huā juǎn

Umndeni wama- huā juǎn (花卷) uwumugqa wezinsika ezicindezelwe ze-heicha ezivela esifundeni sase-Anhua, lapho isisindo, esithungelwe egameni ngokwalo, sakha izitebhisi kusukela ku- shí liǎng chá omncane (十两茶) kuya ku- qiān liǎng chá oyinsumansumane (千两茶). I-Bǎiliǎng (百两茶) ne-Shíliǎng (十两茶) ziyizinyathelo ezincane, “zasekhaya” zobuchwepheshe obufanayo obwazala “inkosi yetiye”.

Umsuka nendawo

Wonke ama-huā juǎn angawomndeni omkhulu wetiye elimnyama lase-Anhua (安化黑茶, Ānhuà hēichá) elivela esifundazweni sase-Hunan. Lena yindawo enezintaba enesimo sezulu esishisayo esinomswakama, inkungu, kanye nomhlabathi ocebile ngamadwala agugulekile, — izimo lapho kukhula khona impahla eluhlaza enamahlamvu amakhulu, emahhadlahhadla, ekulungele ukuvutshelwa isikhathi eside kanye nokuvuthwa iminyaka eminingi.

Ikhathalogi yomthetho-sisekelo yomkhiqizo wase-Anhua ichazwa ngefomula ethi “三尖三砖一卷” (sān jiān sān zhuān yī juǎn) — “izihloko ezintathu ezicijile, izitini ezintathu, umqulu owodwa”. “Umqulu owodwa” (一卷) yiwo mugqa we-huā juǎn, okuhlanganisa izinsika zawo wonke amakhalibha esisindo. I-Bǎiliǎng ne-Shíliǎng zimi e-eksisi efanayo ne-Qiānliǎng, zehluka kuyo ngosayizi nesisindo kuphela.

Impahla eluhlaza nezinga

Isisekelo sawo wonke umugqa womkhiqizo yi-black maocha (黑毛茶, hēi máochá) yezinga lesibili nelesithathu (二-三级). Lena yimpahla eluhlaza engagayiwe kahle emahhadlahhadla, ekhombisa ubukhona beqabunga elivuthiwe kakhudlwana neziqu, — iyona enikeza “imiqulu” ukuminyana, ukwakheka kanye namandla okukhulisa iminyaka eminingi. Amakilasi ama-maocha athambile ahamba esezitiyeni “ezihloko ezicijile” zochungechunge lwe- sān jiān (天尖, 贡尖), kanti ezinsikeni okubalulekile ubukhulu, ukuqina kwenqwaba ecindezelwe kanye nekhono lokuvuthwa ngokulinganayo emashumini eminyaka.

Umqondo wezitebhisi zesisindo

Igama lomkhiqizo ngamunye liyisilinganiso esidala sesisindo 两 (liǎng). Inkomba yaloluhlu yi-qiānliǎng — “inkulungwane yama- liǎng”, insika enesisindo esicishe sibe ngu-36.25 kg nobude obucishe bube ngu-1.65 m. Amanye amakhalibha akhiwe azungeze yona:

• 十两茶 (shí liǎng chá) — “ishumi lama-liǎng”, ifomethi encane kunazo zonke;
• 百两茶 (bǎi liǎng chá) — “ikhulu lama-liǎng”;
• 五百两 (wǔ bǎi liǎng) — “amakhulu amahlanu ama-liǎng”;
• 千两 (qiān liǎng) — “inkulungwane yama-liǎng”, insika eyinkomba;
• 万两 (wàn liǎng) — “izinkulungwane eziyishumi zama-liǎng”, inkulu kunazo zonke.

Njengoba isisindo sinqunywe ngenani lama-liǎng amadala, i-bǎiliǎng ne-shíliǎng zilula ngokulinganayo kune-qiānliǎng — akuseyona insika “yobukhosi” esindayo, kodwa izinsika ezihlangene zefomethi yasekhaya neyesipho. Ukuhlangana okuyikona okwenza i-bǎiliǎng ibe ngumkhiqizo olungele ukuhweba ezindaweni ezikude.

Ubuchwepheshe: 踩制 — “ukunyathela” umqulu

Isiginesha enkulu yobuchwepheshe balo lonke luchungechunge i-cǎi zhì (踩制), ukunyathelwa ngesandla nokuqiniswa kwetiye laba isilinda esiminyene. I-Bǎiliǎng ne-Shíliǎng zenziwa ngendlela efanayo ne-Qiānliǎng, ngezinga elincane kuphela. Ukulandelana kwemisebenzi kunjengokulandelayo:

1. 汽蒸 (qì zhēng) — ukubiliswa kwe-maocha ngesitimu, ukuze iqabunga lithambe futhi lithobeke.
2. 装篓 (zhuāng lǒu) — ukugxishwa kwetiye elifudunyeziwe esikhwameni esilukiweyo soqalo i-miè lǒu (篾篓). “Ingubo” yangaphakathi yensika inezendlalelo eziningi: i-palm fiber (棕, zōng) kanye namacembe e-persicaria (蓼叶, liǎo yè) kwendlala ukulukwa koqalo, kwakha “ihembe” eliyingqayizivele lomqulu.
3. 滚踩压绞锤 (gǔn cǎi yā jiǎo chuí) — ukugingqa, ukunyathela ngezinyawo, ukucindezela nokuqinisa nge-lever “isando”. Iqembu lezingcweti liyayigingqa futhi liqinise insika, lifinyelela ukuminyana okuphezulu.
4. 日晒夜露 (rì shài yè lù) — “emini elangeni, ebusuku emazolini”. Izinsika eziqediwe zigcinwa ngaphandle ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esivulekile izinsuku ezingaba ngu-50, lapho ukushintshashintsha kokushisa nomswakama kuqala khona ukuguqulwa okuhamba kancane kwe-microbial ne-fermentative ngaphakathi naphakathi kwenqwaba ecindezelwe.

Lesi sigaba “selanga namazolo” siwukhiye: sehlukanisa i-huā juǎn ezitini zochungechunge lwe- sān zhuān, ezomiswa emakamelweni ekushiseni okulawulwayo. Ukuvuthwa kwemvelo ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka kuyikho okunikeza izinsika ukujula kwazo okukhethekile.

Amazinga nesimo

Itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua lilinganiswa njengesigaba esizimele se-heicha ohlelweni lwamazinga kazwelonke e-PRC. Ukubaluleka okukhethekile kwe-huā juǎn kuqinisekiswa futhi nesiko: ubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-qiānliǎng chá bufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu esizwe angabambekayo (国家级非物质文化遗产) ngonyaka we-2008. I-bǎiliǎng ne-shíliǎng, ezenziwe ngendlela efanayo ye- cǎi zhì, zizuza leli khono ngezinga elincisiwe.

Ukunambitheka nokwenziwa kwetiye

Imiqulu ingeyesitayela esithi “indala, inephunga elimnandi” (越陈越香, yuè chén yuè xiāng). Itiye elincane lisagcina inothi lamahhadlahhadla, kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka lithola ukuthamba: ukuthelwa kuba mnyama-amber, kuminyene, kunephunga elimnandi “elidala” eligugileyo (陈香, chén xiāng), ukunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi cishe akunabukrakra.

Njengoba inqwaba iminyene yaqina okwetshe, ngaphambi kokuphuzwa, kusaha noma kuklanywe idiski eliyizicaba ensikeni, bese lelo diski liphahlwa libe yizicucu ezincane. Ku-bǎiliǎng ne-shíliǎng, amadiski azo mancane kunalawo e-qiānliǎng, kulula ukukwenza lokhu kunokusebenza nensika enzima engu-36 kilogram. Itiye livuleka kahle ngokuthelwa okuphindelelayo ku-gaiwan noma kutipoti, futhi impahla eluhlaza eminyene nemahhadlahhadla yemiqulu ekhulisiwe ilungele nokubiliswa.

Umlando nesiko

Umugqa we-huā juǎn wazalwa ngenxa yesidingo sezohwebo. I-bǎiliǎng njengefomu ibhalwa kusukela esikhathini sokubusa kuka-Daoguang (清道光) wohlanga lwase-Qing: ihlotshaniswa nabathengisi baseShaanxi (陕商, shǎn shāng), ababedinga itiye elilinganisiwe, elipakishwe ngokuminyene futhi elimelana nezithuthi emizileni yamakharavani. Kulesi sidingo sezebhizinisi kamuva kwakhula amakhalibha amakhulu kuze kufike ku-qiānliǎng — insika eyabizwa ngokuthi “inkosi yetiye emhlabeni” (世界茶王).

Ubuchwepheshe bokunyathela izinsika budinga umsebenzi omningi, futhi esikhathini sezimboni, ingxenye yomkhiqizo yathathelwa indawo yi- huā zhuān (花砖) — “isitini esinamaphethini” esinomhlobiso emaphethelweni, okukhishwa kwaso kusukela ngo-1958 kwaba yindawo ehlangene engene esikhundleni se-qiānliǎng enkulu. Kodwa-ke, imiqulu ngokwayo yagcinwa njengesiko eliphilayo lezandla nelokuqoqwa, futhi izitebhisi zesisindo kusukela ku-shíliǎng kuya ku-wànliǎng zihlala ziwuphawu lwazo olwaziwayo.

Indlela yokwehlukanisa

• Ifomu nokulukwa. I-huā juǎn yangempela iyinsika eyisilinda esikhwameni esilukiwe soqalo esinendlalelo yangaphakathi ye-palm fiber namacembe e-persicaria; ububanzi nobude buhambisana ngqo nesilinganiso sesisindo.
• Ikhalibha uma kuqhathaniswa negama. Ingxenye eyinombolo yegama iyisisindo ngama-liǎng amadala: i-shíliǎng incane, i-bǎiliǎng inkulu, i-qiānliǎng iyinkomba ~36 kg no ~1.65 m. Ukungahambisani kosayizi negama elimenyezelwe kuwuphawu oluyisixwayiso.
• Izimpawu ze- 踩制. Insika enyathelwe iminyene ngokwedlulele; ekuhlukaneni kwesicucu kubonakala isakhiwo esiqinile, esiyizendlalelo zeqabunga elimahhadlahhadla elicindezelwe kanye neziqu zebanga lesibili nelesithathu.
• Iphunga lokuguga. Umqulu osewuthuthukile unikeza i- chén xiāng ehlanzekile engenaphunga lokukhunta elibi; ukuthelwa kukhanya, kumnyama-amber, futhi kunokunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside.
• Umehluko ngezitini. Ngokungafani ne-fú zhuān (茯砖), imiqulu ayinalo “imbali yegolide” (金花) njengesiginesha eyimpoqo, futhi ihluke ku-hēi zhuān naku-huā zhuān ngqo ngefomu eyisilinda kanye nesigaba “selanga namazolo” ekukhiqizeni.

I-Bǎiliǎng ne-Shíliǎng kungumqondo ofanayo womqulu wase-Anhua nowe-qiānliǎng edumile, kodwa ngesilinganiso somuntu: ihlangene ngokwanele ukuthi ingahlala ekhaya, futhi ihlonipheke ngokwanele ukuthi ingakhulisa iminyaka.