zhúyè

Amaqabunga bamboo (竹叶, zhúyè) — amaqabunga omisiwe ezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza ezinjengotshani zohlobo lwe-Phyllostachys kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziseduze, okuyinto e-China osekuyisikhathi eside igxotshwa ngamanzi ashisayo futhi iphuzwa njengendlela yokumnika amandla epholile. Lokhu akulona itiye ngokomqondo wesayensi yezitshalo: impahla eluhlaza ayinalo nhlobo i-camellia sinensis (Camellia sinensis), futhi isiphuzo ngokwaso singaphansi kwesigaba “samatiye angasho lutho” (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) — iziphuzo zezitshalo eziphuzwa ngendlela yetiye, kodwa ezingelona itiye. I-bamboo ikhula kuyo yonke indawo eseningizimu ye-subtropical ye-China, futhi amaqabunga ayo ahlala etholakala, eshibhile futhi eyisiphuzo “esipholile” ngesikhathi sonyaka esishisayo. Ukumnika amandla kuthakaselwa umbala okhanyayo, iphunga elisha elinjengotshani nelinjengokusanhlamvu kanye nethoni ethambile enoshukela ngaphandle kwe-tannin yokubaba kwetiye langempela. Embonini yokudla yesimanje, kuphinde kukhishwe okukhishwe kwe-flavonoid emaqabungeni e-bamboo, okusetshenziswa ngokwehlukile emasikweni asekhaya “etiye”.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: ukumnika amandla kwezitshalo, into esikhundleni setiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); ngokwesayensi yezitshalo akulona itiye.
• Umndeni: utshani (Poaceae / Gramineae), umndeni omncane we-bamboo (Bambusoideae).
• Impahla eluhlaza eyinhloko: amaqabunga e-bamboo ohlobo lwe-Phyllostachys — ngokuyinhloko i-淡竹 (dànzhú) kanye ne-毛竹 (máozhú, Phyllostachys edulis).
• Isigaba: ukumnika amandla kwezitshalo kanye nezimbali ezomile (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) — ngaphandle kwesigaba sesayensi yezitshalo setiye elivela ku-Camellia sinensis
• Imvelaphi: indawo ye-subtropical ye-China — i-Zhejiang, i-Fujian, i-Jiangxi, i-Hunan, i-Anhui, i-Sichuan.

Impahleni eluhlaza alikho iqabunga le-Camellia sinensis, futhi ngenxa yalokho, akukho leyo nhlanganisela ye-theine, i-catechin kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-enzyme okuphawulekayo okwenza itiye libe itiye. Ngokombono wokulawulwa kokudla kwase-China, umkhiqizo onjalo udlula njenge-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — isiphuzo sezitshalo, hhayi umkhiqizo wetiye. Ngokwehlukana, kudingeka kuhlukaniswe izikhundla ezintathu ezinamagama afanayo ngendlela ekhohlisayo:

• 竹叶 (zhúyè) — iqabunga le-bamboo uqobo lwalo, okuyilo elikhulunywa ngalo kulesi sihloko.
• 淡竹叶 (dàn zhú yè) — utshani i-Lophatherum gracile, isitshalo esiphansi esinjengotshani, esingahlobene ne-bamboo, nakuba igama lizwakala ngokoqobo njenge “qabunga le-淡竹”. Lena yimpahla eluhlaza ezimele, efakwe ku-Pharmacopoeia ye-People’s Republic of China (中国药典, Zhōngguó Yàodiǎn) ngaphansi kwegama elithi 淡竹叶. Ukukudida neqabunga le-bamboo akufanele kwenzeke, nakuba ekuthengiseni kungenzeka ukushintshwa.
• 竹叶青 (zhúyèqīng) — leli ITIYE eliluhlaza elivela ku-camellia, elikhiqizwa endaweni ye-Entinyama i-Emeishan (峨眉山) e-Sichuan; lenziwe nge-Camellia sinensis futhi alihlobene nokumnika amandla okuvela ku-bamboo. Kulo kunendatshana yethu ehlukile.

Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukungaqondakali kwe-taxonomic: ngaphansi kwegama elithi 淡竹 (dànzhú) emithonjeni eyahlukene kuqondwa i-Phyllostachys glauca noma i-Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis — akukho ukunikezwa okukodwa, ngakho-ke uhlobo oluthile lwempahla eluhlaza luncike endaweni yokuvuna.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

I-bamboo — ngesinye sezithombe eziyinhloko zesiko lamaShayina: ingena “kubangane abathathu besimo sezulu sasebusika esibandayo” (uphayini, i-bamboo, iplamu) futhi “kwezine ezihloniphekile” kanye ne-orchid, iplamu kanye ne-chrysanthemum, ifanekisela ukuqina nobuqotho. Iqabunga le-bamboo liyakhulunywa emibhalweni yakudala ye-materia medica, kuhlanganise ne-”Bencao Gangmu” (本草纲目, Běncǎo Gāngmù) ka-Li Shizhen, lapho kuchazwa khona izakhiwo “ezipholile” zeqabunga. Emisebenzini yabantu yaseningizimu ye-China, ukumnika amandla okuvela eqabungeni le-bamboo kwakuyisiphuzo sasehlobo — babecima ukoma ensimini nasekhaya, ngoba impahla eluhlaza yayikhula ngokoqobo emnyango.

• Indima ekuphileni kwansuku zonke: isiphuzo “esipholile” senkathi ethile sezinyanga ezishisayo, esishibhile futhi esitholakala yonke indawo.
• Ukusetshenziswa okuhlobene: amaqabunga abanzi e-bamboo (ngokwesibonelo, 箬叶, ruòyè, amaqabunga e-Indocalamus) ngokwesiko asetshenziselwa ukusonga i-zongzi (粽子) — amaphiramidi elayisi; lona umugqa wokupheka ohlukile, ongahlobene nokugxoshwa.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza:

• Isitshalo: utshani obuhlala iminyaka eminingi obunesiqu esingenalutho esinamajoyinti (i-culm).
• Iqabunga: linjengomkhonto, linesihloko esicijile, linemithambo ehambelanayo kanye “nenethiwekhi” encane ephambanayo ephawulekayo phakathi kwemithambo.
• Ingxenye evuniwe: amaqabunga amancane athambile (嫩叶, nènyè), aqoqwe emagatsheni.
• Umehluko ku-Lophatherum: ku-淡竹叶 amaqabunga mancane futhi athambile, isitshalo siphansi, sinjengotshani, sinezimpande ezincane ezijiyile, kanti i-bamboo yangempela injengesihlahla.

Ukwenzela ukumnika amandla okugxotshiwe, kuthandwa iqabunga elincane eliluhlaza okukhanyayo elingenazo iziqu eziqinile; iqabunga elidala elimnyama linikeza ukuqina okwengeziwe kanye nephunga elincane.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa:

• Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical enomswakama, nehlobo elifudumele kanye nemvula eningi.
• Inhlabathi: i-acidic, evundlile, inhlabathi yasezintabeni ekhishwa kahle amanzi.
• Izifunda: izindawo ezinkulu ze-maozhu (毛竹) e-Zhejiang (okuhlanganisa nesifunda sase-Anji, 安吉), e-Fujian, e-Jiangxi, e-Hunan, e-Anhui.
• Ukuvuna: ikakhulukazi intwasahlobo — ihlobo, lapho iqabunga lisemincane; impahla eluhlaza ingaba yasendle noma ivela emasimini e-bamboo.

I-bamboo ikhula ngokushesha futhi iyavuseleleka ngemva kokusikwa kweqabunga, ngakho-ke ukuvunwa kweqabunga ngokuvamile akuncintisani nokusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwamasimu e-bamboo (amahlumela, izingodo).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe bulula futhi buhlukahlukene kakhulu kunobo betiye langempela, futhi buhluka kusuka ekomisweni elenziwa ekhaya kuya ekucutshungulweni “okufana netiye”.

• Ukuqoqa nokuhlunga: ukukhetha iqabunga elincane, ukususa iziqu eziqinile kanye nodoti.
• Ukushwabana (摊晾, tānliàng): ukunaba ngendlela ezacile ukuze kulahlwe ingxenye yomswakama.
• Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): ezinkethweni “ezifana netiye” iqabunga liyashiswa ukuze kumiswe i-oxidation futhi kuzinziswe umbala oluhlaza; ekomisweni elilula lesi sigaba siyashiywa.
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): ngezinye izikhathi kuyasetshenziswa ukunikeza iqabunga isimo kanye nokwenza kube lula ukukhishwa.
• Ukomisa (烘干 / 晒干): ngomoya oshisayo noma elangeni kuze kufinyelelwe kumswakama ozinzile.

Umugqa wezimboni ohlukile — ukukhishwa kwama-flavonoid eqabunga le-bamboo: ukugaya, ukukhishwa ngamanzi ne-alcohol, ukugxilisa kanye nokomisa ngesifutho. Umkhiqizo walo mugqa — akusona isiphuzo, kodwa i-powder yokukhishwa.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Iqabunga elomile: lisuka kokuluhlaza liya kokuphuzi okuluhlaza, linjengomkhonto, linomthambo obonakalayo; iphunga lotshani obomile kanye ne-fresh hay.
• Umbala wokumnika amandla: usuka kokuphuzi okuluhlaza okukhanyayo uya kokuphuzi okukhanyayo okusagolide, kusobala.
• Iphunga: elisha elinjengotshani nelinjengokusanhlamvu, nethoni encane yokuluhlaza kwe-bamboo kanye nomumo we-hay.
• Ukunambitheka: kulula, kuthambile, kunoshukela kancane, kunomuzwa wokuphola kanye nokubaba okuncane; umzimba wokumnika amandla mncane.
• I-aftertaste: imfushane, nokuhunyushwa kwebuyisela lobumnandi (回甘, huígān).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Flavonoid (竹叶黄酮, zhúyè huángtóng): Ama-C-glycosidic flavones — i-orientin, i-isoorientin, i-vitexin, i-isovitexin; yiwona afundwayo njengezakhi eziyinhloko ze-antioxidant.
• Ama-Phenolic acid: i-chlorogenic, i-p-coumaric, i-ferulic nokunye.
• Ama-Polysaccharide kanye ne-chlorophyll.
• I-Silicon: i-bamboo iqongelela ngenkuthalo i-silica (i-silicon dioxide) ezicutshini.
• Ama-Amino acid kanye namaminerali: i-potassium, i-manganese nokunye ngamanani amancane.
• Ama-lactone anephunga kanye nezinhlanganisela ezifana ne-coumarin: zifaka isandla ephungeni.
• I-Caffeine: ayikho, ngokungafani netiye langempela, okuyinto ebalulekile kulabo abagwema i-caffeine.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Ngezansi — yilokho okuvame ukucatshangwa ngalo mkhiqizo emasikweni asekhaya amaShayina, kanye nalokho okufundwa yisayensi. Lokhu akusona isikhafulo, kodwa isiphuzo sokudla; noma yiziphi izimangalo zezempilo zokuthengisa zingaphandle kwemikhawulo ye-encyclopedia.

• Emibonweni yendabuko: iqabunga le-bamboo lifakwa emikhiqizweni “epholile”, kuthiwa linamandla “okuhlambulula ukushisa nokususa ukukhathazeka” (清热除烦, qīngrè chúfán), “likhiqize uketshezi futhi likhuthaze ukuchama” (生津利尿, shēngjīn lìniào). Lezi yizigaba zemithi yesintu neyendabuko, hhayi imiphumela yemitholampilo eqinisekisiwe.
• Okufundwa yisayensi: ama-flavonoid eqabunga le-bamboo afundwa njengama-antioxidant in vitro nasezinhlelweni eziyimodeli; okukhishwe eqabungeni le-bamboo e-China kusetshenziswa njenge-antioxidant yokudla evumelekile. Lokhu kuphathelene ne-chemistry yokudla, hhayi ukwelashwa.
• Iphrofayili ye-caffeine: ukungabikho kwe-caffeine kwenza isiphuzo sibe lungele ukuphuzwa kusihlwa.

Izixwayiso ezingathathi hlangothi ezijwayelekile: ukulinganisela okunengqondo; kubantu “abomzimba obandayo”, abakhulelwe kanye nabancelisayo, kanye nangesikhathi sokuphuza imithi kufanele kuqikelelwe futhi kubonisane nochwepheshe. I-encyclopedia ayinikezi imithamo nezincomo.

9. Ukugxosha:

• Isilinganiso: cishe amagremu angu-3 — 5 eqabunga emanzini angu-300 — 400 ml.
• Izinga lokushisa: 90 — 100 °C; iqabunga liyakwazi ukumelana namanzi abilayo, ukuze kube nokumnika amandla okuthambile kwanele u-90 — 95 °C.
• Izitsha: i-teapot yengilazi noma ye-porcelain, i-gaiwan noma inkomishi nje — iqabunga alinankinga.
• Isikhathi kanye nokuchithwa: ukumnika amandla kokuqala imizuzu engu-3 — 5 ekugxosheni okulula; ngendlela yokuchitha — kufushane, kumelana nokuchithwa okungu-2 — 3, ngemva kwalokho ukunambitheka kuphela ngokushesha.
• Ukuphakelwa okubandayo: ehlobo kufaneleka ukumnika amandla okubandayo — thela amanzi apholile eqabungeni bese ulinda amahora amaningana efrijini noma ukugxoshe ngokushisayo bese upholisa ngeqhwa.
• Inhlanganisela: ihlangana ngokungathathi hlangothi noshukela oyizicucu (冰糖, bīngtáng) noma izimbali ze-chrysanthemum (菊花, júhuā) — lolu udaba lokunambitha, hhayi iresiphi ephoqelekile.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama engenawo amaphunga angaphandle.
• Isitsha: isitsha esivalwe ngokuqinile noma isikhwama esivimbela umswakama.
• Isikhathi: iphunga licace kakhulu ngonyaka wokuqala nengxenye, ngemva kwalokho liyancipha kancane kancane.
• Izingozi: umswakama ophakeme uholela ekubumbeni nasekukhuleni isikhunta; iqabunga limunca amaphunga kalula.

11. Intengo kanye Namanga:

• Inkomba yentengo yabathengisi: cishe u-70 ¥/kg ngeqabunga le-bamboo elomile elijwayelekile; lena inkomba yobukhulu bentengo, hhayi intengo yokuthengisa, encike ezinhlobonhlobo, ekucutshungulweni nasekupakisheni.
• Ukuthi impahla eluhlaza yangempela ibukeka kanjani: amaqabunga aphelele noma asikiwe anjengomkhonto asuka kokuluhlaza kuye kokuphuzi okuluhlaza, anesihloko esicijile, imithambo ehambelanayo kanye nenethiwekhi encane ephambanayo; iphunga elisha elinjengotshani.

Izinketho eziyinhloko zokushintshwa nokudideka: ukuthengiswa kotshani i-Lophatherum gracile (淡竹叶) ngaphansi kwegama elithi 竹叶 futhi okuphambene nalokho; ukuhlanganiswa kweziqu eziqinile, iziqu kanye nezicucu; amaqabunga atshani nolunye utshani asikiwe; iqabunga elidala elimnyama elingenalo iphunga. Ngokwehlukana kufanele kukhunjulwe ukudideka kwamagama netiye eliluhlaza 竹叶青 (zhúyèqīng): ngaphansi kwaleli gama kuthengiswa itiye le-camellia, hhayi ukumnika amandla okuvela ku-bamboo. Lapho uhlola kufanele ubheke isimo kanye nemithambo yeqabunga, ukulingana kombala, ukungabibikho kwephunga elibi kanye nokungcola kwangaphandle.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• I-tincture enegama elifanayo: 竹叶青酒 (zhúyèqīng jiǔ) — i-liqueur yezitshalo eyaziwayo evela esifundazweni sase-Shanxi (山西); igama liyafana, kodwa lona umkhiqizo ophuzwayo oludakayo, hhayi ukumnika amandla okuvela eqabungeni.
• Itiye elinegama elifanayo: lona sibilisi 青 egameni elithi 竹叶青 elivela e-Emeishan libhekisela etiyeni eliluhlaza elivela ku-camellia — umthombo wakudala wokudideka.
• Isisongo, hhayi into yokugxosha: amaqabunga abanzi e-bamboo ehlobene asetshenziselwa ukusonga i-zongzi nezinye izidlo zelayisi, ezinikeza iphunga lezitshalo.
• I-Antioxidant yokudla: okukhishwe kwe-flavonoid eqabungeni le-bamboo kungene emisebenzini yokudla yase-China njenge-antioxidant evumelekile, okuyinto engajwayelekile “emakhambi etiye”.
• I-Silicon ye-bamboo: ukuqongelela okuphezulu kwe-silica ezicutshini ze-bamboo — ngesinye sezizathu zokuqina kwayo kanye “nokuba namaminerali okuluhlaza” okukhethekile kwempahla eluhlaza.

Ekuphetheni:

Amaqabunga bamboo — lona ummeleli othembekile wohlobo lwe-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): isiphuzo esiphuzwa ngendlela yetiye, kodwa esingelona itiye futhi esingenawo ummeleli we-camellia ngaphakathi. Inomqondo wayo siqu — impahla eluhlaza etholakalayo yaseningizimu ye-subtropical, ukucutshungulwa okulula, ukumnika amandla okukhanyayo okunephunga elinjengotshani nelinjengokusanhlamvu futhi ngaphandle kwe-caffeine. Ukuyibona “njengento esikhundleni setiye” akunabulungiswa: lona isiko elizimele lasekhaya eline-terroir yalo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nendlela yokugxosha.

Into esemqoka kumthengi — ukungadidi izikhundla ezintathu ezifanayo ngokwezwi: iqabunga le-bamboo uqobo (竹叶), utshani i-Lophatherum gracile (淡竹叶) kanye netiye eliluhlaza 竹叶青 elivela e-Emeishan. Zihlanganiswa kuphela ama-hanzi emagameni, kodwa hhayi isayensi yezitshalo noma inhloso. Ukumnika amandla okuvela eqabungeni le-bamboo kufanele kuthakaselwe ngalokho okuyikho — ngesiphuzo esilula, esipholile, esingabizi, hhayi ngezakhiwo zokwelapha ezinikezwa sona, ezihlala zingaphandle kwemikhawulo yomkhiqizo wokudla.

the teas described here are available from teamotea