuthu kamcako egqamile, evelele ku-tianjian ne-gongjian, eke yashiswa ngomlilo kamcako.