biānxiāo ∕ qiáoxiāo

Itiye elimnyama (黑茶, hēichá) — ukuphela kwesigaba esikhulu setiye laseShayina, umlando waso ongazange unqunywe amakamelo okunambitha, kodwa okuhlelwa kwezinto nokuma kwezombusazwe: ukuthi “isitini” esicindezelwe sasiya kuphi nokuthi sasinathwa ngubani. Amagatsha amabili amakhulu okuhweba — elesemngceleni (边销, biānxiāo) nelamazwe angaphandle namashayina, “elesigodlo” (侨销, qiáoxiāo) — abeka isimo, indlela yokuvutshelwa kanye nodumo lwamashumi ezinhlobo, futhi kwaxhuma wona neYurophu ngoMkhondo Omkhulu Wetiye — 万里茶道 (wànlǐ chádào).

Itiye Elimnyama Njengempahla Yamasu

Emakhulwini eminyaka, i-黑茶 kwakungeyona into ewubukhazikhazi, kodwa kwakuyimpahla ebalulekile kuhulumeni — 边销茶 (biānxiāo chá), “itiye lokudayisela emngceleni”. Izitini ezicindezelwe zazithunyelwa eTibhet, eMongoliya naseXinjiang, lapho zaba yingxenye yokudla kwansuku zonke okunenyama nobisi lwabantu bokufuduka nabasezintabeni eziphakeme: ezimeni zokuntuleka kokudla kwemifino, itiye eliqinile neligugisiwe lalibamba iqhaza njengesengezo esibalulekile ekudleni okunamafutha namanoni.

Kulesi sidingo kwavela enye yezinhlelo ezindala kakhulu zokuhwebelana eMpumalanga Asia — 茶马互市 (chámǎ hùshì), “ukuhweba ngetiye namahhashi”: umbuso wawuhwebelana nabantu basemathafeni amahhashi empi ngetiye elicindezelwe. Kanjalo itiye laba ithuluzi lokuhlinzekela amasosha nezokuxhumana, futhi ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwalo kwakuvame ukulawulwa uhulumeni (kuvela umqondo othi 官茶, guānchá — “itiye likahulumeni”). Lo mqondo wamasu uchaza ukuthi kungani itiye elimnyama lasemngceleni licishe lihlale licindezelwa: isitini sihlangene, siyakwazi ukumelana nokuhanjiswa isikhathi eside emigqeni nokugcinwa iminyaka.

Amagatsha Amabili Okuhlelwa Kwezinto

Ngaphakathi kwetiye elimnyama, kwavela amagatsha amabili ahluke ngokuphelele okudayisa, futhi yiwo, hhayi indawo kuphela, anquma isimo somkhiqizo wokugcina.

边销 — Igatsha Lasemngceleni

Itiye lasemngceleni lalihamba ngemizila yezinqola ezihamba ngezinyawo liya emingceleni esenyakatho nasentshonalanga yeShayina. Isifunda ngasinye esikhulu esikhiqizayo “sasinikeza” umzila waso:

• 雅安 (Yǎ’ān), “itiye lasemngceleni lomzila oseningizimu” 南路边茶 (nánlù biānchá) — laliqondiswe eTibhet ngomzila weSichuan-Tibhet we-茶马古道 (chámǎ gǔdào), “UMgwaqo Omdala Wetiye Namahhashi”. Lapha itiye lihlobene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa netiye laseTibhet elinamafutha-ibhotela i-酥油茶 (sūyóu chá), ekulungiseleleni kwalo kudingeka isisekelo esimnyama, esigugisiwe nesisuthisayo.
• 湖北青砖 (Húběi qīngzhuān), “isitini esiluhlaza” esinophawu 川字 (chuān zì) — lalithunyelwa eMongoliya nangaphezulu eRashiya nge-万里茶道. Uphawu oluthi «川» ekucindezelweni lwaba uphawu olwaziwayo kubathengi abangaphandle kweShayina.
• 陕西茯砖 (Shǎnxī fúzhuān), “isitini fu” saseShaanxi — laliya eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi ngemizila yoMkhondo Kasilika (丝绸之路, sīchóu zhī lù) ngesimo setiye likahulumeni 官茶. Lolu uhlobo olwaduma “ngembali yegolide” 金花.
• 安化 (Ānhuà) 千两 (qiānliǎng) kanye no-黑砖 (hēizhuān) — itiye elimnyama laseHunan, elalibhekise eXinjiang naseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga. “Insika” edumile 千两茶 — umqulu ocinwe ngokuqinile ogobozweni oluphothiwe, ngenye indlela eyabangelwa izimfuno zokuthuthwa okukhaliphile.

侨销 — Igatsha Lesigodlo

Igatsha lesibili lalingahlinzekeli abantu basemngceleni, kodwa amaShayina asezindaweni zakwamanye amazwe (华侨, huáqiáo) eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, kanye neHong Kong neMacau. Imizila lapha yayisolwandle, futhi okulindelwe ekunambithekeni kwakuhlukile: kwakuthakaselwa inothi elithambile, “legumbi lokugcina”, eligugisiwe, elibangelwa isimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama kanye nokugcinwa isikhathi eside.

• 六堡 (liùbǎo) waseGuangxi wawuthunyelwa eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, ikakhulukazi eMalaysia, lapho wawuphuzwa abasebenzi basezimayini zamathini (锡矿工人, xīkuàng gōngrén). EHong Kong naseMacau kwavela isiko le-”liu bao endala” egugisiwe — 陈六堡 (chén liùbǎo).
• 安茶 (ānchá) waseAnhui wawuhamba ngeGuangdong uya eHong Kong nangaphezulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, lapho wazuza khona idumela eliqinile letiye “elinephunga lemithi” — 药香 (yàoxiāng).

Ukuxhumana Kwesiteshi Nesimo

Kukhona ukuncika okuqondile phakathi kwegatsha lokudayisa nesimo somzimba setiye. Itiye lasemngceleni lithambekele ekucindezelweni okuqinile — isitini (砖, zhuān): lenzelwe ukuthuthwa emigqeni, ukugcinwa isikhathi eside kanye nokulungiswa ngokubilisa. Itiye lesigodlo lalivame ukupakishwa ezitsheni eziphothiwe nasemabhasikidini (箩 / 篮, luó / lán) futhi lalizuza ukubaluleka ngokugcinwa esimeni sezulu esisemngceleni wamanzi esinomswakama. Kanjalo kwavela “izinhloso zokunambitha” ezimbili ezihlukile: eqinile, esuthisayo, “yokufuduka” kweyasemngceleni kanye nethambile, enothi lomhlabathi-nokhuni, “yegumbi lokugcina” kweyesigodlo.

Umkhondo Omkhulu Wetiye 万里茶道

Indawo ekhethekile ibanjwa yi-万里茶道 — “UMkhondo Wetiye Oyizinkulungwane eziyishumi zama-li”. Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, yaxhuma izifundazwe ezikhiqiza itiye iFujian, iHubei neHunan neRashiya neYurophu. Izinqola zaziya enyakatho zinqamula iShayina ziya edolobheni lasemngceleni lezohwebo iKiakhta (恰克图, Qiàkètú) — isizinda sokuphatha esikhulu sokuhweba kwetiye phakathi kweRashiya neShayina, — lapho itiye lalisakazekela kulo lonke iRashiya liqhubekele eYurophu.

Izinjini zalo mkhondo kwakungabathengisi baseShanxi — 晋商 (jìnshāng), abakha inethiwekhi ehlakazekile yokuthenga, yokucindezela neyokuthutha. Umsebenzi wabo ngokukhethekile waguqula “isitini esiluhlaza” saseHubei saba impahla ethengiswa ngobuningi emazweni angaphandle eqonde enyakatho futhi waxhuma izintaba zangaphakathi zetiye nohwebo oluwela izwekazi lonke. Kanjalo umqondo wasemngceleni we-边销 wakhulela ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe: i-万里茶道 yaba ibhuloho phakathi kwetiye elimnyama laseShayina nemakethe yomhlaba.

Ingqikithi Yesimanje

Namuhla womabili amagatsha omlando aphila ngesimo esisha. Itiye lasemngceleni lisakhiqizelwa izifunda zendabuko zokusetshenziswa, kodwa ngokuhambisana kwakheka ingxenye yangaphakathi “yetiye elimnyama elinempilo”, lapho kuthakaselwa khona ukuguga kanye “nembali yegolide” 金花. Izinhlobo zesigodlo — i-liu bao, i-an cha — zisuka esiphuzweni sasekhaya sabasebenzi zaphenduka into yokuqoqwa nokunambithwa okujulile, ngokunaka iminyaka, izimo zokugcinwa kanye nemvelaphi.

Ungayihlukanisa Kanjani Imigatsha

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi itiye elithile elimnyama likuphi isiko, kuyasiza ukugcina ezinye zezikhombisi-ndlela engqondweni:

• Isimo. Isitini esiqinile noma “insika” (砖, 千两) cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ikhomba isiko lasemngceleni, lezinqola; ibhasikidi noma ibhokisi eliphothiwe (箩, 篮) — elesigodlo, elolwandle.
• Indlela nesifunda. ISichuan (雅安) neTibhet, iHubei neMongoliya/Rashiya, iShaanxi neNyakatho-Ntshonalanga, iHunan (安化) neXinjiang — amapheya asemngceleni. IGuangxi (六堡) neMalaysia/Hong Kong, i-Anhui (安茶) neGuangdong/Ningizimu-mpumalanga Asia — awesigodlo.
• Iphrofayili yokunambitha. Isisekelo esiqinile, esisuthisayo, “esiqinile”, esenzelwe ukubiliswa nokuxutshwa nobisi namafutha, — kuwuphawu lwenhloso yasemngceleni. Inothi elithambile, elinothi lomhlabathi-nokhuni, eligugisiwe elinokuthinta “kwemithi” (药香) — kuwuphawu lokugcinwa kwesigodlo.
• Ukumakwa nedumela. Uphawu 川字 esitini saseHubei, umqondo we-陈六堡 we-liu bao egugisiwe, “imbali yegolide” 金花 esitini fu — izinkomba zomlando ezaziwayo zemigqa ethile.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuma komhlaba okubili — okwasemngceleni nokwesigodlo — kunikeza ukhiye kuso sonke isigaba se-黑茶: isimo, izinga lokucindezelwa, isimo sokuvutshelwa ngisho nokunambitha okufiselekayo kohlobo ngalunye kwakuyimpendulo ngesinye isikhathi kumbuzo olula — ukuthi leli tiye kwakufanele lifike kuphi futhi ngawuphi umgwaqo.