zhè jiāng xiǎo zhǒng

I-China iyisifunda saseZhejiang (浙江小种, Zhèjiāng xiǎozhǒng) iwuhlobo lwetiyi ebomvu (ngokwesigaba saseNtshonalanga ibizwa ngokuthi itiyi emnyama) yesitayela se-xiaozhong, ekhiqizwa esifundazweni saseZhejiang (浙江省, Zhèjiāng shěng) empumalanga yeChina. Igama lihlanganisa imiqondo emibili: isifunda sokukhiqiza kanye nesitayela sobuchwepheshe se-xiaozhong (小种, xiǎozhǒng), okuyindawo yaso yomlando okukholelwa ukuthi iyidolobhana laseTongmu (桐木, Tóngmù) ezintabeni zaseWuyishan (武夷山, Wǔyí shān) esifundazweni saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn). Empeleni, lona umele isigaba se-”xiaozhong yasentabeni engaphandle” (外山小种, wàishān xiǎozhǒng) — itiyi ekhiqiza kabusha amasu e-Zhengshan xiaozhong yaseWuyishan ngaphandle kwendawo yayo engokomlando. I-Zhejiang yaziwa kakhulu ngamatiyi aluhlaza, kodwa ngokukhula kwesidingo sangaphakathi kwetiyi ebomvu, izifunda zayo eziningi zokutshala itiyi zathatha ubuchwepheshe be-xiaozhong kanye ne-gongfu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-China iyisifunda saseZhejiang yathatha indawo yetiyi ebomvu yansuku zonke engabizi, hhayi umkhiqizo oyikhethelo oqoqwayo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiyi ebomvu (红茶, hóngchá), e-oxidiseke ngokuphelele
Uhlobo oluncane: itiyi ebomvu yesitayela se-xiaozhong (小种红茶, xiǎozhǒng hóngchá)
Isitayela: i-xiaozhong yasentabeni engaphandle (外山小种, wàishān xiǎozhǒng)
Imvelaphi: isifundazwe saseZhejiang (浙江省, Zhèjiāng shěng), i-PRC
Izinga: lihambisana nezinga likazwelonke elijwayelekile lamatiyi abomvu e-xiaozhong GB/T 13738.3

Igama elithi xiaozhong ngokomlando lalikhomba izihlahla ezinamaqabunga amancane (ngokuphambene nezinhlobo ezinamahlamvu amakhulu) kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhethekile obuhlanganisa ukomiswa phezu kwentuthu kaphayini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, “xiaozhong” yaba igama lesigaba sonke samatiyi abomvu anemvelaphi yaseWuyishan. I-China iyisifunda saseZhejiang ayilona igama lendawo elivikelwe, kodwa iyisigaba semakethe nezobuchwepheshe: itiyi eyenziwe ngesitayela se-xiaozhong isuka ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zaseZhejiang.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Izimpande zesitayela: idolobhana laseTongmu, izintaba zaseWuyishan, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 — ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17
Ukusabalala: ama-xiaozhong “asentabeni engaphandle” avela ngokukhula kwesidingo setiyi ebomvu

I-Xiaozhong ithathwa njengetiyi ebomvu yokuqala ngokomlando emhlabeni: ngokwenguqulo esabalele, ubuchwepheshe bakheka endaweni yaseTongmu ekuguqukeni phakathi kobukhosi bakwaMing (明, Míng) nobakwaQing (清, Qīng). Ngohwebo oluthumela ngaphandle, itiyi ebomvu yafinyelela eYurophu, lapho yakha khona umqondo wangempela “wetiyi emnyama”. Njengoba isidingo sasikhula, ukukhiqizwa kwesitayela se-xiaozhong kwadlulela ngaphandle kwesizinda saseWuyishan, kwaveza isigaba sama-xiaozhong asentabeni engaphandle.

I-Zhejiang ingesinye sezifunda zetiyi ezindala kakhulu e-China, kodwa udumo lwayo luxhumene ikakhulukazi namatiyi aluhlaza (i-Longjing 龙井, Lóngjǐng, namanye). Nokho, isifundazwe sinezindawo zaso zamatiyi abomvu — ngokwesibonelo, i-Jiuqu Hongmei (九曲红梅, Jiǔqū hóngméi) kusuka emaphethelweni e-Hangzhou kanye ne-Yuehong Gongfu (越红工夫, Yuèhóng gōngfū) isuka esifundeni sase-Shaoxing. Igagasi lentshisekelo yetiyi ebomvu ngaphakathi kwe-China ngeminyaka ka-2000–2010 liphushe amapulazi amaningi etiyi eluhlaza e-Zhejiang ukuba athathe ubuchwepheshe obubomvu, kuhlanganise ne-xiaozhong, futhi i-Zhejiang xiaozhong yazinza njengomkhiqizo wesifunda ongabizi.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Uhlobo: i-Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze
Izinhlobonhlobo: ikakhulukazi i-Chinese yamahlamvu amancane (var. sinensis)
Izinhlobo zezihlahla: izinhlobo zendawo eziyipopulashini, kuhlanganise ne-Jiukeng (鸠坑种, Jiūkēng zhǒng); futhi kusetshenziswa i-Longjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng sìshísān) nezinye izinhlobo ezitshalwe endaweni
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: amafleji anamacembe avuthiwe ngokuqhathanisa; i-xiaozhong yakudala ivunwa inkulu kune-gongfu yamabhunga

I-Jiukeng iyinhlobo yesintu yase-Zhejiang ephuma esifundeni sase-Chun’an (淳安, Chún’ān), iqinile futhi ifanele kokubili itiyi eluhlaza nebomvu. Ngesitayela se-xiaozhong, kuvame ukuthathwa hhayi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezithambile ngokwedlulele, kodwa amafleji anamaqabunga amabili noma amathathu: iqabunga elivuthiwe kakhudlwana limelana kangcono nokomiswa isikhathi eside futhi linikeza ukumnika okuminyene, “okufudumezayo”.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical monsoon, efudumele futhi enomswakama
Isimo sendawo: esimagqumeni-esiyintaba, amasimu emithambekeni
Inhlabathi: i-red earth ne-yellow earth ene-acidic
Ukuphakama: ikakhulukazi kusuka cishe ku-200 kuya ku-800 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle ezintabeni eziphansi

Izifunda eziyinhloko zetiyi ebomvu zase-Zhejiang zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezinamagquma nezintaba zesifundazwe: i-Lishui (丽水, Líshuǐ), i-Quzhou (衢州, Qúzhōu), i-Shaoxing (绍兴, Shàoxīng), izintaba eziphansi zase-Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu). Isimo sezulu se-monsoon esinemvula eningi, inkungu evamile, nobusika obupholile buvumela ukuqongelelwa kwezinto ezikhishwayo eqabungeni. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisentabeni eziphakeme ngokuvamile zinephunga elimnandi futhi zithambe, ezisemathafeni zilula futhi zimahhadlahhadla.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza:

Umjikelezo we-xiaozhong wakudala uhlanganisa:

Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukwehlisa umswakama weqabunga; ngendlela yendabuko — ekamelweni le-qinglou (青楼, qīnglóu) eliseduze neziko lapho kufudunyezwa ngentuthu kaphayini efudumele
Ukusonganisa (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukubhidliza izindonga zamaseli, ukuqala i-oxidation
Ukuvutshelwa / i-oxidation (发酵, fājiào): ukwakha ukumnika okubomvu kanye nemibala ebonakalayo
Ukugazinga epanini (过红锅, guò hóngguō): ukumiswa kokushisa kwesikhashana kwe-oxidation — isu lendabuko le-xiaozhong ngokuqondile (akusetshenziswa njalo)
Ukusonganisa okuphindwayo (复揉, fùróu): ukuqedela ukwakheka kweqabunga
Ukomisa / ukuthunqa intuthu (熏焙, xūnbèi): ukomisa kokugcina, kunguqulo enentuthu — phezu kukaphayini ovuthayo

Umehluko oyinhloko usendleleni phakathi kwentuthu (烟种, yānzhǒng) nokungenantuthu (无烟, wúyān). Inguqulo enentuthu yomiswa futhi inambitheka ngentuthu kaphayini one-resin, okunikeza amanothi aziwayo a-resinous-atshayiwe. Ingxenye enkulu ye-Zhejiang xiaozhong yesimanje yenziwa ngaphandle kokuthunqwa: ngaleso sikhathi itiyi isondela ephrofayilini enoshukela-ezithelo, hhayi etshayiwe. Abanye abakhiqizi balingisa isitayela “saseWuyishan”, kodwa izinto zokusetshenziswa zendawo nobuchwepheshe obulula ngokuvamile kwehlukanisa inguqulo yase-Zhejiang kokwangempela kwase-Tongmu.

6. Izici Zomzwelo:

Iqabunga elomile: lisongwe liminyene, elinsundu ngokumnyama kuya komnyama
Ukumnika: kusuka ku-orenji-obomvu kuya kobomvu, kukhanyile
Iphunga: kokungenantuthu — elimnandi, lesithelo, loju, ngezinye izikhathi kunenothi ye-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆, guìyuán); kokunentuthu — i-resin kaphayini nokutshaywayo
Ukunambitheka: kuthambile, kunoshukela omnene, nomsindo we-malt; i-aftertaste ifudumele
Iqabunga elibilisiwe: libomvu ngokwethusi, lilingene

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Imibala ye-oxidation: ama-theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), ama-thearubigin (茶红素, cháhóngsù), ama-theabrownin (茶褐素, cháhèsù)
I-caffeine: ngokujwayelekile icishe ibe ngu-2–4% wesisindo esomile
Ama-catechin: ingxenye enkulu iguquliwe ngesikhathi se-oxidation
Ama-amino acid: kuhlanganise ne-theanine, ebhekele ubumnene
Izinhlanganisela zephunga lentuthu: ezinguqulweni ezithunqiwe — izinto ze-phenolic, kuhlanganise nezifana ne-guaiacol

Isilinganiso sama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin sinquma ukugqama “nomzimba” wokumnika: ama-theaflavin anikeza ukugqama nokusha okubabayo, ama-thearubigin anikeza umbala nokuminyana, ama-theabrownin aqongelela ngokucutshungulwa nangokugcinwa okujulile kakhulu, acimezele ukugqama. Amanani aqondile ancike ezintweni zokusetshenziswa nasebuchwephesheni, ngakho-ke kufaneleka kakhulu amabanga lapha kunezibalo ezingasho lutho.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Umlingiswa ofudumezayo: ngokwesiko lesiShayina, itiyi ebomvu ibekwa “njengokufudumele”, okumnene esiswini
Ama-antioxidant: ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin anemisebenzi ye-antioxidant
Ukuhlaba umxhwele: i-caffeine ihlangene ne-theanine inikeza ukukhuthaza okumnene
Ukugaya ukudla: ukumnika okufudumele ngokwesiko kuphuzwa ngemva kokudla

Kufanele kugwenywe ukwenza ihaba: itiyi ayilona ikhambi. Izinguqulo ezinentuthu ziqukethe imikhiqizo ye-pyrolysis yokhuni, ngakho-ke abantu abazwelayo emaphungeni atshayiwe kungcono bakhethe inguqulo engenantuthu. Uma kukhona ukuthambekela kokuqwasha, kungcono ukunciphisa ukuphuza amatiyi kusihlwa.

9. Ukuphisa:

Isitsha: i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma i-teapot encane yobumba lwase-Yixing noma i-porcelain
Isilinganiso: cishe ama-5 g ku-100–120 ml
Izinga lokushisa: 90–95 °C; ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezinentuthu ezimahhadlahhadla kuvunyelwe ukuba kusondele ku-100 °C, kwezingenantuthu ezithambile — kusondele ku-90 °C
Ukugeza: ukuhlambulula okufushane (imizuzwana emi-3–5) ngokuthanda
Amatheku: elokuqala imizuzwana eyi-10–15, bese enyuka kancane kancane
Inani lamatheku: angu-6–8 nangaphezulu ngendlela yokutheka

Ngendlela yokuphisa ngamatheku (i-gongfu), itiyi ivuleka kancane kancane: amatheku okuqala anikeza ukugqama nobufruit, aphakathi nendawo — ukuminyana nobumnandi, okokugcina — umsila omnene wezithelo ezomisiwe. Kungenzeka futhi ukuphisa “ngendlela yaseYurophu”: 3–4 g ku-300–400 ml imizuzu emi-2–4. I-xiaozhong enentuthu ibekezelela kahle amanzi abilayo futhi ifanele ukuphuzwa nobisi.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isiqukathi: sivalwe ngokuqinile, singangenwa ukukhanya
Izimo: ukuphola, ukoma, ukungabibikho kwamaphunga angaphandle
Isikhathi: itiyi ebomvu kungcono ukuyiphuza phakathi neminyaka engu-1–2 ngemva kokukhishwa

I-tiyi ebomvu ayenzelwanga ukuguga isikhathi eside njenge-sheng pu’er: ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iphunga liyancipha, ubumnandi bezithelo obusha buyahamba. Izinguqulo ezinentuthu zilondoloza ukuvezwa isikhathi eside ngenxa yamanothi e-phenolic aqinile, kodwa nazo kancane kancane zilahlekelwa ukugqama. Ukugcina itiyi eduze nezithako, ikhofi, noma amakha akuvunyelwe — imunca amaphunga kalula.

11. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi:

Isigaba sentengo: iyatholakala, ingaphansi kwe-Zhengshan xiaozhong yase-Wuyishan yase-Tongmu
Isikhundla: itiyi ebomvu yansuku zonke, hhayi eyokuqoqwa
Ingozi eyinhloko: ukuthengiswa kwe-xiaozhong yase-Zhejiang (yasentabeni engaphandle) ngegama le-Zhengshan xiaozhong yase-Tongmu

Umkhuba oyinhloko wokungathembeki — ukushintshwa kokumaketha: i-xiaozhong engabizi yasentabeni engaphandle yase-Zhejiang (noma yezinye izifundazwe) yenziwa njenge-Zhengshan xiaozhong ehlonishwayo isuka endaweni yokulondoloza yase-Tongmu, inyuse intengo izikhathi eziphindwe kaningi. Ngokwayo, i-Zhejiang xiaozhong ingumkhiqizo oqotho uma ithengiswa ngegama layo nangentengo efanele. Into yesibili — ukunambitheka kokuzenzela: esikhundleni sokomiswa kwangempela kukaphayini, kusetshenziswa izinambitheka zentuthu, okunikeza iphunga elihlabayo, “lekhemikhali” lentuthu, elihlala lilingana futhi lingashintshi emathekwini, ngokuphambene nentuthu ephilayo. Izimpawu zemvelaphi yasentabeni engaphandle: iphunga elimnandi elilula, “elisicaba”, i-aftertaste emfushane, ukutshaywa okulinganayo ngaphandle kokujula okunenkimbinkimbi kwama-berry-resin kokwangempela.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Isitayela se-xiaozhong sithathwa njengonkulunkulu wawo wonke amatiyi abomvu (amnyama) emhlabeni, futhi ukuphuza itiyi kwaseYurophu kwavela ngqo kusuka e-Zhengshan xiaozhong yase-Wuyishan.
Inguqulo etshayiwe ye-xiaozhong yakha isisekelo somqondo waseNtshonalanga “we-Lapsang Souchong”.
I-Zhejiang ngokomlando iyisifundazwe “esiluhlaza”, ngakho-ke amatiyi ayo abomvu ayindlela entsha ngokuqhathaniswa futhi esebenzayo, eyakhula kusuka entshisekelweni ejwayelekile yetiyi ebomvu.
Inothi ye-longan eyomisiwe (桂圆, guìyuán) iyisichazi esidala se-xiaozhong yekhwalithi, okuyiyo ezilwelwa yizinguqulo zasentabeni engaphandle.

Ekuphetheni:

I-China iyisifunda saseZhejiang iyinhlawulo enengqondo phakathi kwesitayela se-xiaozhong esaziwayo nentengo engabizi. Ayifuni isikhundla sangempela sase-Tongmu, kodwa ngokumakwa ngobuqotho inikeza itiyi ebomvu eqondakalayo, efudumele nenejabulisayo yokuphuza nsuku zonke: izinguqulo ezingenantuthu zithambekela ebumnandini bezithelo, ezinentuthu — kumlingiswa o-resinous-otshayiwe.

Iseluleko esiyinhloko esisebenzayo — ukuhlukanisa isigaba emgunyathini. Ngokuthenga i-Zhejiang xiaozhong njengetiyi yase-Zhejiang yasentabeni engaphandle ngentengo ehambisanayo, uthola umkhiqizo oqotho; izinkinga ziqala kuphela lapho ithengiswa ngegama le-Zhengshan xiaozhong engokwendawo yokulondoloza. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kukusindisa ekukhokheni ngokweqile nasekuphoxekeni.

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