fèng qìng hóng chá

Itiye elibomvu laseFengqing lingenye yezinkulumo ezibalulekile zetiye elibomvu laseYunnan, elaziwa ngegama elijwayelekile elithi dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng). Lizalelwa esifundeni saseFengqing (凤庆县, Fèngqìng xiàn) sesifunda saseLincang (临沧市, Líncāng shì) eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseYunnan, ezintabeni ezingasemifuleni iLancang (澜沧江, Láncāng jiāng, ukugeleza okungenhla kweMekong). Yilapha khona ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1930 lapho kwaqala khona ukukhiqizwa i-dianhong, futhi kusukela lapho iFengqing yathola igama elingekho emthethweni elithi “ikhaya le-dianhong” (滇红之乡, Diānhóng zhī xiāng). Itiye laziswa ngenala yama-tips asagolide, ukunambitheka okuqinile okunambitheka njengoju nemithombo, kanye nokukhanya okuphuzi ngokusawolintshi okugqamile okunomphetho osagolide ongqikini. Isampula elithengiswa ngaphansi kwegama elithi 风庆金螺头春 limele itiye elibomvu elisongwe ngesandla “njengomshukela osagolide” weqoqo lokuqala lasentwasahlobo.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye elibomvu (eli-oksidwe ngokugcwele) — 红茶 (hóngchá).
Iqembu: itiye elibomvu laseYunnan i-dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng); ngokwendlela yokukhiqiza lingaphansi kwetiye elibomvu le-gongfu (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá).
Imvelaphi: isifunda saseFengqing, isifunda saseLincang, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南省, Yúnnán shěng), i-PRC.
Uhlobo lwento: uhlobo/isitayela/isigaba sesifunda.
Izinga: itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lilawulwa yizinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 13738.2; i-Fengqing dianhong futhi inesimo somkhiqizo onesiqondiso sendawo.

Igama elisuka ohlwini lwamanani elithi 风庆金螺头春 lihlakazwa kanje: 风庆 kuwukubhalwa okuvamile kwendawo ethi 凤庆 (Fèngqìng, Fengqing; uhlamvu 风 fēng luthatha indawo yoqobo 凤 fèng); 金螺 (jīn luó) — “umshukela osagolide” noma “umnenke osagolide”, okuwuphawu lwesimo sokusongeka; 头春 (tóuchūn) — “intwasahlobo yokuqala”, okusho iqoqo lokuqala lasentwasahlobo, elaziswa kakhulu ngobuncane bezinto zalo ezingavuthiwe.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

Unyaka wokuzalwa: 1938–1939, lapho uchwepheshe wetiye uFeng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘, Féng Shàoqiú) efika eYunnan futhi esungula ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elibomvu endaweni eyayiyisifunda saseShunning ngaleso sikhathi (顺宁, Shùnníng) — iFengqing yanamuhla.
Igama lokuqala: itiye laqala ukubizwa nge-yunhong (云红, Yúnhóng), kwabe sekugxilwa igama elithi dianhong (滇红), lapho u-滇 (Diān) eyisifinyezo seYunnan.
Ibhizinisi elisungulayo: Imboni Yetiye yaseFengqing (凤庆茶厂), eyasungulwa ngo-1939; kamuva — iFengqing Group “Dianhong”.

Ukuvela kwe-dianhong kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wokwakha itiye elibomvu elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngesikhathi lapho izindawo zendabuko zokukhiqiza itiye empumalanga yeChina zaziphazanyiswa yimpi. UFeng Shaoqiu wabhekisa ukunakekela ezihlahleni zamahlamvu amakhulu zaseYunnan futhi wathola itiye elinokuphakama okungavamile kwezintambo ezisagolide kanye nokunambitheka okunothile. Eminyakeni yokuqala, i-dianhong yakhombisa amazinga aphezulu emakethe yendali yaseLondon futhi yaba yinto ebalulekile yokuthunyelwa kwemali kwamanye amazwe. Kunendaba eyamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi amasampula e-dianhong yaseFengqing yezinga eliphezulu anikezwa njengesipho sobunxusa endlini yasebukhosini yaseBrithani; okuqinisekiswa ngemibhalo ngokuyinhloko isithunzi esiphezulu semakethe yetiye phesheya kwezilwandle.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Uhlobo lwezitshalo: Camellia sinensis var. assamica — uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu (ase-assam) lwesitshalo setiye.
I-cultivar: i-Yunnan yamahlamvu amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), ikakhulukazi i-Fengqing yamahlamvu amakhulu (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng) — i-cultivar ethuthukisiwe yasendaweni.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-”golden spiral”: igquma elilodwa noma igquma elineqabunga elilodwa elithambile leqoqo lokuqala; inala yezinwele ezincane (毫, háo) emagqumeni inikeza umbala osagolide owuqobo.

Uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lubonakala ngokuphakama kwe-polyphenols nezinto ezikhishwayo, okwenza kufanelekele kokubili itiye elibomvu ne-pu’er. Izinto ezingavuthiwe zivela kokubili ezihlahleni ezindala (古树, gǔshù) nasemasimini okutshala avamile (台地, táidì); imvelaphi yezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye neklasi leqoqo kuyilapho intengo nephrofayili yokunambitheka kuhluka kakhulu.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

Izixhumanisi: isifunda saseFengqing sisendaweni ephakathi kuka-24°13′–25°02′ enyakatho ye-latitude kanye no-99°31′–100°13′ empumalanga ye-longitude.
Ukuphakama: ukuphakama kwesifunda kuhluka cishe kusuka ku-900 kuya ngaphezu kwama-3000 m; izingadi zetiye zigxile kakhulu ebangeni lika-1500–2100 m.
Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical monsoon, enenhlanganisela ye-latitude ephansi nokuphakama okukhulu; izinga lokushisa lonyaka cishe lingu-16–17 °C, imvula yonyaka icishe ibe ngu-1300 mm.
Indawo: imithambeka yezintaba emfuleni iLancang, inhlabathi ebomvu ne-lateritic, inkungu evamile.

Inhlanganisela yokuhluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nosuku, ukukhanya okuhlakazekile ngaphansi kwamafu, nokuphakama kunomthelela ekuqongeleleni kwezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi noshukela oncibilikayo eqabungeni, okubalulekile ekuvundeni nase-”kubeni nomzimba” wokuphisa okuzayo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuqoqa (采摘, cǎizhāi): ngesandla, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo; ku-”golden spiral” kukhethwa ikakhulukazi amagquma nama-flush aneqabunga elilodwa elithambile.
Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukubunisa kweqabunga ukulahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama nokwandisa ukunwebeka.
Ukusonga nokubumba (揉捻, róuniǎn / 做形, zuòxíng): ukuqaliswa kwezinqubo ze-oxidative kanye nokunikeza isimo; ku-”golden snail” iqabunga lisongwa ngesandla libe yimisonge eqinile.
I-oksidishini, “ukuvutshelwa” (发酵, fājiào): isigaba esibalulekile se-oksidishini ephelele, esakha umbala obomvu wokuphisa kanye nephrofayili enambitheka njengoju nemithombo.
Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): ukumiswa kwe-oksidishini kanye nokugxilisa isimo nephunga elimnandi.

Ukubunjwa “kwe-golden spiral” kuwumsebenzi onzima futhi kwenziwa ngesandla, ngakho-ke amatiye anjalo avame ukuba sezigabeni zentengo eziphakeme kune-gongfu yomshini noma itiye elibomvu elisikiwe.

6. Izici Zomzwelo:

Iqabunga elomile: imisinga eqinile esongwe ngezinsimbi ezinombala osagolide nsundu, embozwe kakhulu izinwele ezisagolide (金毫, jīn háo).
Ukuphisa: okusobala, okuphuzi ngokusawolintshi okukhanyayo, okunomphetho osagolide ongqikini wenkomishi (金圈, jīn quān) — uphawu lokuphakama kwe-theaflavin.
Iphunga elimnandi: elinjengoju nelinjengemithombo, elinamathoni kabhatata obhakiwe, izithelo ezomisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi amanothi amancane amnandi njengezimbali.
Ukunambitheka: okugcwele, okunoshukela, okusongelayo, nokunambitheka okuthambile ngemuva; ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisezingeni eliphezulu cishe ngaphandle kwebuqa obubuhlungu.
Iqabunga eliphekiwe: elibomvu ngokwethusi, elilinganayo, elithambile uma ulithinta.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu ingxenye yawo iphezulu, okuqinisa ukuminyana kokuphisa.
Imikhiqizo ye-oksidishini: ama-theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), ama-thearubigin (茶红素, cháhóngsù), kanye nama-theabrownin (茶褐素, cháhèsù) — abhekene nombala, ukukhanya, kanye “nomzimba” wesiphuzo.
Ama-alkaloid: i-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn), evame ukuba ningi ohlotsheni lwe-assam kunohlobo lwamaqabunga amancane.
Ama-amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): anomthelela ekuvundeni nasekuthambekeni.
Izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi: izingxenye zotshwala ne-terpene, ezakha inhlanganisela enuka njengoju nezithelo.

Amanani aqondile ancike ku-cultivar, ukuphakama, isizini, nobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke kulapha kufanele kakhulu ukukhuluma ngesimo sokwakheka kunokuba ngezinombolo ezingaguquki.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Umphumela wokufudumeza: njengetiye eline-oksidishini ephelele, i-dianhong ibhekwa “njengokufudumele” ngokwemibono yendabuko yaseShayina futhi isebenza kancane esiswini kune-green tea.
Ukwesekwa kokugaya ukudla: ivame ukuphuzwa ngemva kokudla okunamafutha noma okunamafutha amaningi.
Amandla e-antioxidant: abangelwa ama-polyphenol nemikhiqizo ye-oksidishini yawo.
Ukuqabula: i-caffeine inikeza umphumela ovuselelayo.

Lezi zakhiwo akufanele zithathwe njengezinkomba zokwelapha. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe yi-caffeine, ukuphisa okuqinile akufanelekile ngaphambi kokulala noma uma umuntu ezwa ubuthaka ngokweqile.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma itiye pot elincane le-porcelain noma lobumba.
Amanzi: athambile, izinga lokushisa cishe lingu-85–95 °C; ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezithambile zamagquma anezinwele eziningi, kunengqondo ukuhlala eduze kuka-90 °C ukuze kugwenywe ubuqoba obungadingekile.
Isilinganiso: cishe u-4–5 g ku-100–120 ml.
Ukugeza: ukugeza okufushane imizuzwana emi-3–5 ngokuthanda.
Ama-steeps: ukuphisa kokuqala kubanjwa imizuzwana emi-5–10, isikhathi bese sandiswa kancane kancane; “i-golden spiral” esezingeni eliphezulu imelana nama-steeps amafushane ayisi-6–10 noma ngaphezulu.

Kungenzeka futhi ukuphisa okwenziwe lula: u-2–3 g ku-200–250 ml enkomishini noma etiye pot ngesikhathi sokuvezwa eside. Ngendlela ye-steeping, kufanele kuthululwe ukuphisa ngokuphelele ukuze iqabunga lingaphisiwe ngokweqile futhi kungaveli ukubaba.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitsha: esivalekayo, esingangenwa ukukhanya, esingenaphunga elingavamile.
Izimo: ukuphola, ukoma, ukungabi bikho kwamaphunga aqine eduze.
Isikhathi: itiye elibomvu livuleka kangcono eminyakeni yokuqala engu-1–2 ngemva kokukhiqizwa; ngokuvamile liphuzwa phakathi neminyaka emi-2–3.

Ngokungafani ne-pu’er, itiye elibomvu alenzelwe “ukuguga” isikhathi eside: ngokuhamba kweminyaka, iphunga lalo elimnandi liyafiphala, futhi iphalethi entsha enambitheka njengoju nemithombo iyancipha.

11. Intengo Nemikhohliso:

Ukuhluka kwezintengo: kubanzi kakhulu — kusuka ku-dianhong evamile engabizi kuya ematiyeni abiza kakhudlwana akhiwe ngesandla avela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezikhethekile zakuqala noma ezivela ezihlahleni ezindala.
Okwenza itiye libize kakhulu: ingxenye yamagquma nezinwele ezisagolide, iqoqo lokuqala lasentwasahlobo, ukusongwa ngesandla, imvelaphi yezinto ezingavuthiwe.

Izindlela eziyinhloko zokukhohlisa: ukufaka umbala kuma-tips ukuze kulingiswe “igolide”, ukuveza izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivamile njengezinto ezivela ezihlahleni ezindala noma “njengentwasahlobo yokuqala” (头春), ukuxuba amakilasi, ukwengeza iziqholo esikhundleni sethoni yemvelo enjengoju. Izinkomba ezingokoqobo lapho uhlola: umbala osagolide wemvelo unikezwa izinwele ezincane emagqumeni, hhayi “umbala ofakiwe” osagolide olinganayo; ukuphisa kufanele kucace kunomphetho osagolide, ngaphandle kokufiphala; iphunga elimnandi — limvelo, hhayi okuyisicaba njengamakha; iqabunga eliphekiwe — eliphelele, elinwebekayo, elibomvu ngokwethusi. Inqwaba “egqoke” kakhulu yombala osagolide ofanayo ngentengo ephansi ngokusolisayo kuyisizathu sokungabaza. Izimangalo “zesihlahla sasendulo” kanye “nentwasahlobo yokuqala” ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okuqondakalayo kwemvelaphi kufanele kubhekwe ngokuhlolisisa.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Ubaba we-dianhong: ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwetiye elibomvu kule ndawo kwasungulwa nguFeng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘) ngo-1938–1939, ngesikhathi sesifunda saseShunning.
Isihlahla sasendulo: endaweni yaseXiangzhuqing (香竹箐, Xiāngzhúqìng) endaweni yaseXiaowan (小湾镇, Xiǎowān zhèn) esifundeni saseFengqing, kukhula isihlahla setiye esilinyiwe, ubudala baso bulinganiselwa cishe eminyakeni engama-3200 — esinye sezihlahla zetiye ezindala kakhulu ezaziwayo zalolu hlobo.
Udumo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe: kakade eminyakeni yokuqala yobukhona bayo, i-dianhong yathola izilinganiso eziphezulu emakethe yaseLondon futhi yasebenza njengento ebalulekile yemali yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Incazelo yegama: 滇红 ngokwezwi nezwi lisho “okubomvu [itiye elivela e-] Dian”, lapho u-滇 eyigama elifushanisiwe lakudala laseYunnan.
Imaki yekhwalithi: umphetho osagolide wokuphisa (金圈) ngokwesiko uthathwa njengophawu lwetiye elibomvu elicebile ngama-theaflavin, neliphilayo.

Ekuphetheni:

Itiye elibomvu laseFengqing liwuphawu lwe-dianhong yaseYunnan, ehlanganisa izinto ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu, i-terroir ethambile yezintaba emfuleni iLancang, kanye nomlando oqale nge-dianhong yokuqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1930. Uhlobo “lwe-golden spiral” lweqoqo lokuqala lasentwasahlobo lugqamisa ukubunjwa ngesandla kanye nokuba khona okuningi kwezinwele ezisagolide, okunikeza ukunambitheka okuqinile okunambitheka njengoju nemithombo kanye nokukhanya okuphuzi ngokusawolintshi okugqamile okunomphetho osagolide.

Lapho uthenga, kunengqondo ukuqondiswa hhayi ngamalebula agqamile athi “isihlahla sasendulo” “nentwasahlobo yokuqala”, kodwa ngezimpawu ezibambekayo: ubumsulwa nokukhanya kokuphisa, ubunjalo bephunga elimnandi, isimo seqabunga eliphekiwe, kanye nokwanela kwentengo. Iphiliswa ngamanzi athambile ezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe futhi ithululwe ngokuphisa okufushane, itiye elinjalo livuleka ngomusa futhi likhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi kungani iFengqing ibizwa ngekhaya le-dianhong.

the teas described here are available from teamotea