bái yīng shān hóng chá

Itiye elibomvu lase-Baiyingshan (白莺山红茶, Báiyīngshān hóngchá) yitiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan (ngokwamatemu aseNtshonalanga, elimnyama, eline-oxidised ngokuphelele), lenziwe ngezinto eziqoqiwe ezintabeni zase-Baiyingshan osebeni olusentshonalanga loMfula i-Lancang (澜沧江, Láncāngjiāng, umgudu ongaphezulu we-Mekong) esifundeni sase-Yunxian (云县, Yún Xiàn) esigungwini sase-Lincang (临沧, Líncāng) esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. Igama lokuhweba i-Baiyingshan Jinluo (白莺山金螺, Báiyīngshān jīnluó, “umshukulo wegolide wase-Baiyingshan”) likhomba uhlobo lokusonteka: imishukulo eminyene enoboya obuningi obusagolide. I-Baiyingshan idume ngokuyinhloko ngezihlahla zetiye zasendulo kanye nokuhlukahluka okukhethekile kwezinhlobo zendawo zesitshalo setiye, okuyinto eyenza ukuthi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imnyuziyamu yemvelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwetiye. Itiye elibomvu lapha liwumkhakha omusha wokucubungula uma uqhathaniswa nezinto zokuqala zakudala ze-pu’er, nokho ukunotha kwezinhlobonhlobo nezihlahla ezindala kunikeza isiphuzo ukujula nobumnandi obuphawulekayo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), eline-oxidised ngokuphelele.
Isitayela: i-Jinluo (金螺, jīnluó) — imishukulo esontekwe ngesandla enama-tip asagolide (金毫, jīnháo).
Imvelaphi: izintaba zase-Baiyingshan, ilokishi lase-Manwan (漫湾镇, Mànwān Zhèn), isifunda sase-Yunxian, isigungu sase-Lincang, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan.
I-cultivar yezinto zokuqala: i-Yunnan enamaqabunga amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng) kanye nezinhlobo zomdabu zendawo (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng) zase-Baiyingshan.
Indawo ohlelweni: ingaphansi komndeni omkhulu wamatiye abomvu ase-Yunnan i-dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng).

I-Dianhong yigama elihlanganisayo lamatiye abomvu ase-Yunnan, elavela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1930. I-Baiyingshan Jinluo imele ukuhluka kwesifunda kanye “ne-terroir” ngaphakathi kwalo mndeni: ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula buyefana ncamashi nalobo bamanye ama-dianhong, kodwa izinto zokuqala zokuqala zivela endaweni encane ethile enezihlahla zasendulo, okuyinto eyihlukanisa nama-dianhong amaningi amasimu.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Isifunda sokuqala: i-Baiyingshan ibhekwa njengesinye sezikhungo zokuhlala ndawonye isikhathi eside kwezitshalo zetiye zasendle, eziyisiguquko nezilinywayo.
Igama: ngokwencazelo yendawo evamile “i-Baiyingshan” ihunyushwa ngokuthi “intaba yamapholi amhlophe/izinyoni” futhi ihlotshaniswa nezinyoni, ezake zagcwala kule mithambeka ngenani elikhulu.

Ngokomlando i-Baiyingshan yaziwa njengomthombo wezinto zokuqala ze-pu’er ecindezelweyo nexegayo: abantu bendawo amakhulu eminyaka babebuthela amaqabunga ezihlahleni ezindala ngezidingo zabo siqu nokushintshanisa. Ukunakwa okubanzi kwemakethe kulesi sifunda kwafika kanye nentshisekelo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi itiye lezihlahla zasendulo (古树, gǔshù) ngawo-2000. Itiye elibomvu e-Baiyingshan liwumkhakha omusha ngokuqhathaniswa: ubuchwepheshe be-oxidation ephelele bafika busuka esikweni elijwayelekile lase-Yunnan le-dianhong futhi kwasetshenziswa ezintweni zokuqala zendawo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, ukuze kutholakale isiphuzo esimnandi, esithambile, esibabayo kancane kune-pu’er esencane eshēng esuka eqabungeni elifanayo. Ngakho-ke, i-Baiyingshan Jinluo ngokwesiko izuza ifa layo emgqeni we-dianhong, kanye nodumo lwe-Baiyingshan njengendawo yokulondoloza izihlahla zetiye zasendulo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokuqala:

Izinhlobo nohlobo oluncane: ikakhulukazi itiye laseShayina lohlobo lwase-Assam (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), uhlobo olunamaqabunga amakhulu.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo: e-Baiyingshan kubhalwa uchungechunge oluphelele lwezinhlobo zomdabu zendawo; emithonjeni yokwaziswa kuvame ukushiwo, phakathi kokunye, i-Benshan (本山茶, běnshān chá), i-Heitiaozi (黑条子, hēitiáozi), i-Erheizi (二嘿子, èrhēizi), i-Doukou (豆蔻茶, dòukòu chá).
Ubudala bezihlahla: kusuka ezitshalweni ezincane kuye ezihlahleni ezindala ezinamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa.
Izinto zokuqala: ama-flush amancane anobuningi bamaqabunga amancane; ngesitayela se-Jinluo kuthakazelelwa kakhulu ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaqabunga amancane, okunikeza uboya obusagolide.

Isici esikhethekile se-Baiyingshan ukuhlangana kwezihlahla, abacwaningi abazibeka ohlotsheni lwasendle (野生型, yěshēngxíng), ohlotsheni oluphakathi (过渡型, guòdùxíng) kanye nohlotsheni olulinywayo (栽培型, zāipéixíng). Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezihlobene netiye lase-Dali (大理茶, Dàlǐ chá, Camellia taliensis), kwenza isifunda sibe into ebalulekile yokufunda umsuka nokufuywa kwesitshalo setiye. Ngetiye elibomvu ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izinto zokuqala ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezilinywayo neziphakathi, ezinikeza ubumnandi obuphawulekayo kanye “nokunambitheka koju”.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokulima:

Ukuphakama: amasimu etiye atholakala ngokuyinhloko ebangeni elicishe libe ngu-1800–2300 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Isimo sendawo namanzi: usebe olusentshonalanga loMfula i-Lancang endaweni yaseManwan, imithambeka yezintaba eguguleke ngokujulile.
Isimo sezulu: isimo sezulu sezintaba esishisayo esinezikhathi ezibonakalayo ezomile nezinemvula, ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku, inkungu evamile.
Uhlobo lokuphathwa kwezolimo: inhlanganisela yezihlahla ezindala ezihlakazekile (uhlobo lwengadi-yehlathi) kanye nezitshalo zakamuva.

Ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa nsuku zonke endaweni ephakeme kunomthelela ekuqongeleleni kwezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi nezinambithekayo eqabungeni, kanti inkungu nokukhanya okuhlakazekile kunciphisa ukubaba. Isigodi somfula i-Lancang kanye nokuba seduze kohlelo lwezintaba i-Wuliang (无量山, Wúliàng Shān) osebeni oluphambene kwakha isimo sezulu sendawo esincane. Izihlahla ezindala ezinesistimu yezimpande ejulile zinikeza izinto zokuqala ezinokumnandi “okunothile” okuqinile ngokuqhathaniswa namasimu amancane.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): ukuvuna ngesandla kwama-flush amancane, nge-Jinluo esezingeni eliphezulu — anesabelo esikhulu samaqabunga amancane.
Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukubunisa kancane amaqabunga ukuze kulahlakale ingxenye yomswakama futhi kukhuphuke ukunwebeka.
Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukucekela phansi kwezakhiwo zamaseli kanye nokuqalisa i-oxidation.
I-Oxidation (发酵, fājiào): isinyathelo esibalulekile, esinquma ukumnandi okubomvu kanye nephrofayili yezithelo zoju; uma sikhuluma ngokuqinile, lokhu yi-oxidation ye-enzymatic, hhayi ukuvutshelwa kwe-microbial.
Ukubunjwa (做形, zuòxíng): ukusonteka ngesandla kweqabunga kube imishukulo “iminenke”, okuyisici sesitayela se-Jinluo.
Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): ukuqinisa ukubunjwa nephunga elimnandi, ukuletha kumswakama ozinzile.

Umehluko we-Jinluo kuma-dianhong aqondile, “anenaliti” ulele ncamashi ekubunjweni okunzima ngesandla: amaqabunga asontekwa abe umshukulo, ngenxa yalokho itiye elilungile lithola ukubukeka okwaziwayo kwemishukulo eminyene enoboya obusagolide. Izinga nobude be-oxidation ingcweti ikulungisa ngokuya ngezinto zokuqala ezithile, ifinyelela ukulingana phakathi kobumnandi nobukhulu bokumnandi.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

Iqabunga elomile: imishukulo eqinile emnyama ensundu enama-tip asagolide abonakalayo.
Umbala wokumnandi: kusuka kokusagolide-okuwolintshi kuya kokubomvu okucacile, ngokuvamile kukhanya futhi kukhanya.
Iphunga elimnandi: iphunga loju (蜜香, mìxiāng) kanye nephunga lezimbali-oju (花蜜香, huāmìxiāng), ngokuvamile linamaphuzu ezithelo ezomisiwe, izinto zokubhaka ezifudumele, izithelo ezivuthiwe.
Ukunambitheka: kumnandi, kuthambile, kuqinile, kunobukhulu obuyindilinga bezinto zokuqala ezinamaqabunga amakhulu futhi ngaphandle kokubaba okubukhali.
I-aftertaste: ukubuya okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside (回甘, huígān), umuzwa “wokujiya” emlonyeni.

I-Baiyingshan Jinluo eyenziwe kahle igqama ngokuhlanzeka kwephunga elimnandi ngaphandle kwamanothi ashisayo futhi “omile”, kanye nokuqina kokumnandi lapho kuthululelwa izikhathi eziningi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-polyphenol etiye (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): eqabungeni elisha elinamaqabunga amakhulu isabelo sawo siphezulu; ngesikhathi se-oxidation ingxenye enkulu iguqukela kuma-pigment.
Ama-pigment e-oxidation: ama-theaflavin (茶黄素, chá huángsù), ama-thearubigin (茶红素, chá hóngsù), ama-theabrownin (茶褐素, chá hèsù) — akha umbala nobukhulu bokumnandi.
I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): ezintweni zokuqala zase-Yunnan ezinamaqabunga amakhulu kubonakala ukuqukethwe okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ama-amino acid: kuhlanganise ne-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān), ehlotshaniswa nomuzwa wobumnandi kanye “nokunambitheka okumnandi”.
Izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi: ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziguquguqukayo, ezakheka ngesikhathi sokubuna ne-oxidation futhi ezinikeza isixha sezithelo zoju.

Amanani aqondile ancike eqenjini elithile, ubudala bezihlahla, inkathi kanye nobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke lapha kulungile kakhulu ukukhuluma ngemikhuba yekhwalithi, hhayi ngezinombolo ezingaguquki.

8. Izinto Eziwusizo:

Ubumnene esiswini: amatiye abomvu ane-oxidised ngokuvamile athathwa njengathi “afudumele” futhi amnene uma kuqhathaniswa naluhlaza.
Ama-antioxidant: ama-polyphenol kanye nemikhiqizo yawo ye-oxidation anomsebenzi we-antioxidant.
Ukuqabula: i-caffeine inikeza umphumela wokuqinisa amandla.

Amaphuzu anikeziwe akhombisa imibono ejwayelekile ngetiye elibomvu futhi awazona izincomo zezokwelapha. Ukubekezelelana komuntu ngamunye kwe-caffeine kwehlukahlukene; abantu abazwelayo kuyo kufanele bakucabangele lokhu lapho bekhetha isikhathi nokuqina kokugxilisa itiye.

9. Ukugxilisa Itiye:

Izitsha: i-gaiwan noma i-teapot encane eyenziwe nge-porcelain noma ubumba lwe-Yixing, umthamo ongu-100–150 ml.
Isilinganiso: ngokukala cishe u-4–5 g ku-100–120 ml ngendlela yokuthululela.
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: cishe u-90–95 °C; uma izinto zokuqala zamaqabunga amancane zithambile, iba ngaphansi umkhawulo webanga.
Ukuwasha: ukuhlambulula okufushane imizuzwana engu-3–5 ngokuthanda, ngokwengeziwe “ukuze kwembulwe” iqabunga, kunokuba kudingeke.
Ukuthululela: ukungena kokuqala imizuzwana engu-5–10 ngokunyuka kancane kancane; izinto zokuqala ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezivela ezihlahleni zasendulo zimelana nokuthululela okuyi-8–12.

Ngendlela yaseYurophu ungathatha cishe u-3 g ku-200–250 ml wamanzi ku-90 °C bese ugxilisa imizuzu engu-3–4. Amanzi abilayo agwinya kakhulu kanye nokugxilisa isikhathi eside ngokweqile kukhulisa ukubaba futhi kunciphisa iphunga elimnandi likaju elicwengekileyo, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuqala ekuthululeleni okufushane bese ulungisa ngokunambitheka kwakho.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitsha: ukupakishwa okuvaleka ngokuqinile okungahluli ukukhanya noma ibhodlela.
Izimo: indawo epholile, ubumnyama, ukoma, ukungabikho kwephunga elingaphandle.
Umakhelwane: gcina kude nezinongo, ikhofi, amakha — itiye limunca kalula amaphunga.
Isikhathi sosuku: itiye elibomvu alihloselwe ukuvuthwa isikhathi eside, njenge-pu’er; iphrofayili emnandi yezithelo zoju entsha ibonakala kakhulu eminyakeni yokuqala eyodwa kuya kwemibili.

Itiye elibomvu lizinzile uma kuqhathaniswa futhi alidingi izimo ezikhethekile ezifana nomswakama olawulwayo, kodwa uma kufinyeleleka umoya, ukukhanya nomswakama iphunga elimnandi liyafiphala kancane kancane. Amaqoqo amancane kulula ukuwagcina esitsheni esihlukile esivaleka ngokuqinile, uvula njengoba kudingeka.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhohliso:

Ibanga: ama-dianhong amaningi abiza kancane, kanti itiye elibomvu elivela ezihlahleni zasendulo eziqinisekisiwe zase-Baiyingshan lingaphansi kwesigaba se-premium, futhi intengo iphakeme ngokuphawulekayo kunesilinganiso semakethe.
Yini enomthelela entengweni: ubudala bezihlahla, isabelo samaqabunga amancane, inkathi yokuvuna, ukucophelela kokubunjwa ngesandla, idumela lomkhiqizi.

Izingozi eziyinhloko zemakethe. Okokuqala, ngaphansi kwegama letiye “lezihlahla” (古树) kuvame ukudayiswa izinto zokuqala zamasimu — umbhalo osemaphaketheni uwedwa awuqinisekisi lutho. Okwesibili, kuyenzeka ukuthi kuxutshwe ingxenye encane yezinto zokuqala zase-Baiyingshan nama-dianhong ase-Yunnan ashibhile. Okwesithathu, ngezikhathi ezimbalwa kusetshenziswa izinto zokunambitheka, ezinikeza ubumnandi “obufana no-swidi” obuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ungawunciphisa kanjani ubungozi bephutha: ungabaza ngentengo ephansi kakhulu ngetiye “lezihlahla” elifunwayo; hlola ubungokwemvelo bephunga elimnandi — ubumnandi bokwenziwa buveza ukunambitheka kokwenziwa; bheka iqabunga elixutshwe ngamanzi (kufanele liphelele, linwebeke, lifane); khetha abadayisi abazimisele ukucacisa indawo ethile kanye nenkathi, futhi uma kungenzeka nambitha itiye ngaphambi kokuthenga iqoqo elikhulu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Baiyingshan ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “imnyuziyamu yemvelo yezihlahla zetiye zasendulo” ngenxa yokuhlangana kwezinhlobo zasendle, eziphakathi nezilinywayo endaweni eyodwa.
Isikhathi eside isifunda besaziwa ncamashi njengomthombo wezinto zokuqala ze-pu’er, futhi itiye elibomvu lapha liwukufundwa okusha kweqabunga elifanayo.
Igama lesitayela “i-Jinluo” (umshukulo wegolide) lichaza ngasikhathi sinye ukubunjwa kokusonteka, kanye noboya obusagolide bamaqabunga amancane.
Usebe oluphambene lwe-Lancang luhehela ohlelweni lwezintaba i-Wuliang, ngakho-ke isifunda silele emngceleni wezindawo zetiye ezaziwayo zase-Lincang kanye nezindawo ezingomakhelwane.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Baiyingshan Jinluo (白莺山红茶, Báiyīngshān hóngchá) eyenziwe ngesitayela se-Jinluo iyisibonelo sokuthi ubuchwepheshe obaziwayo be-dianhong buvezwa kanjani ngezinto zokuqala ezikhethekile ze-terroir. Iphrofayili emnandi, ethambile, enezithelo zoju ngaphandle kokubaba okubukhali iyenza iqondakale nakulabo abasafufusa ukwazana namatiye abomvu ase-Yunnan, futhi ukuxhumana nesinye sezifunda ezibalulekile zezihlahla zetiye zasendulo kunikeza isiphuzo isisindo esingeziwe somqondo.

Ekuthengeni kunengqondo ukungagxili emagameni amakhulu “ezihlahla zasendulo” emaphaketheni, kodwa edumeini lomdayisi, ekubeni selubala kwemvelaphi kanye nasemizweni yomuntu siqu ngesikhathi sokunambitha. Igxiliswe ngokuthululela okufushane ezingeni lokushisa elipholile, leli tiye likhombisa ubumnandi balo nokuqina kwalo kangcono kunakho konke futhi lihlala liyisingeniso esihle emhlabeni wamatiye ase-Lincang.

the teas described here are available from teamotea