Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng

I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng iyitiye lokuqala elibomvu emhlabeni, ukhokho wawo wonke amatiye abomvu (amnyama ngokwe-Yurophu) asemhlabeni. Yasungulwa ngengozi ezintabeni zase-Tongmu esikhathini esingaphezu kweminyaka engu-400 edlule, yadabuka iphutha labenzi basemaphandleni yaze yaba uphawu lwaseShayina eYurophu, umgqugquzeli wesiko letiye laseBrithani kanye nesisekelo okwakhula kuso kamuva i-Qimen (祁门), i-Diān Hóng (滇红), i-Assam, i-Darjeeling nawo wonke amatiye abomvu omhlaba ngaphandle kokuhluka. ENtshonalanga yaziwa kakhulu ngegama elithi Lapsang Souchong.

1. Isigaba kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elivutshelwe ngokuphelele. Ngokwesigaba saseYurophu — itiye elimnyama. Izinga lokuvutshelwa lingu-80–95%. Ikhona ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu: yesintu ebhenywayo (传统烟熏正山小种, chuántǒng yānxūn) — eyomiswa/ibhenywe ngezinkuni zikaphayini lwaseMasson (马尾松, Pinus massoniana); kanye nengabhenywayo / “yobuchwepheshe obusha” (新工艺正山小种, xīn gōngyì) — engenazo izinkuni, igxile kakhulu evelweni lemvelo yoju nezithelo.
• Isigaba: Amatiye adumile aseShayina (中国名茶). Yemukelwa njengokhokho wawo wonke amatiye abomvu emhlabeni. Kusukela ngo-2010 ivikelwe uphawu lwendawo (地理标志, dìlǐ biāozhì).
• Imvelaphi: I-Shayina, Isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建省, Fújiàn Shěng), uMasipala wase-Nanping (南平市, Nánpíng Shì), idolobha elisezingeni lesifunda i-Wuyishan (武夷山市, Wǔyíshān Shì), idolobhana lase-Tongmu (桐木村, Tóngmù Cūn) — umgogodla weSiqiwi Sezemvelo Sikazwelonke sase-Wuyishan (武夷山国家级自然保护区, 565 km²). I-Tongmu iyindawo yokuqala futhi okuwukuphela kwayo yomdabu we-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng. “Zhèng Shān” (正山) — “Izintaba Zangempela / Zomdabu”, okungukuthi i-Tongmu nezindawo ezizungezile ezisezindaweni eziphakeme ezifanayo. Amatiye akhiqizwa ngaphandle kwalesi sifunda abizwa ngokuthi “Wài Shān” (外山, “izintaba zangaphandle”) futhi awakwazi ukusebenzisa igama elithi “Zhèng Shān”.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: E 117°38′6″–117°44′30″, N 27°41′35″–27°49′00″.
• Amagama ahlukile: Lapsang Souchong (igama lokuhweba elisetshenziswa eYurophu); Tongmu Guān Xiǎo Zhǒng (桐木关小种) — “uhlobo oluncane lwase-Tongmu”; Xīngcūn Xiǎo Zhǒng (星村小种) — ngegama ledolobha lezohwebo lapho itiye lalidlula khona ngokomlando liyothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Emithonjeni yaseYurophu yekhulu le-17 nele-18 — BOHEA (kusuka ku-Wuyi, 武夷 — “Bokheya”).

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

• Umlando: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng iyitiye lokuqala elibomvu emlandweni wesintu; ineminyaka engaphezu kuka-400. Usuku oluqondile lokudalwa kwalo alubhalwanga, kodwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwedatha (ucwaningo luka-Zōu Xīnqiú — 邹新球, 《武夷正山小种红茶》) ukudalwa kwayo kuthathwa phakathi nekhulu le-16 (cishe ngo-1567–1600). Inganekwane eyaziwa kabanzi ithi: ngasekupheleni kokubusa kobukhosi bakwa-Ming (明, 1368–1644), ngesikhathi sezidubedube zempi, ithimba lamasosha elalisuka e-Jiangxi liya e-Fujian lamisa ebusuku endaweni yokusebenzela itiye yedolobhana lase-Miaowan (庙湾, manje osekuyingxenye ye-Tongmu). Amasosha alala ngqo emaqabungeni etiye ayendlalelwe ukucutshungulwa. Ekuseni amaqabunga ayesegalile ukuvutshelwa, eba bomvu. Ukuze asindise isivuno, umenzi (ngokwenguqulo ye-Zhengshan Tang — 正山堂 — ukhokho womndeni wakwa-Jiang) wawasonga amaqabunga asemnyama wawomisa emlilweni wezinkuni zikaphayini lwaseMasson wasendaweni (马尾松). Itiye elinemibala emnyama emaqabungeni kanye nephunga elinamandla lentuthu kaphayini alizange lamukelwe kulo i-Tongmu, kodwa lapho lifinyelela emakethe yedolobhana lase-Xingcun (星村, (emakhilomitheni angu-45), umthengisi waseNingizimu ye-Fujian walithenga ngentengo ephansi kakhulu. Ngonyaka olandelayo wabuya futhi wanikela ngokuphindwe kabili noma kathathu — isidingo saleli tiye elingajwayelekile sasisikhulu. Kanjalo kwaqala umlando wetiye elibomvu.

• Ukuthunyelwa eYurophu: Cishe ngo-1604 abathengisi abangamaDashi baletha i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng eYurophu — kwakuyitiye lokuqala elibomvu laseShayina elafika eNtshonalanga. EHolland naseNgilandi laqala ukuthengiswa emakhemisi njengomuthi. Ngo-1662 inkosazana yamaPutukezi uCatherine waseBraganza, ishada nenkosi yamaNgisi uCharles II, yaletha amabhokisi ambalwa e-“Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng” njengelobolo — futhi itiye elibomvu langena ezinkambisweni zenkantolo yaseBrithani. INdlovukazi u-Anne kamuva yalwandisa udumo lwetiye emphakathini ophakeme, yabeka isisekelo sesiko le-afternoon tea. Ekhulwini le-17 nele-18 igama elithi BOHEA (elisuselwe ku-“Wuyi”) lalifana nokuthi “itiye laseShayina” eYurophu. Imbongi yamaRoma yamaNgisi uGeorge Byron yaphawula “itiye elibomvu le-BOHEA” enkondlweni ethi “Don Juan” (1819–1824). Ekhulwini le-19 ingxenye ye-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ekuthunyelweni kwetiye elibomvu laseShayina yafinyelela ku-85% (isikhathi se-Jiaqing, 嘉庆, 1796–1820).

• Ukwantshontshwa kobuchwepheshe: Ngo-1848 inhloli yezitshalo yaseBrithani uRobert Fortune, eyayithunywe yi-East India Company, yangena ezintabeni zase-Wuyishan, izifihle njengomShayina, futhi yakhipha izibonelo zezihlahla zetiye kanye nezimfihlo zokucubungula itiye elibomvu. Lesi senzo sobunhloli bezimboni saqala imboni yetiye eNdiya (e-Assam, e-Darjeeling) naseSri Lanka.

• Ikhulu lama-20 — inhlekelele kanye nokusindiswa: Ngezikhathi zeMpi Yezwe II nezimpi zombango ukukhiqizwa kwe-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng kwacishe kwaphela. Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ngaphansi kwezimo zokuntengantenga kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nosongo lokuvalwa ngokuphelele kokukhiqiza, isazi setiye esivelele saseShayina u-Zhang Tianfu (张天福, 1910–2017) sethula isicelo kubaholi besifundazwe: “I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ingumkhiqizo oyingqayizivele we-Fujian, kumele ilondolozwe.” Itiye lasindiswa. Ngo-2005 kwasungulwa i-Jin Jun Mei esekelwe esikweni le-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng, eyaqala “ukuvuselelwa okubomvu” futhi yabuyisela udumo lwetiye elibomvu emakethe yasekhaya yaseShayina.

• Igama:

  • “Zhèng Shān” (正山) — “Izintaba Zangempela / Zomdabu”. Lisho ukuthi itiye likhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuqala — i-Tongmu nezindawo ezizungezile ezinokuphakama, isimo sezulu kanye nesiko elifanayo. “Zhèng” (正) liphethe umqondo “ofanele, wangempela, weqiniso”, liphikisana no-“Wài Shān” (外山, “izintaba zangaphandle”).
  • “Xiǎo Zhǒng” (小种) — “uhlobo oluncane”. Lisho izinto ezimbili: (1) isihlahla setiye siwuhlobo olunamaqabunga amancane (var. sinensis); (2) inani lokukhiqiza kanye nendawo kuncane, kukhawulelwe yisimo sezulu esincane sezintaba eziphakeme.
  • “Lapsang Souchong” (Lapsang Souchong) — igama lokuhweba laseYurophu. Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Lapsang” iyaphikiswana: mhlawumbe lisuka ku-“la song” (腊松, “uphayini owenziwe nge-wax”?) noma egameni lendawo; “Souchong” — lisuka ku-“Xiǎo Zhǒng” (小种).

• Ukubaluleka kwesiko: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ayilona nje itiye elilula, kodwa iyisiko lesiko lomhlaba wonke. Isekelweni lesiko letiye laseYurophu, yagqugquzela ukusungulwa kwe-afternoon tea, yaba nomthelela kwezombusazwe ngenkathi yobukoloni (Izimpi ze-Opium, “umncintiswano wetiye”) futhi ihlala iwuphawu lokuxhumana kwamakhulu amane eminyaka phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga ngenkomishi yetiye.

3. Isichazelo Sezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Inani lendawo yezihlahla zetiye ezinamahlamvu amancane — i-Qízhǒng (奇种, Qízhǒng) / Càichá (菜茶, Càichá), Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Inani elixubekile lezimbewu elikhule ezintabeni zase-Tongmu amakhulu eminyaka. Isihlahla ngasinye sihlukile ngokofuzo. Izinhlobo ezinamahlamvu amancane zinikeza inani eliphezulu lama-amino acid uma kuqhathaniswa nama-polyphenol, okwenza kwenzeke ukunambitheka okumnandi okuvamile okunamanothi e-longan.
• Ukuvuna: Ngenxa yokuba sendaweni ephakeme (isimo sezulu esibandayo) isikhathi sokuqala siqala sekwephuzile: ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo — kusuka ekuqaleni kukaMeyi (eduze kwe-Lìxià, 立夏) kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi; ukuvuna kwasehlobo — ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Unyaka owodwa — izikhathi ezimbili. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlamvu elilodwa elinamahlamvu amabili kuya kwamathathu (一芽二三叶, yī yá èr sān yè). Ezigabeni eziphakeme kakhulu — ‘ihlamvu elilodwa elinamahlamvu amabili’; kwezijwayelekile — kuvunyelwe ihlamvu elivuthwe kakhulu. Ngokungafani ne-Jīn Jǔn Méi (amahlamvu kuphela) ne-Yín Jǔn Méi (ihlamvu + 1 iqabunga), i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng isebenzisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivuthwe kakhulu, okunikeza ukuminyana kanye ‘nomzimba’.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Ihlamvu eliphelele, elihlanzekile ngaphandle kweziqu ezimahhadlahhadla. Ukulethwa okusheshayo endaweni yokusebenzela ngemva kokuvuna.

4. Indawo (Terroir) kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa:

• Isiqiwu Semvelo Sase-Wuyishan: 565 km², indawo yeGugu Lomhlaba le-UNESCO (1999). Izintaba zamatshe esihlabathi abomvu kanye nezamadwala entaba-mlilo; izihosha eziphakeme, izimpophoma, imifula, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo anokuhlukahluka okuhlukile kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukumbozwa kwehlathi — 96,3%.
• Idolobhana lase-Tongmu: Ingqikithi yomlando “ye-Zhèng Shān”. Litholakala ekujuleni kwesiqiwu endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-700–1800. Izihlahla zetiye zikhula ngaphansi kombhede wehlathi, zisesimweni esingasemthethweni nasendle, ngokuvamile phakathi koqalo namaphayini. Imingcele “ye-Zhèng Shān”: empumalanga — uMàlì (麻栗), entshonalanga — uGuàdūn (挂墩), eningizimu — uPíkēng (皮坑), uGǔwángkēng (古王坑), enyakatho — indawo ewumngcele i-Tongmu Guān (桐木关).
• Ukuphakama lapho kukhula khona: Amamitha angu-700–1800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Indawo eyinhloko — 1200–1500 m.
• Isimo sezulu: Sezintaba ezishisayo. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka jikelele ~18°C ezansi, ~11°C eziqongweni. Imvula — ngaphezu kuka-2300 mm/ngonyaka. Umswakama olinganiselwe — 80–85%. Inkungu — izinsuku ezingaphezu kwe-100 ngonyaka. I-CO₂ emoyeni — 0,026% (iphansi kakhulu kunasezingeni ledolobha). Usuku olufushane lokukhanya, isikhathi eside seqhwa. Zonke lezi zici zenza kwehle ukukhula futhi kukhuthaze ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezinuka kamnandi nama-amino acid.
• Umhlabathi: Obomvu wezintaba kanye ne-ocher, une-asidi encane (pH 4,5–5,5), ocebile ngomquba, ovulekile, odonsa amanzi kahle. Ungqimba lomhlabathi — 30–90 cm.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng inezindlela ezimbili zobuchwepheshe: yesintu ebhenywayo (ngokomiswa/ukubhenywa ngentuthu kaphayini esakhiweni esikhethekile — i-Qīnglóu, 青楼) kanye nengabhenywayo “yesitayela esisha” (ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwentuthu kaphayini, igxile kakhulu ekunambithekeni kwemvelo koju nezithelo kwezinto ezingavuthiwe). Zombili izinhlobo ziyimikhiqizo yangempela yase-Tongmu; umehluko usesigabeni sokomisa.

• Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla “ihlamvu elilodwa — amaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu”.
• Ukwenza kubune (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Isigaba esibalulekile esinquma isitayela setiye.
  • Okwesintu okubhenywayo: Ukwenza kubune kwenziwa e-Qīnglóu (青楼) — isakhiwo esinamatshe/ngokhuni esinezitezi ezimbili noma ezintathu. Esitezi esingaphansi kushiswa umlilo ngezinkuni ezimanzi zikaphayini waseMasson (马尾松); intuthu nokushisa kukhuphuka ngezikhala eziphansi kuya ezitezi ezingenhla, lapho itiye lendlalwe khona emacansini oqalo. Izinga lokushisa — ~30°C, ungqimba lwamaqabunga — 3–7 cm. Kuphendulwa njalo ngemizuzu engu-20. Ihlamvu ngesikhathi esifanayo lilahlekelwa umswakama, lithambe futhi limunce iphunga likaphayini.
  • Okungabhenywayo: Ukwenza kubune endaweni engenisa umoya okuhle noma ngaphandle (ngezinsuku ezimbalwa ezinelanga). Ngaphandle kwentuthu.
• Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ngokwesintu — ngezinyawo (脚揉, jiǎo róu): umenzi usonga ihlamvu ngezithende emgqonyeni wokhuni; manje sekuvame ukusetshenziswa umshini wokusonga, kodwa ukusonga ngesandla/ngezinyawo kusagcinwa kubakhiqizi abasezingeni eliphezulu. Inhloso — ukukhipha amajusi amangqamuzana kanye nokulungiselela ihlamvu ukuvutshelwa.
• Ukuvutshelwa / I-Oxidation (发酵 — fājiào): Ihlamvu elisongiwe lifakwa obhasikidini boqalo, limbozwe ngendwangu emanzi, ligcinwe ku-~25–28°C kuze kuvele umbala obomvu ngokugqamile kanye nephunga lezithelo eliveza uhlobo. Umenzi ulawula inqubo ngezitho zomzimba.
• “Ukudlula ebhodweni elibomvu” (过红锅 — guò hóng guō): Isigaba esiyingqayizivele se-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng, esalahleka maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 futhi sabuyiselwa yingcweti u-Liáng Jùndé (梁骏德). Ihlamvu elivele lavutshelwa loshiswa isikhashana epanini elishisayo, okumisa ukuvutshelwa futhi kunamathisele nephunga. Akubona bonke abakhiqizi abasebenzisa lesi sigaba; kujwayelekile emaqoqweni asezingeni eliphakeme.
• Ukubhenywa nokomiswa (熏焙 — xūn bèi / 烘干 — hōnggān):
  • Okwesintu: Ihlamvu libuyiselwa e-Qīnglóu — manje selisezingeni eliphansi (焙架, bèijià), eduze komlilo. Ukubhenywa ngezinkuni zikaphayini waseMasson ezivutha kancane — amahora angu-6–8. Ihlamvu lithola umbala omnyama wamalahle kanye nephunga elinamandla lentuthu kaphayini (松烟香, sōng yān xiāng).
  • Okungabhenywayo: Ukomiswa ngamalahle obhasikidini boqalo (ngokufanayo nochungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi) noma ngomoya oshisayo. Ngaphandle kwentuthu kaphayini.
• Ukuhlunga (分级 — fēnjí): Ukuhlukaniswa kwesandla kokugcina ngosayizi nekhwalithi.

6. Izimpawu Zokunambitheka Nokuhogela (Izici Zezitho Zomzimba):

Izimpawu zehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezibhenywayo nezingabhenywayo.

Okwesintu Okubhenywayo i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicu eminyene, esongwe ngokuqinile, emikhulu kunaleyo ye-Jīn Jǔn Méi. Umbala — omnyama wamalahle onokucwebezela okunamafutha. Ubulebhu obuncane buncane (iqabunga livuthiwe).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Linamandla, liyinkimbinkimbi — intuthu kaphayini (松烟香), i-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆干), amaplamu omisiwe, isikhumba, i-camphor. Lijulile futhi liqinile.
• Iphunga lokumpontshwa: Isizinda sentuthu kaphayini, ngaphezulu — ubumnandi be-longan, uju, izithelo ezomisiwe. Ngokumpontshwa intuthu iyahlehla, iveze ubumnandi bezithelo.
• Ukunambitheka: Kuminyene, kugcwele, nge-“karamel ebukekayo” ewuphawu. Ukubusa — ukunambitheka kwe-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆汤味, guìyuán tāng wèi) — umaka womkhiqizo we-Zhèng Shān wangempela. Ubumnandi obuncane, uju, izithelo ezomisiwe. Ukunambitheka emva — kuhleli isikhathi eside, kumnandi, nokuphola “kwezintaba eziphakeme” emqaleni (喉韵, hóuyùn).
• Umbala wokumpontshwa: Umbala we-amber omnyama, obomvu okhazimulayo, ojulile, osobala.
• Izinsalela zetiye (phansi kwetiye): Amaqabunga amakhulu, aphelele anombala obomvu oyigolide, anwebekayo, acwebezelayo.

Okungabhenywayo (obuchwepheshe obusha):

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicu esongwe ngokuqinile, ensundu ngokumnyama enombala obomvu (hhayi omnyama wamalahle).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izimbali nezithelo, uju, ngamanothi e-longan nezithelo ezomisiwe. Ngaphandle kwentuthu.
• Iphunga lokumpontshwa: Lihlanzekile, izimbali noju, i-longan, uju, ubhatata omncane (薯香). Liseduze nesakhiwo sochungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi.
• Ukunambitheka: Kumnene kunokubhenywayo, kodwa “nomzimba” ovelele. Ubumnandi be-longan, uju, ukharamele, amanothi amancane ezithelo. Ubumnandi obuncane.
• Umbala wokumpontshwa: I-amber esagolide, obomvu okusawolintshi, osobala.
• Izinsalela zetiye (phansi kwetiye): Amaqabunga abomvu okuyigolide, aphelele, anwebekayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚): U-10–20% wesisindo esomile. Ama-catechin avutshiwe abe ama-theaflavin (0,4–2%), ama-thearubigin (5–11%) kanye nama-theabrownin (3–9%), abhekele umbala, “umzimba” kanye “nevelvethi” yokumpontshwa.
• Ama-Amino Acid (氨基酸): U-1,5–3% wesisindo esomile. I-L-theanine — iyona nto eyinhloko, enikeza ubumnandi (inothi le-longan) kanye nomphumela wokuphumula.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine — 3–5%. I-Theobromine, i-theophylline — ngamanani amancane.
• Amavithamini: C (isalondolozwe ngokwengxenye), B₁, B₂, B₃, E, K.
• Amaminerali: ~30 izakhi — i-potassium, i-phosphorus, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-iron, i-manganese, i-fluoride, i-zinc, i-copper, i-selenium.
• Amafutha Abalulekile (芳香油): ~0,02%. Esitayeleni esibhenywayo — kunezakhi ezengeziwe eziguquguqukayo zentlaka kaphayini (α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene), ezinikeza iphunga lentuthu eliyisici.
• Okunye: Ushukela oncibilikile 2–4%, i-pectin 1–2%, ama-organic acid ~1%.

8. Izakhiwo Eziluncedo:

• Umphumela Wokufudumeza: Itiye elibomvu elivutshelwe ngokuphelele linemvelo “efudumele” ngokwe-TKM. Lilungele kakhulu ngesikhathi esibandayo sonyaka, ikakhulukazi uhlobo olubhenywayo — lidala umuzwa “wokufudumala okungaphakathi”.
• Ukukhuthaza Okuthambile: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine inikeza amandla asezingeni, azinzile ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.
• Ukusekela Ukugayeka Kokudla: Kukhuthaza kancane uketshezi lwesisu, kuyasiza ngemva kokudla okunzima.
• Umphumela We-Antioxidant: I-Theaflavin ne-thearubigin — ama-antioxidant anamandla.
• Ukusekela Isistimu Yemithambo Yegazi: Ama-polyphenol enza ngcono ukunwebeka kwemithambo.
• Umphumela Wokubulala Amagciwane: Ama-polyphenol etiye nezinto ezifakwe umuthi wokugcoba zicindezela amagciwane ayingozi.
• Umphumela Wokulwa Nokucindezeleka: I-L-theanine ikhuthaza ukuhlalisana okukhululekile.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: U-90–100°C. I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ebhenywayo ivuleka kahle ngamanzi abilayo; kokungabhenywayo — 90–95°C.
• Inani letiye: 5–6 g nge-100–120 ml (i-gongfu); 3–4 g nge-200–250 ml (indlela yaseYurophu).
• Izitsha: I-gaiwan yobumba (盖碗) engu-100–120 ml — iyona ndlela engcono kakhulu yohlobo olungabhenywayo. Kolubhenywayo — kuvunyelwe i-teapot ye-Yixing (宜兴紫砂壶), eyenza ubukhulu bentuthu bube mnene. Kufanele kube ne-chahai (公道杯).
• Inqubo:
  1. Ukufudumeza izitsha: Geza i-gaiwan, i-chahai nezinkomishi ngamanzi abilayo.
  2. Ukufaka itiye: Faka u-5–6 g ku-gaiwan eshisiwe.
  3. Ukuhlambulula (润茶): Ukumpontshwa okusheshayo imizuzwana engu-2–3 — kunconywa ikakhulukazi ohlotsheni olubhenywayo (kwenza intuthu yokuqala ibe mnene).
  4. Ukumpontsha kokuqala: Imizuzwana engu-10–15.
  5. Ukuthulula: Thela konke ku-chahai, bese kuthi ezinkomishini.
  6. Ukuphindaphinda: Ukumpontsha okungu-5–8. Andisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10. Kokubhenywayo — intuthu isuka ngokumpontsha kwe-3–4, iveze ubumnandi bezithelo.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitsha: Esivalekile, esingabonisi — ikani likathayela, isikhwama esenziwe nge-foil, isitsha sobumba.
• Izimo: Indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama, kude namaphunga angaphandle. 10–25°C, umswakama kuze kufike ku-60%.
• Isikhathi: Izinyanga eziyi-12–24 zokunambitheka okuhle. Uhlobo olubhenywayo luhlala isikhathi eside (kuze kufike eminyakeni emi-3), ngokukhula intuthu iyancipha, iveze isisekelo sezithelo. Abanye abathandi bagcina ngamabomu i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ebhenywayo iminyaka emi-2–5.
• Qaphela: Isiqandisi asidingeki — itiye elibomvu ligcinwa kahle ezingeni lokushisa legumbi.

11. Intengo nokuNukubeza (Amanga):

Izindleko ze-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng yangempela yase-Tongmu zincike esigabeni: ejwayelekile — 300–800 yuan nge-500 g; ephezulu — 800–2 000 yuan; amaqoqo akhethekile avela ezihlahleni ezindala (老枞, lǎo cóng) — aze afike ku-3 000+ yuan. Isitayela esibhenywayo, ngokuvamile, sishibhile kunesingabhenywayo esisezingeni eliphezulu.

Imakethe igcwele amanga nokulingisa — “i-Wài Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng” (外山小种, itiye elisuka ngaphandle kwesiqiwu), “i-Yān Xiǎo Zhǒng” (烟小种, “uhlobo oluncane olunentuthu” — itiye elibomvu elishibhile elifakwe iphunga lokwenziwa) kanye namatiye abomvu ashibhile athengiswa ngophawu lwe-“Lapsang Souchong”.

Ungawakugwema kanjani amanga:

• Hlola imvelaphi: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng yangempela — iyatholakala kuphela esiqiwini sase-Wuyishan (桐木). Cela imininingwane ngomkhiqizi kanye nesifunda.
• Hlola ukunambitheka kwe-longan: Umaka womkhiqizo — ukunambitheka okumnandi kwe-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆汤味). Uma inothi le-longan lingekho, kukhona kuphela “intuthu eluhlaza” — cishe, “i-Wài Shān” noma itiye elibhenywe ngokwenziwa.
• Hlola iphunga: Kwelibhenywayo langempela — iphunga likaphayini elimnene, elimbozayo, elihlangene nobumnandi bezithelo. Kumanga — intuthu ebukhali, yamakhemikhali, “eshisiwe”.
• Hlola ukumpontshwa: Okusobala, okunombala ojulile we-amber-ruby. Ukumpontshwa okudungekile, okumnyama noma “okungcolile” — kuyisibonakaliso sekhwalithi ephansi.
• Qaphela intengo ephansi ngokungajwayelekile: I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng engu-50–100 yuan/500 g — cishe akusilo elase-Tongmu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Iminyaka engu-400 futhi akukho mbhalo: Usuku oluqondile lokudalwa kwe-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng alubhalwanga kunoma yimuphi umbhalo womlando. Ukuhunyushwa kokuqala “kohlobo oluncane” (小种) njengohlobo lwetiye elibomvu — ku-“Qīng Dài Tōngshǐ” (《清代通史》): “Ngomnyaka we-13 ka-Chongzhen [1640] itiye elibomvu (工夫茶, 武夷茶, 小种茶, 白毫 nokunye) laqala ukufika lisuka e-Holland liya eNgilandi”.
• I-lobolo yetiye: Ngo-1662 inkosazana yamaPutukezi uCatherine yaletha amabhokisi ambalwa e-“zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng” njengesipho somshado enkantolo yamaNgisi. Ngokwesiko, indlovukazi yamaNgisi yayiqala njalo ekuseni ngenkomishi yaleli tiye.
• I-Qīnglóu — “umbhoshongo oluhlaza”: Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sokwenza kubune nokubhenywa kwetiye. I-Qīnglóu endala kunazo zonke esasele e-Tongmu — ineminyaka engaba ngu-100, nakuba ukwakhiwa kuthathwa njengokudala kakhulu.
• Ukhokho wawo wonke amatiye abomvu: Ukusuka e-Tongmu ubuchwepheshe bokuvutshelwa kwetiye elibomvu basabalala: e-Jiangxi (e-Qimen, ngo-1876 — ngomphathi wesifunda u-Yú Gānchén), e-Yunnan (e-Diān Hóng), eNdiya (ngo-Robert Fortune, ngo-1848), eSri Lanka nangale kwalokho — emhlabeni wonke.
• Ukusindiswa ngu-Zhang Tianfu: Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, lapho ukukhiqiza kucishe kwaphela, kwakuyisicelo sikakhokho wetiye u-Zhang Tianfu kubaholi baseFujian esasindisa i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ekunyamaleni.

13. Izinhlobo Ezihlukene ze-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng:

• Okwesintu okubhenywayo (传统烟熏正山小种): I-Lapsang Souchong yakudala — enentuthu enkulu kaphayini. Ifunwa kakhulu emakethe yaseYurophu naphakathi kwabathandi “besitayela esidala”.
• Okungabhenywayo / “kwesitayela esisha” (新工艺正山小种): Ngaphandle kwentuthu kaphayini, kugxilwe esakhiweni sezithelo noju lwemvelo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Idume kakhulu emakethe yasekhaya yaseShayina kusukela ngo-2005 (ngokuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kochungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi).
• I-Lǎo Cóng Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng (老枞正山小种): Kusuka emaqabungeni ezihlahla ezindala (iminyaka engu-50–100+). Ukunambitheka okujulile, “okunamaminerali”, nokuphola okuvelele “kwezintaba eziphakeme”. Izinga eliphezulu.
• Uchungechunge lwe-Jùn Méi (骏眉): Ngokusemthethweni — uhlobo olungaphansi “lwesitayela esisha”, kodwa luhlukaniswe lwaba umugqa ohlukile ngokwezinga lokuvuna: i-Jīn Jǔn Méi (amahlamvu kuphela), i-Yín Jǔn Méi (ihlamvu + 1 iqabunga), i-Tóng Jǔn Méi / Chìgān (ihlamvu + amaqabunga ama-2). Zonke ezintathu zisuselwa esikweni le-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng.
• I-Wài Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng (外山小种): Itiye elikhiqizwa ngaphandle kwendawo yesiqiwu sase-Tongmu. Akulona “Zhèng Shān” langempela, kodwa litholakala kabanzi emakethe. Ikhwalithi — kusukela kokwamukelekayo kuye kokusezingeni eliphansi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng ayilona nje itiye elilula, iwuchungechunge oluphilayo oluhlanganisa amakhulu amane eminyaka omlando wetiye. Yazalwa ngengozi ngentlaka kaphayini ezintabeni zase-Tongmu, yavula indlela yawo wonke amatiye abomvu emhlabeni — kusukela e-Qimen kuya e-Assam, kusukela e-Diān Hóng kuya e-Earl Grey. Uhlobo lwayo olubhenywayo — oluqinile, olujulile, olumboza ngentuthu nobumnandi be-longan — luhlala lungolunye lwezinambitheko eziqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Futhi “isitayela esisha” esingabhenywayo sembula ubunjalo bemvelo bezithelo noju lwezinto ezingavuthiwe zase-Tongmu, sisondeza ekuqondeni lokho okwakucashile ngaphansi kwentuthu kaphayini wonke la makhulu eminyaka.

Ukunambitha i-Zhèng Shān Xiǎo Zhǒng yangempela kusho ukuthinta umthombo: kuleso sikhathi lapho ukuvutshelwa ngengozi kweqabunga letiye kanye nephunga likaphayini ovuthayo kwembulela isintu umhlaba omusha ngokuphelele weziphuzo. Umhlaba esisahlala kuwo kuze kube namuhla.