Ziyang Hongcha

I-Ziyang Hongcha itiye elibomvu elivela esifundazweni saseZiyang (紫阳县) eningizimu yesifundazwe saseShaanxi, okuyisona sifunda esisenyakatho kakhulu emlandweni wezindawo zetiye zaseChina. Isici esiyinhloko esenza iZiyang yehluke kuwo wonke amatiye abomvu aseShayina wukucebiswa kwayo ngokwemvelo nge-selenium: isifundazwe sitholakala kwelinye lamabhande amabili amakhulu e-selenium ezweni lonke, futhi lonke itiye elitshalwa enhlabathini yaso ‘liyitiye le-selenium yemvelo’ (天然富硒茶, tiānrán fùxī chá). Yilokhu okwenziwe nge-selenium okuyisisekelo sesayensi kanye nophawu lokumaketha lweZiyang Hongcha.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu laseShayina (红茶, hóngchá), eline-oxidation ephelele.
• Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu laseShaanxi; liyingxenye yomkhiqizo oyinhloko obizwa nge-‘Ziyang fuxicha’ (紫阳富硒茶, ‘Itiye le-selenium laseZiyang’), elibhaliswe njengoba yinkomba yendawo (地理标志产品, GI) nophawu lokuhweba olwaziwa kabanzi (中国驰名商标). Ngokomlando, iZiyang iyindawo yamatiye aluhlaza ikakhulukazi (kudume iZiyang Maojian neZiyang Cuifeng), kodwa kusukela ngeminyaka yama-2000, itiye elibomvu lilokhu lithatha indawo ekhulayo emkhiqizweni.
• Imvelaphi: China, isifundazwe saseShaanxi (陕西省, Shǎnxī Shěng), idolobha laseAnkang (安康市, Ānkāng Shì), isifundazwe saseZiyang (紫阳县, Zǐyáng Xiàn). Indawo yokukhiqiza ihlanganisa amasigodi kanye namadolobhana angama-20: iChengguan, iHuangu, iXiangyang, iHongcun, iMaoba, iMaliu, iDonghe, iHaoping, iWamiao, iGaoqiao, iShuangqiao, iBanta, iHuishui, iHanwang, iShuang’an, iDongmu, iBajiao, iMiaohe, iGuangcheng, iLiaoyuan kanye namanye.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: cishe 32°28′ N, 108°25′ E (isikhungo sesifundazwe saseZiyang).

2. Umlando Kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Isiko letiye laseZiyang ngelinye lamadala kunawo wonke eChina. Indawo leyo yayiyingxenye yombuso wasendulo wamaBa (巴国), abantu bawo ababevele belima itiye ngesikhathi seShang-Zhou (XI–III BC). Ngesikhathi seNtshonalanga Han (206 BC – 9 AD), ukuhweba kwetiye kwasungulwa lapha, kanti ngesikhathi seTang (618–907), itiye laseningizimu yeShaanxi — ‘itiye lezintaba zaseningizimu’ (山南茶, shānnán chá) — lafakwa embhalweni wezipho eziya enkantolo yombuso. Ngezikhathi zeSong neMing, iZiyang yaba isixhumanisi esiyinhloko ohlelweni lokuhwebelana ngamahhashi namatiye (茶马互市, chámǎ hùshì) emingceleni yasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yombuso: itiye lalihwebelwa ngamahhashi nabahambi, futhi umthamo wawumkhulu kangangoba imibhalo yomlando iveza ukuthi ‘abalimi betiye babesebenza ubusuku nemini, amadoda eshiya amasimu, abesifazane bezishiya izindwangu’. Ngesikhathi seQing, iZiyang Maojian (紫阳毛尖) yayingezinye zamatiye ayishumi adumile eChina. Umugqa oyisankondlo othi ‘自昔关南春独早，清明已煮紫阳茶’ (‘Kusukela endulo emthambekeni oseningizimu intwasa ishesha ukufika — ngeQingming sekugaywe itiye laseZiyang.’) usuphenduke isisho esidumile esikweni lamatiye. Ngo-1915, itiye laseZiyang lethulwa embukisweni wamazwe omhlaba e-Panama-Pacific eSan Francisco. Ngemva kokumiswa kwe-PRC, ngo-1951, iZiyang yafakwa ohlelweni lukazwelonke lokukhiqiza itiye. Ngo-1965, uhlobo lwe-Ziyang zhuyezhong (紫阳槠叶种) lwagunyazwa wuMnyango Wezolimo njengolunye lwezinhlobo ezingama-21 zetiye ezisezingeni eliphezulu kuzwelonke. Inkathi ye-selenium yaqala ngo-1989, lapho iKomidi Lezesayensi LaseShaanxi lenza uphenyo eBeijing futhi laqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi itiye laseZiyang linamandla okulwa ne-oxidation, ukuvimbela isimila, nokuvikela emisebe ngenxa ye-selenium yemvelo — lokhu kwaba yisiqiniseko sokuqala sezesayensi ‘nge-selenium tea’ eChina. Ngo-1990, iPhini likaSihlalo seKomidi Elimile le-NPC, uXi Zhongxun (习仲勋), wabhalela iZiyang fuxicha umbhalo wekhaligrafi othi ‘Impilo igugu, idume ezweni lonke’ (健康佳品，驰誉神州). Ngo-2004, itiye lathola ukuvikelwa kombuso njengophawu lwendawo; ngo-2005 kwabhaliswa njengophawu lokuqinisekisa; ngo-2008 isifundazwe sahlonishwa ngesiqu esithi ‘Izwe Lamatiye Adumile eChina’ (中国名茶之乡); ngo-2012 umkhiqizo oyinhloko waba wuphawu lokuhweba olwaziwayo (中国驰名商标); ngo-2013 iZiyang yaba yindawo yokuqala ezweni ‘yesifunda esiyisibonelo somkhiqizo oyinhloko wamatiye e-selenium’; ngo-2019 kwatholwa isimo esengeziwe se-GI semikhiqizo yezolimo; ngo-2020 iZiyang fuxicha yafakwa ohlwini lwesibili lwezinkomba zendawo ezamukelwa yi-EU neChina ngokubambisana.

• Igama: I-Ziyang (紫阳) yigama lesifundazwe, elisuselwa kumfundisi weDaoist uZhang Boduan (张伯端), owaziwa ngegama elihloniphekile uZiyang zhenzhen (紫阳真人, ‘Umuntu Oqotho WaseZiyang’), umsunguli wesikole saseningizimu seDaoism (道教南派), owayezincanda emigedeni yezintaba zendawo. Ngokuqondile ‘iZiyang’ isho ‘ukukhanya okunsomi okuvela empumalanga, ukukhanya okungena yonke indawo’ (紫气东来，阳光普照). IZiyang iyona sifundazwe sodwa eChina esiqanjwe ngokuzinikezela kweDaoist. I-Hongcha (红茶) — ‘itiye elibomvu’.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifundazwe saseZiyang siyindawo lapho kuhlangana khona izingqimba zamasiko eziningana: isiko letiye (贡茶之乡 — ‘izwe letiye eliyisipho’), ifa leDaoist (umgede waseZiyang, ithempeli laseLeigutai), isiko lomculo womdabu (紫阳民歌, ‘izingoma zomdabu zaseZiyang’ — into yefa lesizwe elingaphatheki), kanye nokudla okucebile nge-selenium. Umkhosi wetiye eZiyang ngokwesiko uhlanganisa ukuchitheka okuthathu (三道水) futhi uthathwa njengongaphelele ngaphandle kwakho: uphuzo lokuqala — alusindi, lucishe lungenambala; lwesibili — lumunyu kancane, luguqukela ephunga elimnandi; lwesithathu — ukuvela okugcwele kokunambitheka nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside. Izindlu eziningi zetiye (茶馆) enkabeni yesifundazwe ziyisithombe esiphilayo sempilo yetiye, esikhumbuza izindlu ezindala zetiye zaseChengdu. Kusukela ngo-2001, iZiyang Tea Culture Festival iba minyaka yonke, iheha abathandi betiye abavela kulo lonke elaseChina. Lesi sifunda futhi siyindawo ebalulekile yokuqoqa amanzi ngomsebenzi othi ‘Ukudluliswa Kwamanzi Ukusuka ENingizimu Kuya ENyakatho’ (南水北调), okuyinto ebeka imingcele eqinile yezemvelo futhi isekela ukuhlanzeka kwendawo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

• Uhlobo / Icultyvar: Isityalo esiyinhloko yi-Ziyang zhuyezhong (紫阳槠叶种, Zǐyáng zhūyè zhǒng), inani labantu bendawo Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, eyagunyazwa ngo-1965 njengolunye lwezinhlobo ezingama-21 ezikhethekile kazwelonke. Iyihlahla elincane elihlumela kusenesikhathi, elinamagatsha aminyene, ukumelana nesithwathwa okuphezulu, kanye nokwakheka okunothile kwamakhemikhali eqabunga elisha. Inesilinganiso esihle se-polyphenols nama-amino acid, okuyenza ifanelekele ukukhiqizwa kwetiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu.
• Ukuvuna: Kusukela maphakathi no-March kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Ukuvunwa kwentwasahlobo (ngaphambi kweQingmin nangaphambi kweGuyu) kuyigugu kakhulu; amaqoqo ehlobo nawasekwindla nawo ayacutshungulwa, kufaka phakathi itiye elibomvu.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ezigabeni eziphakeme zetiye elibomvu — ihlumela elilodwa noma ihlumela elilodwa + iqabunga elilodwa; emaqoqweni ajwayelekile — ihlumela elilodwa + amaqabunga amabili kanye nezingxenye ezithambile ngokufanayo zehlumela.
• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Amahlumela amasha, aphelele ngaphandle kokulimala komshini; izinto zokusetshenziswa kufanele zicutshungulwe zingakapheli amahora ayisishiyagalombili emva kokuvuna; ukuhlukaniswa kusengaphambili ngezigaba.

4. Indawo Kanye Nezici Ezikhethekile Zokulima:

• Ukuphakama kokukhula: 350–900 m (indawo eyinhloko yezingadi zetiye); indawo ihlukene kakhulu — izintaba, izihosha, kanye nezigodi zemifula eziwumngcingo; ububanzi obujwayelekile bokuphakama esifundazweni busukela ku-277 kuye ku-2 522 m.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esiswakanyisiwe esise-subtropical sasenyakatho. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka lonke lama-15.1 °C; isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-268; i-Qinling Range (秦岭) enyakatho ivimba imimoya ebandayo yaseSiberia, kanti izintaba zaseDabashan (大巴山) eningizimu zibamba umoya ofudumele noswakanyisiwe, kwakheke isimo sezulu esincane esipholile, esiswakanyisiwe lapho kuhlangana khona iNyakatho neNingizimu.
• Imvula: cishe 1127.8 mm ngonyaka; umswakama owengeziwe uvela emifuleni iHanjing (汉江) neRenhe (任河), enqamula isifundazwe.
• Umhlabathi: Umhlabathi ophuzi nsundu nowolintshaba ophuzi, one-acidic ukuya kwi-acidic kancane (pH 4.5–6.8). Isici esibaluleke kakhulu wukucebiswa okungokwemvelo nge-selenium: isifundazwe sitholakala endaweni enkulu enezindawo ezinamadwala ane-selenium (富硒岩层), okuqukethwe yi-selenium enhlabathini kungu-5.66–32.06 ppm, okwenza iZiyang ibe ngesinye sezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu ‘ze-selenium’ eChina. Itiye elitshalwe kule nhlabathi liqongelela i-selenium ngendlela engokwemvelo: okuqukethwe yi-Se okumaphakathi eqabungeni letiye kungu-0.653 ppm, okuphezulu kufinyelela ku-3.854 ppm.
• Izici ezikhethekile: IZiyang iyindawo yamatiye yasendulo esenyakatho kakhulu eChina (北缘古茶区). I-latitude yasenyakatho iholela ekunqwabelaniseni okuhamba kancane kwezakhi eqabungeni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kuqukathwe ama-amino acid aphakeme kanye nephrofayili yephunga emnene ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye eziseningizimu. Imithetho eqinile yezemvelo (indawo yokuqoqa amanzi yomsebenzi ‘South–North’) icishe ikhiphe ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okuvikela; amasimu amaningi ahlangabezana namazinga okuphepha alingana nalawa aphilayo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Imodi elibomvu elivela eZiyang likhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa amasu e-gongfu hongcha avamile, aguqulwe ukuze ahambisane nezici zempahla eluhlaza yasenyakatho enamaqabunga amancanyana equkethe ama-amino acid amaningi.

• Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): Ngesandla; indlela ‘ye-tizhai’ (提采) — ukugqekeza ihlumela ubheke phezulu.
• Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Ngokwemvelo endlini noma kumashidi okubunisa; isikhathi esiyimahora ayi-12–18; umswakama weqabunga wehlela ku-60–62%. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo, lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi, ukubuna kwenzeka kancane, okuvuna iphunga elimnandi.
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ngomshini noma ngesandla; imizuzu engama-60–90 ngokuhamba kwezikhawu ezi-2–3 kuhlukaniswe izingqimba phakathi. Inhloso wukucekela phansi izindonga zamangqamuzana ukuze kukhululeke ijusi nokuqinisekisa i-oxidation elinganayo; izinga lokusonga lingu-80–90%, ngasekupheleni kwenqubo iqabunga likhipha iphunga letiye elicacile.
• I-oxidation (发酵, fājiào): Egumbini elikhethekile ku-25–28 °C kanye nomswakama ophezulu; isikhathi esiyimahora ami-3–5 kuze kwakhiwe umbala obomvu wethusi weqabunga kanye nephunga lesithelo eliyingqayizivele. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinamaqabunga amancanyana ezinezinga eliphezulu lama-amino acid zidinga ukulawulwa okuncane kakhulu kwezinga lokushisa ukuze kugwemeke ‘uku-oxidation ngokweqile’ futhi kugcinwe ubumnandi.
• Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): Ngezigaba ezimbili: izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (毛火) ukumisa i-oxidation, bese kuba izinga lokushisa eliphansi isikhathi eside (足火) ukulungisa iphunga elimnandi. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe ‘bokomisa kancane ngezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi nokomisa isikhathi eside ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi’ (中温慢烘、低温长烘), okuyingqayizivele yesitayela saseZiyang.
• Ukucutshungulwa okuhle (精制, jīngzhì): Ukuhluza, ukuhlunga ngomoya, ukukhetha ngesandla, nokufudumeza okokugcina.

6. Izici Zemizwa Yomzimba:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusongeka okuqinile, okuminyene; iqabunga lihlangene, limnyama, linoboya obubonakalayo (白毫) ezigabeni eziphakeme; ukubukeka jikelele kuhlanzekile futhi kuyalingana.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Iphunga elifudumele, lezimbali noju, ‘elimsulwa’ eliyingqayizivele lamatiye asenyakatho kanye nephunga elincane lekhilimu; ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezisindayo noma ezinentuthu. Emaqoqweni ‘e-tyiphu yezithelo nezimbali’ (花果香型) kunophawu ‘oluyiphefumulo’ oluseceleni olucacile.
• Iphunga lokutsheleliswa: Linezinto eziningi ezehlukene: amanothi angaphezulu — izimbali zasendle noju; indawo emaphakathi — izithelo ezivuthiwe zamatshe (ibhilikosi, ipentshisi); isisekelo — uqweqwe lwesinkwa kanye ne-caramel encane. Iphunga elimnandi liyathandeka, kodwa lizinze.
• Ukunambitheka: Kuminyene futhi kuyindilinga, nobumnandi obugqamile bemvelo; ubumuncu buncane kakhulu, buguqula ngokushesha bube yisikathi sokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside, ‘okubushelelezi’ (回甘). Umzimba uphakathi nendawo, awusindi; ukunambitheka ‘okuhlanzekile’ futhi okusobala kuwumphumela wamazinga aphezulu ama-amino acid kanye nezinga elilinganiselwe lama-polyphenols.
• Umbala wokutsheleliswa: Obomvu ngokugqamile, ohlanzekile futhi okhazimulayo; ezigabeni eziphakeme — unobhazabhaza osagolide ocacile.
• Iphansi letiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Obomvu wethusi, onombala olinganayo; amaqabunga athambile, ayelastiki, avuleke ngokuphelele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-polyphenols: Cishe 30.35% eqabungeni elisha (idatha evela eTea Research Institute ye-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences); uma kuqedwe i-oxidation, ingxenye enkulu iguqulwa ibe yi-theaflavins ne-thearubigins.
• Ama-amino acid: 3.08%, okuphezulu kufinyelela ku-5.69% — lokhu kuyizinga eliphezulu ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kwetiye laseShayina, okuchaza ukuthamba nobumnandi bokunambitheka.
• Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine — cishe 3–4%; i-theobromine ne-theophylline — ngezilinganiso ezincane kakhulu.
• Ama-catechin: Eqabungeni elisha — cishe 207.3 mg/g amacatechin esewonke; i-EGCG — ifinyelela ku-122.86 mg/g etiyeni eliphelile lesigaba sokuqala.
• I-Selenium (Se): Isici esiyinhloko esihlukile. Okuqukethwe okumaphakathi — 0.653 ppm, okuphezulu kufinyelela ku-3.854 ppm. I-selenium isesimweni se-organic (ikakhulukazi i-selenomethionine), okuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuphezulu emzimbeni. Ngokwesiphetho sophenyo lwango-1989, itiye le-selenium yemvelo linezinto ezilwa ne-oxidation, ezilwa nezimila, ezilwa nemisebe kanye namandla okukhulisa amandla omzimba okulwa nezifo.
• Amaminerali: Ngaphandle kwe-selenium, kuye kwaphawulwa izinga eliphezulu le-zinc (Zn); kukhona i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, ne-fluoride.
• Amavithamini: C (kugcinwe ingxenye), B₁, B₂, E, P (rutin).
• Isici esikhethekile: Isilinganiso se-polyphenols nama-amino acid (cishe 10:1 eqabungeni elisha) sihle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni itiye elibomvu: izinga elanele lama-polyphenols ukwakha umbala nomzimba, kuyilapho inani eliphezulu lama-amino acid linikeza ukuthamba nobumnandi, kanti i-selenium yemvelo yengeza ukubaluleka kokusebenza, okungenakuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Ukugcwalisa ukushoda kwe-selenium: Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwetiye laseZiyang kungenye yezindlela ezilula kakhulu, ezifinyeleleka kalula, neziphephile zokuthola i-organic selenium. Ngokocwaningo lwezokwelapha, ukushoda kwe-selenium kuhlotshaniswa nezifo ezingaphezu kwezingu-40, kufaka phakathi izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo, umdlavuza, kanye nezifo ze-endocrine.
• Ukuvikela ngokulwa ne-oxidation: Indlela ephindwe kabili yokulwa ne-oxidation — i-theaflavins/thearubigins (ukuvikelwa yi-polyphenol) + i-selenium (i-cofactor ye-glutathione peroxidase, i-enzyme eyinhloko yokulwa ne-oxidation).
• Ukulungisa amasosha omzimba: I-selenium ibamba iqhaza ekulawuleni impendulo yamasosha omzimba; uma ihlanganiswe nama-polyphenols etiye inikeza umphumela osekelayo osebenzisana kahle emasosheni omzimba.
• Ukuvuselela okumnene: I-caffeine ihambisana ne-L-theanine inikeza ukukhuphuka okulinganayo kokuhlushwa ngaphandle kokuphakama ‘okuthusayo’; kubaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wengqondo omude.
• Ukugaya: Itiye elibomvu eline-oxidation ephelele lithambisa ulwelwesi lwesisu; ukutsheleliswa okufudumele ngemva kokudla kusiza ukugayeka okunethezekile.
• Umjikelezo wenhliziyo nemithambo: I-selenium ihambisana nama-flavonoids etiye isekela ukunwebeka kwemithambo kanye nokujwayelekile kwe-viscosity yegazi.
• Umphumela wokulwa nemisebe: Uphenyo lwango-1989 lwaqinisekisa izinto zokuvikela emisebeni yeZiyang fuxicha; kubalulekile kubantu abasebenza ezindaweni ezinokukhushulwa kwe-ionizing noma i-electromagnetic background.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

• Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 90–95 °C emaqoqweni ajwayelekile; 85–90 °C ezigabeni ezithambile zehlumela elilodwa.
• Inani letiye: 4–5 g ku-100–120 ml (igongfu); 2–3 g ku-200–250 ml (ukutshelisa).
• Isitsha: I-porcelain gaiwan (盖碗) engu-100–120 ml noma isitsha sengilazi (igilasi) ukuze ubone umbala wokutsheleliswa; i-Yixing teapot ingase isetshenziswe, kodwa igaiwan inconywa kakhulu ukuze kuvezwe iphunga elimnandi elicacile neliphezulu.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha ngamanzi abilayo bese uwakhipha.
  2. Faka itiye, ulivumele ‘liphefumule’ imizuzwana engu-5–10.
  3. Ukuhlamba — ukutshela okusheshayo imizuzwana emi-2–3 (uma uthanda).
  4. Ukutshela kokuqala: imizuzwana engu-8–10, khipha.
  5. Ukutshela okulandelayo: andisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana emihlanu.
  6. Inani eliqondile: ukutshela oku-5–8.
• Isiko laseZiyang ‘lokuphuza amanzi amathathu’ (三道水): Abalimi betiye bendawo bagcizelela ukuthi ukuze ujabulele ngokugcwele itiye laseZiyang, kufanele udlule okungenani emigqonyeni yokutshela emithathu: eyokuqala — engasindi, icishe ifane namanzi; eyesibili — ukuvela kobumuncu nephunga elimnandi; eyesithathu — ukujula okugcwele kokunambitheka nokubuya kwesikhathi eside kobumnandi.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitsha esivalekayo esingangeni ukukhanya; indawo epholile, eyomile (10–25 °C), kude nokukhanya namaphunga angaphandle; umswakama ongekho ngaphezu kuka-60%. Isikhathi esifanele — izinyanga eziyi-12–24. I-selenium izinzile ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokugcina futhi ayiphelelwa yisikhathi, ngakho ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwetiye kuhlala kusesikhathini sokuqina kwaso.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

Izindleko zihluka kusukela ezintengweni eziphansi (amaqoqo ajwayelekile abomvu) kuya kweziphakeme (izigaba zamandulo zentwasahlobo ezinehlumela elilodwa eziqinisekisiwe zine-selenium, isitifiketi se-organic, kanye nophawu lwe-GI). Izici: isigaba sezinto zokusetshenziswa, isikhathi sonyaka, ukuqinisekiswa kwesimo se-selenium, umkhiqizo oyinhloko, nokupakishwa.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukwenza umgunyathi:
  1. I-Ziyang Hongcha eyiqiniso ikhiqizwa kuphela emasigodini nasemadolobhaneni angama-20 asesifundazweni saseZiyang; itiye elivela kwezinye izifunda zaseShaanxi (noma ezivela kwezinye izifundazwe) alikwazi ukusebenzisa leli gama.
  2. Uphawu lwe-GI (地理标志产品) kanye/noma uphawu lokuqinisekisa ‘Ziyang fuxicha’ — yizona ziqinisekiso eziyinhloko zobuqiniso; cela umthengisi.
  3. Iphunga kufanele lihlanzeke, libe yimbali-noju, ngaphandle kokubukhali kwamakhemikhali noma amanothi angaphandle.
  4. Ukutsheleliswa — kubomvu ngokugqamile futhi kusobala; ukufiphalisa, ukunambitheka komhlabathi — kuyizimpawu zokwephulwa kobuchwepheshe.
  5. Intengo esolisayo ephansi ngokuhambisana nezitatimende ‘zokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-selenium’ ngaphandle kobufakazi obunemibhalo — kuwuphawu olukhulu lokushintshwa.

12. Amaqiniso Ajabulisayo:

• IZiyang iyona sifundazwe sodwa eChina esiqanjwe ngegama lomfundisi weDaoist. UZhang Boduan (984–1082), umsunguli wesikole saseningizimu se-alchemy yangaphakathi (内丹南宗), wazindla emigedeni yezintaba osebeni lomfula iRenhe; imigede yakhe emithathu (紫阳洞) iseyindawo yokuhambela izihambeli.
• Umugqa oyisankondlo othi ‘自昔关南春独早，清明已煮紫阳茶’ ungomunye wemigqa ecashunwe kakhulu ezincwadini zamatiye zaseShayina — uqinisa isimo esiyingqayizivele saseZiyang njengesifunda sekusenesikhathi kakhulu setiye ‘emkhawulweni osenyakatho’ webhande letiye.
• Ngo-1990, umbhalo wekhaligrafi wetiye laseZiyang wenziwa nguXi Zhongxun (习仲勋, 1913–2002) — iguquguquka, isikhulu sikahulumeni, kanye nobaba kaXi Jinping. Isazi esidumile sezokudla uYu Ruomu (于若木) wanikeza itiye incazelo eyinkondlo nakakhulu: ‘Itiye laseZiyang liyigugu phakathi kwamatiye: licebile nge-selenium, lilwa nomdlavuza, liphelele ngombala, iphunga elimnandi, nokunambitheka.’
• IZiyang iyingxenye yomsebenzi ‘wamanzi aseNingizimu — aye eNyakatho’ (南水北调), okuyinto ebeka izidingo eziqine kakhulu zezemvelo: amasimu asebenza cishe ngaphansi kwesimo sokulima okuphilayo, eqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi kanye neqabunga letiye.
• Ngo-2024, ububanzi bamasimu etiye esifundazweni bufinyelele kuma-260 000 mu (angaphezu kwamahektha ayi-17,300), umthamo wonyaka ungaphezu kwamathani ayi-12,000; izindlu zabalimi eziyi-120,000 zithola umholo omkhulu ngotiye. Umkhiqizo oyinhloko ‘Ziyang fuxicha’ ungomunye wemikhiqizo eyikhulu ephezulu yezolimo yesifunda eChina futhi ubeka indawo yokuqala phakathi kwemikhiqizo yetiye kulo lonke elasentshonalanga yeChina.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Abomvu:

• IJingyang Hongcha (泾阳红茶): Elinye itiye elibomvu laseShaanxi, kodwa lisuka enkabeni yesifundazwe; ngaphandle kobuhle be-selenium, kwezinye izinhlobo; iphunga elimnandi nomzimba akugqamile kangako.
• I-Qihong Gong Fu (祁门工夫): I-Anhui, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinamaqabunga amancanyana. Ifana neZiyang ngohlobo lwezinto zokusetshenziswa (inani labantu abanamaqabunga amancanyana), kodwa indawo ihluke ngokuphelele — akukho ukunothiswa nge-selenium; iphunga le-Qihong ‘linjenge-orchid’ kakhulu, kuyilapho iZiyang ithambe futhi ‘ibushelelezi’ ngokwengeziwe.
• I-Chuanhong Gong Fu (川红工夫): ISichuan, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinamaqabunga aphakathi. Inephunga le-orange-caramel eliyingqayizivele (橘糖香); iZiyang imnene kakhulu, inephrofayili yezimbali-noju futhi ingenako ‘ukukhanya’ kwe-caramel.
• I-Yihong Gong Fu (宜红工夫): IHubei, inani labantu abanamaqabunga aphakathi. Isendaweni eseduze kakhulu neZiyang; inesici ‘sasenyakatho’ esifanayo — ukuthamba, ubumnandi, ukuhlanzeka; kodwa ngaphandle kwesici se-selenium.
• I-Yingde Hongcha (英德红茶): I-Guangdong, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinamaqabunga amakhulu. Inamandla futhi ‘iyaseningizimu’ ngokwephrofayili; iZiyang iwuphawu oluphambene: elula, emnene, ‘eyasenyakatho’.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Ziyang Hongcha itiye elinobunikazi obuphindwe kabili. Njengebomvu, linikeza ukunambitheka okuthambile, ‘okubushelelezi’ nobumnandi obugqamile bemvelo kanye nephunga elimsulwa lezimbali-noju — umphumela wenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezinto zokusetshenziswa zasenyakatho ezinamaqabunga amancanyana, isimo sezulu esincane sasentabeni esise-subtropical, kanye nobuchwepheshe obunakekela. ‘Njenge-selenium tea’ liphethe ukubaluleka kokusebenza, okuqinisekiswe uphenyo lwesayensi kanye nomlando weminyaka engamashumi amathathu wocwaningo: inkomishi ngayinye iyi-organic selenium, emuncwa umzimba ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi. Kumhlonishwa ofuna itiye elibomvu hhayi nje ngezinto ezinothile zemizwa yomzimba, kodwa nangenzuzo enengqondo yezempilo, iZiyang Hongcha iwukukhetha lapho ubumnandi bezokudla nesayensi yezokudla kuhlangana khona emthambekeni oseningizimu weQinling Range, ezweni lapho intwasahlobo ifika kuqala.