I-Ziyang Hei Cha

I-Ziyang Hei Cha (紫阳黑茶, Zǐyáng hēichá) — itiye elimnyama elivela esifundeni saseZiyang eningizimu yesifundazwe saseShaanxi, elikhule emhlabathini omdala we-selenium yase-Cinba Mountain Range. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo ye-Fu Zhuan eyingqayizivele “yokuthuthukisa izimbali zegolide” nomthamo omkhulu wemvelo we-selenium ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo kwenza le tiye libe “yingqwebo yegolide ye-Cinba Mountain” yeqiniso (秦巴山区的金花瑰宝).

1. ISigaba kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye le-postfermentesheni, lingaphansi kwesigaba se-Hei Cha (黑茶, Hēichá — “itiye elimnyama”). Lihamba ngomumo omanzi (渥堆, wò duī) bese kulandelwa ukukhuliswa “kwezimbali zegolide” (发花, fāhuā) — ukhunta Eurotium cristatum (冠突散囊菌, guàntū sǎnnáng jūn).
• Isigaba: Itiye lesifunda elimnyama laseShaanxi. Umkhiqizo one-up-hawu lwejiyografi (地理标志保护产品, kusukela ngo-2016). Ngo-2024 safakwa ohlwini lokwamukelana ngezimpawu zejiyografi phakathi kweChina ne-EU.
• Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseShaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), idolobha laseAnkang (安康, Ānkāng), isifunda saseZiyang (紫阳县, Zǐyáng Xiàn). Isifunda sisemithambekeni esenyakatho ye-Daba Mountain (大巴山) ohlelweni lwezintaba zaseQinba (秦巴山区) — okungenye yezifunda zakudala kunazo zonke zokutshalwa kwetiye eChina.
• Izixhumanisi zejiyografi: Cishe 32°08′–32°49′ enyakatho, 108°33′–110°12′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Ukutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni saseZiyang sekuneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Okutholwe emivubukulweni kubonisa ukuthi kakade ngesikhathi se-Han (汉, Hàn), abantu bendawo babelima izihlahla zetiye emithambekeni yezintaba zaseQinba. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimnyama ngendlela yalo yamanje kwakheka kamuva kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi se-Ming ne-Qing (明清时期), i-Ziyang yayisebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile ohlelweni “lohwebo lwetiye namahhashi” (茶马古道, chámǎ gǔdào). Itiye lalesi sifunda lalithwalwa ngamakharethi liye enyakatho-ntshonalanga — eGansu, eNingxia, naseQinghai — ukuze lishintshaniswe ngamahhashi nezinkomo. Ukuze okokukhiqiza kumelane nohambo lwamaviki amaningi oludlula ezihlahleni zezintaba, abatshali betiye bendawo baqala ukufaka amaqabunga asehlobo nawasekwindla enqubweni yokufaka imfucumfucu (渥堆), bese bewacindezela abe izitini — yile ndlela kwaqala ngayo ubuchwepheshe bokuqala betiye elimnyama laseZiyang.

Ubucwepheshe besimanje bakheka ngeminyaka yawo-1980, lapho imboni yetiye yaseZiyang, iboleka ubuchwepheshe be-Hunan Fu Zhuan, yabuguqela ezintweni zendawo ezinothe nge-selenium. Kwasungulwa indlela yayo “ye-stepwise fermentation” (梯次发酵法, tīcì fājiào fǎ), evumela ukuhlanganisa ngokufanelekile ukufakwa emfucumfucwini isikhathi eside nokukhula okulawulwayo “kwezimbali zegolide”. Ngo-2008, ubuchwepheshe “be-Ziyang Fu Zhuan” bagcina sebumisiwe futhi kwaqalwa ukukhiqizwa kwaso ngenani elikhulu.

Kusukela ngo-2016, ngemva kokuthola isimo sokuvikelwa kwejiyografi, umkhakha ukhula ngokushesha. Ngo-2023, ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimnyama kwafinyelela cishe ku-8% yenani lonke lomkhiqizo wetiye wesifunda, kanti inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo ladlula i-1 billion yuan.

• Igama:

  • “Ziyang” (紫阳) — igama lesifunda. Uhlamvu 紫 (zǐ) lusho “okunsomi”, 阳 (yáng) lusho “ilanga, ithambeka eliseningizimu”. Igama lendawo lixhunyaniswa nomfundisikazi weDaoist uZhang Boduan (张伯端), owaziwa ngegama elithi “Ziyang Zhenren” (紫阳真人 — “Umuntu Wangempela WeLanga Eliyinsomi”), owayenethempeli lakhe kulezi zintaba.
  • “Hei Cha” (黑茶) — “itiye elimnyama”, igama lesigaba ngokohlelo lokuhlukanisa amabala ayisithupha amatiye aseChina.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Ziyang Hei Cha iyingxenye yemvelo yesiko lasendulo letiye laseningizimu ye-Shaanxi — isifunda abaveleli bomlando wetiye baseChina abasibheka njengenye yezinsalela zokutshalwa kwetiye kanye naseYunnan naseSichuan. Isifunda saseZiyang saziwa kakhulu “ngamatiye ayo e-selenium” (富硒茶, fù xī chá): ngenxa yesimo sendawo esiyingqayizivele (amatshe amadala e-paleozoic, anothe nge-selenium), wonke amatiye avela kule ndawo anomthamo ophakeme we-organic selenium ephilayo. Itiye elimnyama laseZiyang lihlanganisa ubungqweba obubili — isiko lasendulo lokuvutshelwa kwangemva “ngezimbali zegolide” kanye nokunothiswa ngokwemvelo nge-selenium, okulibeka njengomkhiqizo osebenzayo wesizukulwane esisha.

3. Incazelo Yezokwemvelo kanye Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo:

• I-cultivar / Izinhlobo: Isisekelo sakhiwa izinhlobo ezimbili zendawo:

  • I-Ziyang zhulin qunti zhong (紫阳槠叶群体种, Zǐyáng zhūyè qúntǐ zhǒng) — uhlobo lwe-population, olusakazwa ngembewu (有性繁殖, yǒuxìng fánzhí). Ngo-1965 yamukelwa nguMnyango Wezolimo we-PRC njengenye yezinhlobo ezikhethekile zetiye ezingu-21 zikazwelonke. Ingaphansi kwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, uhlobo olunamaqabunga amaphakathi. Izimpawu eziyinhloko: “ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-tenderness” (持嫩性强) — ikhono lokugcina ukuthambile kwamahlumela isikhathi eside; umthamo we-polyphenol wetiye cishe u-30.35%. Ilungele kahle ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimnyama ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esiminyene samaseli nomthamo ophezulu we-pectin.
  • I-Ziyang daye pao (紫阳大叶泡, Zǐyáng dàyè pào) — uhlobo lwendawo olunamaqabunga amakhulu. Lusetshenziswa njengezinto ezengeziwe zokukhiqiza amatiye amnyama anephunga elimnandi kakhulu.

  Zombili lezi zinhlobo zikhula emhlabathini onomthamo omkhulu wemvelo we-selenium, okunquma iphrofayili yamaminerali eyingqayizivele yezinto ezisetshenziswayo.

• Ukuvuna: Kwi-Hei Cha kusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokuvuna kwasehlobo nokwasekwindla (Meyi–Oktoba), lapho amaqabunga esefinyelele ekuvuthweni futhi ehlanganise inani elikhulu lama-polysaccharide kanye namaminerali.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Amahlumela avuthiwe anamaqabunga angu-2–4, okuhlanganisa isiqu. Kwi-Fu Zhuan kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kweqabunga elimahhadlahhadla — yilo kanye elilungele ukukhula “kwezimbali zegolide”.

• Izidingo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo: Kusetshenziswa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihlanzekile ngokwemvelo kuphela (ukwenqatshelwa komquba wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane). Umthamo we-selenium eqabungeni — kusuka ku-0.15 kuya ku-3.853 mg/kg, okuphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-1.5 nangaphezulu kunakwamanye amatiye amnyama ajwayelekile.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokukhula:

I-terroir yase-Ziyang ingenye yezigqame kakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda zokutshalwa kwetiye eChina, ihlanganisa indawo enezintaba, isimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo, kanye ne-geochemistry yomhlabathi eyingqayizivele.

• Indawo: Isifunda sisemithambekeni esenyakatho ye-Daba Mountain, endaweni yoshintsho olusuka ezintabeni zaseQinling luye esigodini saseSichuan. Ukuphakama kwamasimu etiye — kusuka e-350 kuye ku-900 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Lesi sifunda sisemugqeni wama-32 enyakatho — ngaphakathi kwalokho okuthiwa “yi-golden belt yokutshalwa kwetiye” (黄金产茶带).
• Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon yasenyakatho. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi — 15.1°C. Imvula yonyaka — 1127.8 mm (ephakeme kakhulu kunasezindaweni eziphansi zaseShaanxi). Inani lezinsuku ezinenkungu — ngaphezu kwe-180 ngonyaka. Ukuhluka kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nosuku kudlula i-10°C, okunomthelela ekuqongeleleni okukhulu kwezinto ezinuka kamnandi nama-amino acid. Ukudlondlobala kokukhanya okuhlukene (散射光) — izimo ezilungele ukuhlanganiswa kwe-L-theanine nokuvuthwa kancane kweqabunga.
• Inhlabathi: Umhlabathi ophuzi-nsundu wehlathi (黄棕壤, huáng zōngrǎng), i-pH 4.5–6.8, umthamo wezinto eziphilayo — 1.68%. Isici esiyinhloko — ukunothiswa ngokwemvelo nge-selenium: isilinganiso esiphakathi singu-0.49 ppm, ezindaweni ezithile — kuze kufike ku-3.98 ppm. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuvela kwamatshe e-paleozoic e-carbonaceous-siliceous aqukethe i-selenite.
• I-ecology: Izinga lamahlathi endawo — 55.7%. Ukugcwala kwama-ion amabi — cishe amayunithi angu-30,000/cm³. Ukungabikho kwezimboni kuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwenhlabathi namanzi.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Ziyang Hei Cha buhlanganisa izici zobuchwepheshe be-Hunan Fu Zhuan obuvamile kanye nezinto ezintsha zendawo, okuhloswe ngazo ukugcinwa okuphelele kwe-selenium emkhiqizweni ophelele.

• Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎi zhāi): Ukuvuna amahlumela avuthiwe ngesandla ezingadini ezihlanzekile ngokwemvelo.
• Ukufakwa (杀青, shā qīng): Ukucubungula okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa ukwenza ama-enzyme angasebenzi futhi kumiswe ukufakwa kwe-oxidation. Isici esibalulekile — imodi yokonga ukuze kugcinwe i-organic selenium.
• Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukusonteka ngomshini noma ngesandla ukuze kubhidlikwe izindonga zamaseli futhi kukhishwe ijusi yeseli.
• Ukufakwa emfucumfucwini omanzi (渥堆发酵, wò duī fājiào): Isigaba esiyinhloko se-postfermentation. Iqabunga elifakwe amanzi lifakwa ezinqwabeni futhi ligcinwe izinsuku ezingama-25–30 ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa nawomswakama alawulwayo. Lenqubo ide kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe baseHunan. Kungalesi sigaba lapho kwenzeka khona ukuguqulwa okujulile kwe-biochemical: ama-catechin afakwa i-oxidation abe ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, ama-polysaccharide ayadedelwa, “ubuhlungu obuluhlaza” beqabunga elisha bunyamalala.
• Ukuthuthukiswa “kwezimbali zegolide” (发花, fāhuā): Ngemva kokufakwa emfucumfucwini, inqwaba yetiye ifakwa ezimeni ezivumayo ukwandiswa kwe-Eurotium cristatum. Into entsha yase-Ziyang — “ukulawuleka okuphindwe kabili” (双控技术, shuāngkòng jìshù): ukwenza ngcono izimo kanyekanye zezimbali zegolide nokugcinwa kwe-organic selenium ephilayo. Izinga lokushisa nomswakama kulawulwa ngokunemba okuqinisekisa ukukhula okukhulu kwefungus ngaphandle kokucekelwa phansi kokushisa kwe-seleno-organic compounds.
• Ukucindezela (压制成型, yāzhì chéngxíng): Inqwaba yetiye ibunjwa ibe yizitini ezinobukhulu obujwayelekile.
• Ukwomisa (干燥, gānzào): Ukwomisa okonga ezingeni lokushisa elingekho ngaphezu kwe-60°C kuze kufike kumthamo womswakama ≤ 9%. Kusetshenziswa amalahle okhuni (木炭烘焙, mùtàn hōngbèi), okwenza umsebenzi ophindwe kabili: kuqinisa i-selenium futhi kucebisa iphunga ngamazwana amnene entuthu.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic:

• Ukubukeka kwetiye elomile:
  • Isimo sesitini (紧压茶): Isitini esiminyene, esilinganayo esingunxande esinombala onsundu omnyama. Lapho siphuka ngaphakathi, kubonakala izichasiso eziphuzi zegolide “zezimbali zegolide”.
  • Isimo esivundululiwe (散茶): Amahlumela namaqabunga amahhadlahhadla, ashubile, asonteke abe yizintambo ezinde, ezinombala onsundu omnyama futhi ecwebezelayo.
• Iphunga letiye elomile: Iphunga lefungus elijwayelekile “lezimbali zegolide” (菌花香, jūn huā xiāng), eligcwaliswe ubumnandi obumnene betiye elisha (甜香, tián xiāng). Kwezilinganiso ezindala — ukunotha okuthule, okujulile “kwakudala” (陈香, chén xiāng), okufana nokhuni oludala nezithelo ezomisiwe.
• Iphunga lensipho: Ukufudumala, okusongela, okunesisekelo sefungus, amanothi e-puffin, i-walnut, kanye nesinongo esincane esinentuthu esivela ekwomisweni ngamalahle.
• Ukunambitheka: Izimfanelo ezintathu ezinqumayo: 醇厚 (chún hòu) — ukujula nokugcwala komzimba; 甘滑 (gān huá) — ubumnandi nobushelelezi; 厚重 (hòuzhòng) — ukuminyana, okucishe kube yisixhumi. Ukunambitheka kugcwele, kodwa ngaphandle kobudlova. Ukunambitheka kwangemva okumnandi okunamathoni e-nut.
• Umbala wensipho: Kusuka kolwolintshi oluphuzi (橙黄) etiyeni elincane kuya konsundu obomvu ojulile (红褐) etiyeni elindala. Ukubonakala kahle, insipho ekhanyayo nehlanzekile.
• Indawo yetiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Insundu, elinganayo, ethambile lapho ithintwa. Emaqabungeni kubonakala amachashaza amancane egolide — imikhondo “yezimbali zegolide”.

7. Ukuqanjwa Kwamakhemikhali:

Ukuyingqayizivele kwephrofayili ye-biochemical ye-Ziyang Hei Cha kunqunywa ukuhlanganiswa kokuphunyuzwa kwe-microbiological kanye nokunothiswa ngokwemvelo nge-selenium:

• Ama-Polyphenol: Umthamo wokuqala ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo — cishe u-30.35% (ngenxa ye-cultivar Zhu lin). Kule nqubo ye-postfermentation, ingxenye enkulu yama-catechin ishintsha ibe ama-theaflavin (≥ 12% ezingeni elikhethekile) nama-thearubigin, anikeza insipho umbala wayo ojwayelekile nokuthamba kokunambitheka.
• Ama-polysaccharide etiye: Umthamo ophezulu, ophakanyisiwe uma uqhathaniswa namatiye angakaphunyuzwa ngenxa yokufakwa emfucumfucwini isikhathi eside.
• Izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikayo emanzini: ≥ 28% (ezinga lokuqala).
• I-Selenium (硒, xī): 0.15–3.853 mg/kg — umehluko oyinhloko kuwo wonke amanye amatiye amnyama aseChina. I-selenium ivezwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela ephilayo (selenomethionine, selenocysteine), okuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwayo okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo.
• Ama-Amino acid: I-L-theanine, i-glutamic acid, i-aspartic acid.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine (umthamo omaphakathi), i-theobromine, i-theophylline.
• Imethabolites ye-Eurotium cristatum: Ama-polysaccharide angaphandle kweseli, ama-enzyme (lipase, protease, cellulase), ama-acid aphilayo.
• Amavithamini: C, E, amaqembu B. Ivithamini E libaluleke kakhulu lapho lihlanganiswa ne-selenium, lenza ukusebenzisana okune-antioxidant.
• Amaminerali: Ngaphandle kwe-selenium — i-potassium, i-zinc, i-manganese, i-iron, i-floor.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Ukwehlisa izinga le-lipid egazini: Ama-Theaflavin avula i-lipase, asheshisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha. Ngokwemibiko yabakhiqizi, ukusebenza kahle kwesikhuthazi se-metabolism kulinganiselwa njengokudlula okwamanye amatiye amnyama ajwayelekile.
• Ukulawulwa kwezinga likashukela egazini: Ukusebenza ngokubambisana kwama-polysaccharide etiye ne-organic selenium kukhulisa ukuzwela kwezicubu ku-insulin. Imibiko yomtholampilo ikhombisa ukwehla kwezinga le-glucose engadliwe ngokujwayelekile uma kuphuzwa njalo.
• Ukuvikela i-Antioxidant: I-Selenium, isebenza ngokubambisana nama-polyphenol nevithamini E, inikeza ukususwa kwamandla kwama-radical akhululekile.
• Ukufudumala nokuqinisa amandla: Isimo esifudumele setiye sibenza balungele isimo sezulu esibandayo nesinomswakama.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya: Ama-Enzyme akhiqizwa “izimbali zegolide”, asiza ukuhlukanisa amafutha namaphrotheni, enze kube lula ukumuncwa kokudla okusindayo.
• Ukusekela indlala yezitho zomphimbo: I-organic selenium iyadingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-thyroid hormone kanye nokusebenza kwe-glutathione peroxidase.
• Umsebenzi we-probiotic: Imethabolites ye-Eurotium cristatum inomthelela omuhle kuma-microorganism amathumbu.
• Ukuvikela inhliziyo: Ama-Polyphenol ne-selenium ngokuhlanganyela anciphisa ubungozi bezinguquko ze-atherosclerotic emithanjeni.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100°C (amanzi abilayo asezingeni eliphezulu).
• Inani letiye: 5 g ku-200 ml yamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:40). Kwitiye lesitini — qale ukhumule ingxenye ngommese wetiye.
• Iziphuzo:
  • Itiye le-purple-clay elivela e-Yixing (紫砂壶) — ligcina ukushisa futhi “liqoqe” iphunga.
  • Itiye lokubilisa (煮茶器) — lilungele ukukhishwa okuphelele kwezinto ezisebenzayo “zezimbali zegolide” ne-selenium.
  • I-Gaiwan — kusetshenziselwa indlela yokuthela.
• Inqubo:
  1. Ukuvusa itiye (醒茶): Kwitiye lesitini, khumula, ulalele ethileyini yetiye bese ulikhiphela emoyeni “ukuphefumula” imizuzu engama-20–30.
  2. Ukufudumeza izitsha: Hlanza ngamanzi abilayo.
  3. Ukugeza (洗茶): Thela amanzi abilayo, uthele ngokushesha.
  4. Indlela yokuchitha (泡饮法): Ukuchitha kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–20; okulandelayo — ngokwanda ngemizuzwana engu-10 kukho konke. I-Ziyang Hei Cha yekhwalithi ikwazi ukumelana nokuphisa izikhathi ezingu-8–12.
  5. Indlela yokubilisa (煮饮法): 5 g yetiye ku-400 ml yamanzi, ulethele ekubileni, upheke imizuzu engu-3–5 emlilweni ophansi. Le ndlela yembula amandla aphelele “ezimbali zegolide” futhi inikeza ukukhishwa okugcwele kwe-selenium.
  6. Indlela yokubila (闷泡法): Thela amanzi abilayo ethemosini, ugxumele imizuzu engu-1–2. Ilungele ohambweni.

10. Ukugcinwa:

I-Ziyang Hei Cha, njengamanye amatiye amnyama, iba ngcono ngokukhula kweminyaka. Kodwa izibonelo ezincane ziyanconywa ukuba zigcinwe okungenani unyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa, ukuze “iphunga lenqwaba” (堆味, duī wèi) — ukunambitheka okujwayelekile kokuvutshelwa kwangemva okusha — kuhlakazeke.

• Izimo: Indawo eyomile, emnyama, enomoya. Izinga lokushisa — 15–25°C. Umswakama ohlobene — akukho ngaphezu kwe-70%.
• Izitsha: Ukugoqwa kwephepha, ubhasikidi we-bamboo, isikhwama sendwangu. Ukufakwa emoyeni okuphelele akuvunyelwe.
• Izitha zetiye: Ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, amaphunga angaphandle, ukuswakama, isikhutha.
• Amandla okugcinwa: Ezimeni ezifanele — amashumi eminyaka. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, iphunga liba lijule, ukunambitheka kuba mnene futhi kube mnandi, ubungqweba bube phakeme.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zokuklolodwa:

Intengo iyehluka kuye ngezinga, isimo (isitini noma esivundululiwe), unyaka wokukhiqizwa, nomkhiqizi. Izinga lesibili — kusuka ku-80–150 yuan nge-500 g; elesibili — 200–500 yuan; elikhethekile — kusuka ku-600 yuan kuya phezulu.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukuklolodwa:

• Hlola uphawu: Bheka uphawu lwejiyografi yase-Ziyang (紫阳地理标志) kanye nokuboniswa komthamo we-selenium emaphaketheni.
• Hlola “izimbali zegolide”: Kufanele zibe phuzi zegolide, zisakazeke ngokulinganayo. Izichasiso ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza noma ezimnyama ziyinkomba yokuphunyuzwa okungekuhle.
• Hlolela iphunga: Iphunga lefungus elihlanzekile ngaphandle kwephunga lokubola ne-acid. Ukungabikho kwephunga “lomgodi omanzi”.
• Hlola insipho: I-clear, e-orange-yellow noma e-red-brown. Ukungabonakali kahle kuyisignali esabekayo.
• Qaphela “ngokumakethwa kwe-selenium”: Akusiwona wonke amatiye anombhalo othi “富硒” (enothiswe nge-selenium) aqukethe amanani abalulekile ale nto. Abakhiqizi bekhwalithi bahlinzeka ngezitifiketi zokuhlaziywa kwaselabhorethri.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• “Ipharadesi le-Selenium”: Isifunda saseZiyang singenye yezindawo ezimbalwa emhlabeni ezinomthamo omkhulu wemvelo we-selenium enhlabathini (kanye nesifunda sase-Enshi yesifundazwe saseHubei). Lokhu kuhlobene nokuvela kwamatshe e-paleozoic e-carbonaceous-siliceous aneminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500.
• Izihlahla zetiye zakudala kakhulu: Ezintabeni zaseZiyang kugcinwe izihlahla zetiye zasendle (Camellia sinensis) ezineminyaka, ngokwezilinganiso ezahlukene, kusukela emakhulwini kuya enkulungwaneni yeminyaka, okufakazela imvelaphi yasendulo yokuzimela yokutshalwa kwetiye kule ndawo.
• Itiye “lamaDaoist”: Igama lesifunda lihlobene nomfundisikazi weDaoist uZhang Boduan (张伯端, ngekhulu le-11), umbhali wezincwadi ze-alchemy “Wu Zhen Pian” (《悟真篇》), okuthiwa wayesebenza ezintabeni zaseZiyang futhi esebenzisa itiye lendawo ngenjongo yokuzindla.
• “Ukuvikela okuphindwe kabili”: I-Ziyang Hei Cha ingenye yamatiye ambalwa anesimo sikazwelonke sejiyografi se-PRC kanye nokwamukelwa yi-EU.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye ama-Hei Cha:

• I-Jingyang Fu Zhuan (泾阳茯砖): “Umfowethu omdala” ovela esifundazweni esifanayo saseShaanxi. I-Jingyang Fu Zhuan ikhiqizwa ngezinto ezithengwayo (hhayi ezendawo), ayiqukethe umthamo ophezulu we-selenium. Ubuchwepheshe “bezimbali zegolide” — obujwayelekile buka Jingyang, kanti e-Ziyang buguqelwe ukuze kugcinwe i-selenium. Ukunambitheka kwe-Jingyang, ngokuvamile, kumnene futhi kumnandi kakhulu; i-Ziyang — iminyene kancane futhi “inamandla”.
• I-Anhua Fu Zhuan (安化茯砖): Okufana ne-Hunan, okubabayo kakhudlwana, okunamazwana agqamile okhuni. Ayinothisiwe nge-selenium. Ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa emfucumfucwini bufushane (amahora, hhayi amaviki).
• I-Enshi Hei Cha (恩施黑茶): Elinye itiye elimnyama “eline-selenium” — elivela esifundazweni saseHubei. Ngokomthamo we-selenium liqhathaniswa nelase-Ziyang, kodwa ubuchwepheshe buyahluka: e-Enshi isigaba “sezimbali zegolide” asisetshenziswa njalo.
• I-Shu Pu’er (熟普洱): I-Yunnan Hei Cha enephrofayili “enomhlaba” futhi “ebolile”. I-Ziyang Hei Cha — imnene, imnandi, inephimbo lefungus elivelele kanye nokujula “kwe-selenium” yamaminerali.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Ziyang Hei Cha — itiye, elazalwa ekuhlanganeni kwemithombo emithathu: i-geology yasendulo, eyanikeza inhlabathi i-selenium engavamile; amasiko amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka okutshalwa kwetiye ezintabeni eningizimu ye-Shaanxi; kanye nolwazi lwesimanje lwe-microbiological, olwavumela ukuhlanganisa “izimbali zegolide” nobungqweba bemvelo bezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Leli tiye ngelawo lazo abazisa hhayi nje ubumnandi be-hedonistic bensipho eminyene, enamafutha enephunga lefungus, kodwa futhi indlela enolwazi yezempilo. Inkomishi ngayinye ye-Ziyang Hei Cha — iyisiphuzo sengcebo yamaminerali yezintaba zasendulo zaseQinba, esidlule ezandleni zochwepheshe kanye nomhlaba oyimfihlakalo wezinto eziphilayo ezincane, ukuze sibe isiphuzo esifudumele, esisongelayo, esifudumeza sijule.