Zhēngméi chá

I-Zhēngméi chá (蒸酶茶, zhēngméi chá) iyitiye eliluhlaza elikhethekileyo eligayiweyo (蒸青绿茶, zhēngqīng lǜchá) elisuka eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Yúnnán, edalwe ngokusekelwe kumahlumela amakhulu e-Yúnnán (uhlobo lwe-Camellia sinensis var. assamica) kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokumisa ngomhwamuko (蒸青, zhēngqīng), obutsheleke emasikweni e-Ēnshī Yùlù. Isici esihlukile yisiteji esengeziwe somshikashika oswakama nokuvutshelwa (渥堆发酵, wòduī fājiào), okunciphisa ngokugqamile ubumunyu nobukhali (obujwayelekile ematiyeni amakhulu aluhlaza) futhi kwakha iphrofayili emnene, enoshukela, ene-asidi enciphile. Igama elithi 蒸酶 lisho ngokwezwi “i-enzyme elisetjenziswe ngomhwamuko” — okuyinkomba yezinyathelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe: ukungasebenzi ngenxa yomhwamuko kanye nenguquko elandelayo ye-enzyme.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza — eligayiweyo (蒸青绿茶, zhēngqīng lǜchá). Ngokusemthethweni lingaphansi kwetiye eliluhlaza, nokho khona ukuba nesinyathelo somshikashika oswakama (渥堆, wòduī) kusondeza ubuchwepheshe kwezinye izinto zokukhiqiza i-hēichá netiye eliphuzi, okwenza i-Zhēngméi chá ibe yisitayela “sasemngceleni” esiyingqayizivele.
• Ikhathuni: Itiye eliluhlaza elikhulu eligayiweyo lase-Yúnnán. Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo evikelwe e-People’s Republic of China (kusukela ngo-2010).
• Imvelaphi: I-China, iSifundazwe sase-Yúnnán (云南省, Yúnnán shěng), isifunda sedolobha sase-Líncāng (临沧市, Líncāng shì). Indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza iSifunda sase-Gěngmǎ (耿马县, Gěngmǎ xiàn); iphinde ikhiqizwe ezifundeni zase-Cāngyuán (沧源县, Cāngyuán xiàn), Yúnxiàn (云县, Yúnxiàn), Zhènkāng (镇康县, Zhènkāng xiàn) nakwezinye izifunda ezine zesifunda sase-Líncāng — isamba sezifunda eziyisi-7.
• Izixhumanisi Zendawo: Cishe 23°–24° N, 98°30′–100° E.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando:

I-Zhēngméi chá ingelinye lamatiye aluhlaza ase-China amancane anombhali obhaliwe ngokunembile. Umdali walo ungungcweti wetiye u-Tāng Rénliáng (汤仁良, Tāng Rénliáng), odabuka eSifundazweni sase-Zhèjiāng, isiphetho sakhe esihlanganiswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa namasiko amabili etiye.

Ngo-1938, ebalekela impi, u-Tāng Rénliáng wafika esifundeni sase-Ēnshī (恩施, Ēnshī) eSifundazweni sase-Húběi, lapho afunda khona ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza itiye elidume kakhulu eligayiweyo eliluhlaza i-Ēnshī Yùlù (恩施玉露, Ēnshī Yùlù) — elinye lamatiye ambalwa ase-China agcina ubuchwepheshe basendulo bokumisa ngomhwamuko (蒸青, zhēngqīng), obuyobuyela emuva esikhathini se-Táng. Ngo-1942, u-Tāng wazinza e-Yúnnán futhi eminyakeni eminingana eyalandela wazama ukuhlola, eguqula ubuchwepheshe be-Húběi bokugaywa ukuze busebenze ngento ehluke ngokuphelele — izihlahla zetiye ezinkulu zase-Yúnnán (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). Inkinga eyinhloko yayiwukuthi into eluhlaza enamacembe amakhulu iqukethe ama-polyphenol amaningi kakhulu kunaleyo enamacembe amancane, futhi uma icutshungulwa ngendlela ejwayelekile inomphumela wokukhiqiza itiye eliluhlaza elibabayo nelinobukhali. Isixazululo kwaba ukwethulwa kwesinyathelo esiyingqayizivele somshikashika oswakama (渥堆, wòduī), lapho ama-enzyme, “avuswe” ngemuva kokugaywa, aguqula ngobumnene ama-polyphenol, enciphisa ubumunyu ngaphandle kokufaka umoya-mpilo ngokuphelele.

Ngo-1985, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bamukelwa embonini eSifundeni sase-Gěngmǎ, futhi i-Zhēngméi chá yaqala ukuthengiswa emakethe. Njengoba kubikwa imithombo esemthethweni yase-Líncāng, lesi senzakalo sabhidliza umbono wesikhathi eside wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthola itiye eliluhlaza lekhwalithi kusengaphakade kwezinto eziluhlaza ezinkulu zase-Yúnnán.

Ngeminyaka yawo-1990, ukukhiqizwa kwandiswa kakhulu; ngo-1996, i-“Dàlìshù pái Zhēngméi chá” (大栗树牌蒸酶茶) yathola indondo yegolide embukisweni we-China Wezinto Ezintsha Zezesayensi Nezobuchwepheshe. Ngo-2003, uphawu lokuhweba i-“Huíwèi” (回味牌, Huíwèi pái) lwathola isikhundla esithi “Uphawu Lwezentengiso Oludume Nge-Yúnnán” (云南省著名商标). Ngo-2010, itiye labhaliswa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (国家农产品地理标志). Ngo-2024, ukukhiqizwa kwakuhlanganisa izifunda eziyisikhombisa zesifunda sase-Líncāng, umkhiqizo wonyaka wawungaphezu kwamathani angu-3 000; imikhiqizo ithunyelwa e-Japan, e-Myanmar nasemazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

• Igama:

蒸 (zhēng) — “ukugayisa”; 酶 (méi) — “i-enzyme”; 茶 (chá) — “itiye”. Leligama lichaza ngqo umgomo wobuchwepheshe: ukumisa ngomhwamuko okulandelwa inguquko ye-enzyme (enzyme) ngesikhathi somshikashika oswakama. Leli ngelinye lamagama ambalwa etiye ase-China angabhekisi endaweni noma ekubukekeni kwangaphandle, kodwa abhekise emgogodleni we-biochemical yenqubo yokukhiqiza.

• Ukubaluleka Kwamasiko:

I-Zhēngméi chá iwuphawu lwengxoxo yobuciko phakathi kwamasiko etiye: ubuchwepheshe bokugayisa base-Húběi, izinto eziluhlaza ezinkulu zetiye zase-Yúnnán, kanye nomsebenzi weminyaka eminingi wengcweti eyodwa eyayisuka kwenye indawo. I-Líncāng, eyaziwa kakhulu njengendawo yokuzalwa ye-diānhóng (滇红, diānhóng) kanye nezinto eziluhlaza ze-pǔ’ěr, ngenxa ye-Zhēngméi chá isingamukeleka futhi njengomkhiqizi omkhulu wetiye eliluhlaza. Idolobha lizibeka “njengendawo okuzalelwa kuyo itiye eliluhlaza eligayiweyo elikhulu lase-Yúnnán” (大叶种蒸青绿茶的诞生地).

3. Incazelo Yezezitshalo Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo:

• Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izinhlobonhlobo zamahlumela amakhulu ase-Yúnnán (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), ezisuselwa embewini. Ama-cultivar ayinhloko: Měngkù Dàyèzhǒng (勐库大叶种, Měngkù Dàyèzhǒng) ne-Fèngqìng Dàyèzhǒng (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng Dàyèzhǒng) — womabili angaphakathi kwezinhlobo zikazwelonke ezisezingeni elithe xaxa letiye. Inhliziyo yamasimu ase-Gěngmǎ ihlanganisa izihlahla zasendulo (古茶树, gǔcháshù) ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 ubudala, ezakha kuze kufike ku-40% wezitshalo endaweni yase-Měngsǎ (勐撒镇).
• Ukuvunwa: Intwasahlobo (Mashi–Apreli) — okuyisikhathi esiyinhloko nesibaluleke kakhulu; ukuvunwa kwasehlobo nokwasekwindla kuyavunyelwa.
• Indinganiso Yokuvuna: Iyahlukahluka ngokwezigaba: ezingeni elikhethekile (特级, tèjí) — amabhulukwe awodwa kuphela (单芽, dānyá); ezingeni lokuqala — ibhulukwe elineqabunga elilodwa; ezingeni lesibili — ibhulukwe elinamacembe amabili.
• Izidingo Zento Esetshenziswayo: Amahlumela amasha, aphelele angenasici. Okuqukethwe ama-polyphenol emacembeni asentwasahlobo — ≤ 20% (phansi kunalokho okuvamile ezintweni eziluhlaza ezinkulu zase-Yúnnán, okuchazwa ukuphakama namafu); okuqukethwe i-vitamin C — kufika ku-121 mg/100 g yento eyomile, okuphindwe kabili kunamatiye ajwayelekile aluhlaza.

4. Indawo Nezici Zokulima:

• Indawo nesimo sezulu: Izindawo eziphakeme zomgodi woMfula i-Láncāngjiāng (Mekong engenhla) endaweni engu-23°–24° N. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-18–22°C, umswakama ophakeme ongaphansi kuka-80%, izinsuku ezinenkungu ezingaphezu kuka-200 ngonyaka, umehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku.
• Ukuphakama Kokukhula: 1 000–1 800 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Indawo ekahle kakhulu yi-1 200–1 600 m.
• Umhlabathi: Umhlabathi obomvu kanye nobomvu onsundu we-laterite (红壤、赤红壤, hóng rǎng, chìhóng rǎng), pH 4.5–6.0, ucebile ngama-microelement — i-selenium (Se) ne-zinc (Zn). Isembozo sehlathi endaweni esemqoka yokukhiqiza si ≥ 80%. Kusetshenziswa umjikelezo wezemvelo othi “ukufuya izingulube — i-biogas — ukulima itiye” (猪-沼-茶); ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane akuvunyelwe.
• Imithombo Yamanzi: Ukunisela okwanele okuvela emgodini we-Láncāngjiāng. Isimo sezulu esinamafu nenkungu sinikeza ukukhanya okusabalalayo (漫射光, mànshè guāng), okukhuthaza ukuqoqeka kwama-amino acid: ekuvunweni kwasentwasahlobo, okuqukethwe ama-amino acid kufinyelela ku-≥ 6% — izinga eliphakeme ngokwedlulele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe be-Zhēngméi chá buhlukile futhi abunakho ukufana okuqondile emhlabeni wetiye. Buhlanganisa ukumisa ngomhwamuko (njengakumatiye aluhlaza ase-Japan nase-Ēnshī Yùlù) kanye nomshikashika oswakama olawulwayo (njengasekukhiqizweni kwe-hēichá netiye eliphuzi), nokho amapharamitha womshikashika anqunyelwe ngokuqinile — umgomo akukhona ukugaya okwengeziwe, kodwa inguquko emnene ye-enzyme yama-polyphenol. Wonke umjikelezo wenziwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi e-bamboo nawokhuni.

• Ukushiswa phambi kwelanga (摊晾, tānliáng): Amaqabunga amasha andlalwa ukuze omiswe isikhashana.
• Ukumisa Ngomhwamuko (蒸汽杀青, zhēngqì shāqīng): Isinyathelo esiyinhloko: amaqabunga acutshungulwa ngomhwamuko ocijile ngo-100°C isikhathi esingamasekhondi angu-30–60. Umhwamuko uvimbela ngokushesha i-polyphenol oxidase, ugcine kuze kufike ku-90% we-chlorophyll — okungaphezulu kakhulu kunalokho okutholakala ngokugazinga kwendabuko. Ngenxa yalokho, umhluzu uthola umbala ogqame ngokuluhlaza okotshani ongasase-Yúnnán amatiye aluhlaza angenawo.
• Ukusonkwa (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kwakha umucu oqinile, oqondile.
• Ukugaya Okuswakama (渥堆发酵, wòduī fājiào): Isinyathelo esingajwayelekile kakhulu: amaqabunga asontekile afakwa ezitsheni ze-bamboo, ambozwe ngendwangu emanzi futhi agcinwe ku-27–30°C isikhathi esingamahora angu-18–24. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ama-enzyme asele aguqula ngobumnene ama-polyphenol, enciphisa okuqukethwe ama-catechin ababayo futhi akhe iphrofayili ebushelelezi, enoshukela. Yilesi sinyathelo — ulwazi oluyimfihlo luka-Tāng Rénliáng — oluxazulula “inkinga yobumunyu” yetiye eliluhlaza elikhulu lase-Yúnnán.
• Ukomisa Ngamalahle Kaphayini (松木炭火干燥, sōngmù tànhuǒ gānzào): Ukomisa kokugcina ngo-≤ 60°C emalahleni okhuni lukaphayini. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi londoloza i-vitamin C nezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi; iphunga elincane lentuthu evela emalahleni kaphayini lengeza uthinta oluncane ephungeni.

6. Izici Zezinzwa:

• Ukubukeka Kweqabunga Elomile: Imicu eqinile, eqondile (条索紧直, tiáosuǒ jǐnzhí), empunga-esiliva enesithwathwa esibonakalayo (银灰显霜, yínhuī xiǎn shuāng). Ebushelelezi, ecophelelayo, enoboya obubonakala kahle.
• Iphunga Leqabunga Elomile: Elihlanzekile, eliphakeme, elinothi elisha “eliluhlaza” kakhulu kanye nethoni encane yekhestinathi.
• Iphunga Lomhluzu: Ithoni eyinhloko — ubusha obumsulwa obuphakeme (清香, qīngxiāng); ezingeni elikhethekile — iphunga elimnene “lamapulangwe” (嫩香, nènxiāng); etiyeni lasentwasahlobo — ithinti lekhestinathi (栗香, lìxiāng). Isici esihlukile yinothi “lommbila” elijwayelekile (玉米香, yùmǐ xiāng), izulu lamatiye aluhlaza agayiwe futhi engekho kulabo abagazingiwe.
• Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okunomqondo ogqamile we-umami (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), okujulile nokuyindilinga (醇厚, chúnhòu), nobumnandi obuhlala isikhathi eside obufana noshukela womoba ekungeneni (回甘, huígān). Ubumunyu nobukhali buncane kakhulu (苦涩度低, kǔsè dù dī) — lokhu kuwumphumela oqondile wesinyathelo somshikashika oswakama, lapho ama-catechin ewohloka ngokuphelele kunalokho okwenziwa ngokucutshungulwa okujwayelekile.
• Umbala Womhluzu: Ogqamile ngokuluhlaza okotshani, obale (汤色碧绿清澈, tāngsè bìlǜ qīngchè) — “oluhlaza” ngokuphawulekayo kunamatiye aluhlaza ase-Yúnnán agazingiwe, ngenxa yokugcinwa kwe-chlorophyll ngesikhathi sokumiswa ngomhwamuko.
• Izimbiza Zetiye (iqabunga eliphuhlisiwe): Eliluhlaza ngobumnene, elibushelelezi, elinamapulangwe namacembe avuleke ngokugcwele (叶底嫩绿匀整，芽叶舒展).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): Ngemuva komshikashika oswakama, okuqukethwe kunciphe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nento eluhlaza yokuqala: ezingeni elikhethekile lasentwasahlobo — ≤ 20%. Ama-polyphenol aguqulwe ngokwengxenye abe yizinhlobo ezingababanga kangako, okunikeza ukunambitheka okumnene, “okungashi”.
• Ama-Amino Acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): ≥ 6% — izinga eliphakeme ngokwedlulele, eliphakeme kunawo wonke phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza ase-China. Linikeza umqondo ogqamile we-umami nobusha.
• I-Vitamin C (维生素C): 121 mg/100 g — iphindwe kabili kunamatiye ajwayelekile aluhlaza. Kubangelwa inhlanganisela yokumisa ngomhwamuko ngokucophelela (ngaphandle kokushisa okuthintanayo) kanye nokomisa ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi (≤ 60°C).
• I-GABA (i-γ-aminobutyric acid): ≥ 160 mg/100 g — izinga eliphakeme ngokungajwayelekile, okucatshangelwa ukuthi libangelwa isinyathelo somshikashika oswakama ngaphansi kwezimo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo. Ukuqhathanisa: amatiye akhethekile e-GABA (ama-GABA oolong) aqukethe 150–300 mg/100 g. Ukuba khona kwe-GABA kunikeza i-Zhēngméi chá izici ezincane zokuthambisa.
• Ama-polysaccharide Etiye (茶多糖, chá duōtáng): Okuqukethwe okukhuphukile, okwakheka ngesikhathi somshikashika oswakama; kunomthelela ekubeni mnandi kwangemva kokunambitha okumnene.
• Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine — ebangeni elijwayelekile letiye eliluhlaza (2–3%).
• I-Chlorophyll: Ukugcinwa okungu-≥ 90% ngenxa yokumiswa ngomhwamuko — kunikeza umbala ogqamile womhluzu ohlaza okotshani.
• Amaminerali: I-selenium (Se), i-zinc (Zn), i-fluoride — abangelwa umhlaba obomvu we-laterite.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Umsebenzi Wokulwa Nezinto Ezinobungozi: Nanoma okuqukethwe ama-catechin kwehlile (uma kuqhathaniswa nento eluhlaza engacutshunguliwe), ama-polyphenol asele ehlanganiswe ne-vitamin C eningi anikeza umsebenzi ogqamile wokulwa nezinto ezinobungozi.
• Umphumela Wokuthambisa: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-GABA (≥ 160 mg/100 g) kunomthelela omncane wokunciphisa ukukhathazeka, kunciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokulala — isici esingavamile etiyeni eliluhlaza.
• Ukusekela Ugqozi Lomzimba: Ama-polysaccharide etiye asheshisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha; ukusebenza ngempumelelo, ngokwemininingwane ethile, kuphezulu ngo-30% kunamatiye aluhlaza ajwayelekile.
• Ukusekelwa Kwe-Vitamin: Ukudla okuphindwe kabili kwe-vitamin C uma kuqhathaniswa netiye elijwayelekile eliluhlaza kusekela amasosha omzimba kanye nempilo yesikhumba.
• Umthelela Omnene Esiswini: Ubushukela obunciphile kanye nephrofayili emnene yokunambitha kwenza i-Zhēngméi chá ibe “nobungane” esiswini esizwelayo kunamatiye amaningi aluhlaza.
• Imisebenzi Yokuqonda: I-L-theanine ephezulu ithuthukisa ukugxila nokunaka; i-GABA yengeza “ukuzinza okunokuthula”.
• Impilo Yomlomo: I-fluoride ivimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane abangela ukubola kwamazinyo.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Izinga Lokushisa Lamanzi: 80–85°C. Amanzi abilayo angaphezu kuka-90°C abhubhisa i-L-theanine ne-ascorbic acid, aguqule ukunambitheka kube bukhaliphile.

• Inani Letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml ngendlela yokuphuza engilazini; 5–7 g nge-gàiwǎn engu-100–120 ml ngendlela ye-gōngfū.

• Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi (ukubuka umbala womhluzu ohlaza okotshani nokuvuleka kweqabunga); i-gàiwǎn eyenziwe nge-porcelain emhlophe; iketela le-porcelain.

• Inqubo (Indlela Yengilazi — ukuthululela phezulu):

  1. Shisa ingilazi ngamanzi ashisayo, uwachithe.
  2. Thela amanzi (80–85°C) afinyelele ku-7/10 womthamo.
  3. Thela itiye — amapulangwe azocwila kancane, afake umbala ogqamile ohlaza okotshani emanzini.
  4. Gcina imizuzu emibili.
  5. Phuza, ushiye u-1/3 womhluzu, wengeze; kuze kufike ekungeniseni kabusha okungu-2–3.

• Inqubo (i-gàiwǎn, i-gōngfū):

  1. Shisa i-gàiwǎn ne-cháhǎi.
  2. Faka 5–7 g yetiye, uhlole iphunga.
  3. Ukugeza okwesekela: imizuzwana emihlanu, chitha.
  4. Ukungenisa kokuqala: imizuzwana engu-20.
  5. Okulandelayo ngalunye — +10 imizuzwana. Ikwazi ukumelana nokungeniswa okungu-4–6.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: Isitsha esivalekile, esingabonakali. Kude nokukhanya, umswakama, ukushisa namaphunga.
• Izinga Lokushisa: Isiqandisi, 0–5°C — kungcono kakhulu ukugcina i-vitamin C ne-chlorophyll.
• Usuku Lokuphelelwa Yisikhathi: Itiye elixegayo — ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu ezinyangeni zokuqala ezingu-6–12. Itiye elisha kufanele ligcinwe ezinsukwini eziyi-15 ebumnyameni ukususa “ukusha”. Ngemuva kokuvula — kufanele lidliwe phakathi nezinsuku eziyi-7.
• Izinhlobo Ezicindezelwe: I-Zhēngméi chá ibuye ikhiqizwe ngendlela yamaqebelengwana (饼茶, bǐngchá) nezitini (砖茶, zhuānchá), okuvumela ukugcinwa isikhathi eside nokukhula kwephunga eligugile (陈香, chénxiāng).

11. Intengo Nokukhohlisa:

• Isigaba Sentengo:

  • Izinga elikhethekile (“Izinaliti Eziyisiliva”, 银针茶, yínzhēn chá): kusukela ku-600 yuan nge-jīn — amapulangwe awodwa, iphunga elimnene “lamapulangwe”.
  • Izinga lokuqala (“Ama-Hooku Esiliva”, 银钩茶, yíngōu chá): 300–500 yuan — ipulangwe elineqabunga elilodwa, inothi elihlanzekile lekhestinathi.
  • Izinga lesibili (“Amaconsana Amazolo”, 露珠茶, lùzhū chá): 100–300 yuan — ipulangwe elinamacembe amabili, ukunambitheka okumnene nokujulile.
  • Izinhlobo ezicindezelwe: intengo iyahlukahluka; ama-qebelengwana agugile angabiza kakhulu.

• Ungayigwema Kanjani Imikhohliso:

  • Thenga kubakhiqizi abagunyaziwe besifunda sase-Líncāng abanophawu lwendawo yezwe.
  • Hlola umbala womhluzu: i-Zhēngméi chá yangempela inikeza umbala ogqamile ohlaza okotshani — amatiye aluhlaza agazingiwe awakwazi ukukhipha uthinti olunjalo.
  • Hlola iphunga: inothi lommbila elijwayelekile (玉米香) litholakala kuphela ematiyeni agayiwe; ukungabi khona kwalo kuyisizathu sokungabaza.
  • Ukunambitheka: i-Zhēngméi chá yangempela ibonakala ngobumunyu obuphansi ngokungavamile etiyeni eliluhlaza lase-Yúnnán; uma ukunambitheka kubuhlungu futhi kunobukhali — kungenzeka kube khona ukukhohlisa ngetiye eligazingiwe.
  • Bheka iqabunga: imicu eqondile, ebushelelezi, empunga-esiliva, hhayi esontekile noma enesiphithiphithi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• I-Zhēngméi chá ingesinye sezigameko ezimbalwa emlandweni wokulima itiye e-China lapho ubuchwepheshe besinye isifunda (i-Húběi Ēnshī Yùlù) buguqulwa ngamabomu ukuze busetshenziswe entweni eluhlaza ehluke ngokuphelele (izihlahla ezinkulu zetiye zase-Yúnnán). Lokhu kuhlola kwathatha kusukela ngo-1942 kuya ku-1985 — iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40.
• Ngaphambi kokuba kube khona i-Zhēngméi chá, emkhakheni wezobungcweti kwakukhona inkolelo yokuthi akukwazi ukuthola itiye eliluhlaza lekhwalithi kusengaphakade kwezinto eziluhlaza ezinkulu zase-Yúnnán ngenxa yobumunyu obedlulele. U-Tāng Rénliáng wakuchitha lokhu ngokwethula isinyathelo somshikashika oswakama — empeleni, wadala “uhlobo” olusha etiyeni eliluhlaza.
• Okuqukethwe i-GABA (≥ 160 mg/100 g) kwenza i-Zhēngméi chá ibe “itiye le-GABA lemvelo” — ngaphandle kocutshungulwa olukhethekile olungenamoya-mpilo olusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-GABA oolong. Cishe, i-GABA iqoqeka ngesikhathi somshikashika oswakama ku-27–30°C ezimeni ezinokufinyelela okuncane komoya-mpilo.
• I-Vitamin C eku-Zhēngméi chá (121 mg/100 g) — ingelinye lamazinga aphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwawo wonke amatiye emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa ama-sencha ase-Japan nama-gyokuro. Lokhu kubangelwa izici ezimbili: ukumisa ngomhwamuko ngaphandle kokushisa okuthintanayo kanye nokomisa kokugcina ngo-≤ 60°C.
• I-Zhēngméi chá ithunyelwa e-Japan — izwe lapho amatiye aluhlaza agayiwe eyindinganiso ephelele. Imakethe yase-Japan, enzima kakhulu ngezinga “lokuhlaza”, yamukele itiye lase-Yúnnán eligayiwe — ukuvunywa kokuhluka komkhiqizo.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza:

• Ēnshī Yùlù (恩施玉露, Ēnshī Yùlù): “Ukhokho” oqondile wobuchwepheshe; itiye le-Húběi eliluhlaza eligayiwe lisuka entweni enamacembe amancane. Iphrofayili — “i-marine” kakhudlwana, inotshani, ene-umami ephezulu. I-Zhēngméi chá — isuka entweni enkulu yase-Yúnnán, iminyene kakhulu, imnandi kakhudlwana, inenothi lommbila nobukhali obuncane ngenxa yesinyathelo somshikashika oswakama, esingekho e-Yùlù.
• I-Sencha Yase-Japan (煎茶, Sencha): Futhi itiye eliluhlaza eligayiwe; iphrofayili ejwayelekile — i-marine, ine-umami egqamile nobumunyu obuncane. I-Zhēngméi chá — imnandi kakhulu futhi “iyindilinga”, inomzimba ominyene wetiye elikhulu; ubumunyu abukho cishe ngokuphelele.
• Yúnlóng Lǜchá (云龙绿茶, Yúnlóng Lǜchá): Itiye eliluhlaza elikhulu lase-Yúnnán, kodwa eligazingiwe. Inephunga lekhestinathi, umzimba ominyene, nobukhali obubonakalayo. I-Zhēngméi chá — imnene kakhulu, “iluhlaza” ngokombala womhluzu, inenothi lommbila futhi cishe ayinabukhali.
• Méngdǐng Gānlù (蒙顶甘露, Méngdǐng Gānlù): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Sìchuān elinephrofayili emnene, “enamazolo”. I-Zhēngméi chá — iminyene kakhulu, inephrofayili ehlukile yephunga (ummbila vs. izimbali), kodwa ubumnandi obucishe bufane.
• Ama-GABA oolong (佳叶龙茶): Amatiye akhethekile ane-GABA ephezulu. I-Zhēngméi chá iqukethe inani elifanayo le-GABA, kodwa ikhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe obuhlukile futhi inikeza iphrofayili yokunambitha ehluke ngokuphelele — “eluhlaza”, entsha — esikhundleni sephrofayili “emnyama”, enomoya-mpilo yama-GABA oolong.

Ekuphetheni

I-Zhēngméi chá iyitiye eliyindida, itiye eliyibhuloho phakathi kwamasiko. Kuyo kuhlangene ubuchwepheshe bokugayisa base-Húběi obuneminyaka eyinkulungwane ubudala, izinto eziluhlaza ezinkulu zetiye zase-Yúnnán, isakhi sokugaya okwengeziwe esivamile e-hēichá, kanye nephupho lengcweti eyodwa eyachitha ingxenye yempilo yayo ixazulula inkinga “engaxazululeki”. Umphumela yitiye eliluhlaza obelungafanele libe khona: umhluzu ohlaza okotshani ovela esihlahleni esikhulu setiye sase-Yúnnán, omnene futhi omtoti, one-GABA yemvelo kanye ne-vitamin C erekhodiwe. I-Zhēngméi chá izoba ilungele labo abathanda amatiye aluhlaza ajulile kodwa abazwela ebumunyini, kanye nalabo abafuna itiye lakusihlwa elinomphumela omncane wokuthambisa — okuyivelakancane etiyeni eliluhlaza.