I-Yúnnán lǜchá · new.thetea.app

I-Yúnnán lǜchá (云南绿茶, Yúnnán lǜchá), ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi uDian Lǜ (滇绿, Diān Lǜ), iyisigaba esibanzi samatiye aluhlaza akhiqizwa esifundazweni i-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán) eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina. I-Yunnan ibhekwa njengezindlu zokuzalwa zesihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis, futhi yilapho kuhlala khona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kofuzo kwezitshalo zetiye emhlabeni. Nakuba udumo lomhlaba wonke lwesifunda lulethe i-pu’er netiye elibomvu (滇红, Diān Hóng), amatiye aluhlaza ase-Yunnan anesimilo sawo esiyingqayizivele—umzimba onamandla, ubabayo obuncane, namandla okudonsa imfucuza ajulile, okubangelwa amaqabunga amakhulu ohlobo Camellia sinensis var. assamica. Lokhu kwenza uDian Lǜ ube yinto ehluke ngokuphelele ematiyeni aluhlaza athambile aseSigodini saseYangtze: lapha ubusha buhlangana namandla aphambili e-terroir yase-Yunnan.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye neMvelaphi:

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwanga. Ngokuya ngendlela yokumisa nokomisa, lihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine: i-shaiqing (晒青, shàiqīng—lomiswa elangeni), i-hongqing (烘青, hōngqīng—lomiswa ngomoya oshisayo), i-chaoqing (炒青, chǎoqīng—lomiswa ngokugazinga), kanye ne-zhengqing (蒸青, zhēngqīng—lomiswa ngesitimu).
Isigaba: I-athikili eningi evelele, ehlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zamatiye aluhlaza esifundazweni i-Yunnan.
Indawo yokukhiqiza: I-China (中国, Zhōngguó), isifundazwe i-Yunnan (云南省, Yúnnán Shěng). Izifunda eziyinhloko zetiye: Líncāng (临沧), Bǎoshān (保山), Pǔ’ěr/Sīmáo (普洱/思茅), Déhóng (德宏), Xīshuāngbǎnnà (西双版纳), Dàlǐ (大理), Kūnmíng (昆明), Zhāotōng (昭通).
Izixhumanisi zokuma: Isifundazwe i-Yunnan siphakathi kuka-21° no-29° N, no-97° no-106° E. Amasimu etiye agxile ikakhulu eningizimu ye-25° N.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando:

I-Yunnan ingomunye wabagadli abaphambili ekutholeni umdabu wesihlahla setiye. Izihlahla zetiye zasendle ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengamakhulu adlula inkulungwane (kubandakanya nesihlahla esidumile saseFengqing esilinganiselwa eminyakeni engu-3 200) zifakazela ukuthi isiko letiye kulesi sifunda liya emuva emandulo.

Imibhalo yakuqala: ngaleso sikhathi sobukhosi beTang (唐朝, Táng Cháo), itiye lase-Yunnan lalaziwa, nakuba izinhlobo ezicindezelwe ezingalungile zazigqamile ukuze kuhwezwe nabantu baseTibet nabanye abahamba ngezilwane. Umlando wekhulu le-17, uXiè Zhàozhè (谢肇淛), emibhalweni yakhe yohambo waphawula ukuthi “itiye laseTaihua” (太华茶, Tàihuá Chá) elivela eduze kwaseKunming “ngombala nephunga alinciphisi i-Songluo” (安徽松萝, Ānhuī Sōngluó)—itiye eliluhlaza elidumile lase-Anhui—kodwa washaya ngokushesha ngokulambisa ukusonteka okungalungile kanye “nokunambitheka okotshani” kwetiye eliluhlaza lase-Yunnan. Lokhu kubonisa kahle inkinga eyinhloko ye-Dian Lǜ yokuqala—ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa basala emuva kakhulu kwezinga lezinto eziluhlaza.

Isikhathi sentsha: ngemuva kokusungulwa kweKhuputa Yombuso (PRC) ngo-1949, ugxila olukhulu e-Yunnan lwas enziwa ekukhiqizeni itiye elibomvu (滇红, Diān Hóng) ukuze lithunyelwe phesheya, futhi itiye eliluhlaza lahlehlela emuva. Kube nokuguquka ngo-1986–1987, lapho ngaphansi komkhankaso kazwelonke “okubomvu kuya kokuluhlaza” (红改绿, hóng gǎi lǜ), izinkampani zase-Yunnan zaqala ukushintshela ngobuningi ekukhiqizeni itiye eliluhlaza. Intuthuko ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe yaba ukusungulwa “kwe-zhengmei cha” (蒸酶茶, zhēngméi chá)—itiye lokumisa ngesitimu elinephrofayili ekhethekile ye-enzyme, okwaxazulula inkinga yokubabaza ngokweqile kwezinto ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zase-Yunnan. I-zhengmei cha yaba isiphuzo sabantu kulesi sifundazwe ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ngema-1990, itiye eliluhlaza lase-Yunnan laba nenkinga yokukhiqizwa ngokweqile, kwavalwa amafekthri amaningi. Kodwa izinkampani ezasinda zagcina ubuchwepheshe, futhi ngekhulu lama-21, ngenxa yokukhula kwentshisekelo ematiyeni ezinto eziphilayo, uDian Lǜ waphinde wathola ukuphila. Namuhla, amatiye aluhlaza ase-Yunnan, akhiqizwa ngezinto ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ngokwemibandela yaseYurophu yezinto eziphilayo, athunyelwa kumhlaba wonke.

Igama:

“Yúnnán” (云南, Yúnnán) — “eningizimu yamafu” (云 — “amafu”, 南 — “eningizimu”), igama elinobunkondlo lesifunda. “Lǜchá” (绿茶, Lǜchá) — “itiye eliluhlaza”. Igama elifushanisiwe elithi “Dian Lǜ” (滇绿, Diān Lǜ) lakhiwe ngegama lasendulo lalesi sifunda i-Dian (滇, Diān), elivela embusweni waseDian (滇国, Diānguó) wesikhathi seNkathi Yezimpi.

Ukubaluleka kwamasiko:

Itiye e-Yunnan akusona isiphuzo nje kuphela, kodwa liwumgogodla wempilo yansuku zonke yezizwe eziningi zalesi sifunda: amaDai (傣族, Dǎizú), amaHani (哈尼族, Hānízú), amaBulang (布朗族, Bùlǎngzú), amaWa (佤族, Wǎzú) kanye namanye amaningana. Iziningi zazo zigcine izindlela zasendulo zokusebenzisa itiye eliluhlaza—kusukela etiyeni eligazingiwe elithi “kaozhucha” (烤竹茶, kǎozhúchá) ezimbotsheni zikamoba kuya “lei cha” (擂茶, léichá), egxotshwe nezithako eziyizinongo emthini wamatshe. Le mikhuba iyizibonelo eziphilayo zesikhathi lapho itiye lalingakabi yisiphuzo esiphucukile seziphathimandla nezindela.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto eziluhlaza:

Izinhlobo / Izimila: I-Yunnan iyisifundazwe okuwukuphela kwaso e-China lapho kuqashwe khona ngezinga lezimboni kokubili uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) kanye nolwamahlamvu amancane (C. sinensis var. sinensis) lwesihlahla setiye. Ukuze kukhiqizwe uDian Lǜ, kusetshenziswa:
- Uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lwase-Yunnan (云南大叶种, Yúnnán Dàyèzhǒng): Izinto eziyinhloko zezimboni—zifana nalezi ezisetshenziselwa i-pu’er ne-Dian Hong. Kunikeza itiye eliluhlaza elinamandla, elidonsa imfucuza, “elinomzimba” futhi elinokubabaza okuncane.
- Izinhlobo ezikhethiwe: Yun Kang 10 (云抗10号, Yúnkàng 10 Hào), Yun Kang 47 (云抗47号, Yúnkàng 47 Hào—uhlobo lokuqala olunamaphunga amaningi, oluletha iphunga lezimbali ezigabeni zoDian Lǜ), Yun Cha 1 (云茶1号, Yúnchá 1 Hào), Fo Xiang 2 & 3 (佛香2号/3号, Fóxiāng 2/3 Hào—umxube wamahlamvu amakhulu ase-Yunnan kanye ne-Fuding Dabai Cha).
- Izinhlobo zendawo zamahlamvu amancane: Zisetshenziselwa amatiye anegama eliwumlando—i-Kunming’s “Shili Xiang” (十里香, Shílǐ Xiāng), i-Yiliang Baohong (宝洪, Bǎohóng), njll.
Ukuvuna: Entwasahlobo—Mashi–Meyi (izinhlobo eziphakeme); ehlobo-ekwindla—Juni–Okthoba (izinhlobo eziyinqwaba). Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esifudumele, kungenzeka ukuvuna okungafika kwayi-25–26 ngonyaka.
Umgomo wokuvuna: Imbande eneqabunga elilodwa noma amabili phezulu ukuze kuthiwe amatiye aqokiwe; izinto ezivuthiwe kakhudlwana ziyabonakala ezinhlotsheni eziyinqwaba ze-shaiqing ne-hongqing.
Izidingo ezintweni eziluhlaza: Zincane, ziyafana, azinakukhubazeka komshini. Kwamanye amatiye (itiye likamoba, itiye lezihlahla zasendulo) kuvunyelwe izinto eziluhlaza ezinamahlamvu amakhulu ezinesimilo esikhulu “sokuhlala endle”.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Isimo sezulu kanye nokuma komhlaba: I-Yunnan iyisifundazwe esinezintaba ezinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezindawo: kusukela ezindaweni eziphansi ezishisayo zase-Xishuangbanna (cishe amamitha ayi-500) kuya ezindaweni eziphakeme ezipholile zase-Dali naseLincang (amamitha ayi-1500–2200). Isimo sezulu ikakhulukazi siyisimo sezulu se-monsoon esishisayo esinokwahlukaniswa okucacile kwesikhathi sembula (Meyi–Okthoba) nesikhathi esomile (Novemba–Ephreli). Amazinga okushisa aphakathi nonyaka angu-12–23 °C ngokuya ngokuphakama. Ukuhlukana phakathi kwezinga lwemini nobusuku kukhulu (kuze kufike ku-15 °C), okuphakamisa ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezinephunga elimnandi nama-amino acid.
Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Kusukela emamitheni ayi-500 kuya kwayi-2200 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Itiye elithe latshalwa ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1200, ngokuvamile, liba nephunga elihle kakhulu nokushukela okukhona ngokugqamile.
Umhlabathi:
- Izinhlobonhlobo—amabala abomvu (红壤, hóng rǎng), amabala aphuzi (黄壤, huáng rǎng), ama-laterite. Kucebile ngezinto eziphilayo kanye namaminerali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamahlathi amadala asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Izici zokutshala: I-Yunnan iyindawo enenani elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wezihlahla zetiye zakudala ezineminyaka eyikhulu nenkulungwane. Amasimu amaningi asezindaweni ezinamahlathi axubile, lapho khona izihlahla zetiye zikhula zisondelene nezihlahla ze-camphor, umoba kanye nezimila ezifana nezinsalela zasendulo—indawo yemvelo evimbela izilokazane ngendlela yemvelo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe be-Dian Lǜ buyehlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo olungezansi, kodwa uhlelo oluvamile luhlanganisa lezi zigaba ezilandelayo:

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla noma ngomshini.
Ukwenza ube buthakathaka (摊凉, tānliáng): Amaqabunga anweba kancane emoyeni obonakalayo noma endlini ukuze alahlekelwe umswakama kancane futhi alungiselele ukumiswa.
“Ukubulawa kokuluhlaza” (杀青, shāqīng): Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingezansi:
- Ichaoqing (炒青, chǎoqīng): Ukugazinga e-wok noma eshubhini ku-210–240 °C. Kunikeza iphunga elikhanyayo le-castane.
- Ihongqing (烘青, hōngqīng): Ukushisisa ngomoya oshisayo. Iphrofayili emnene, enezimbali; ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengesisekelo setiye le-jasmini.
- Izhengqing (蒸青, zhēngqīng): Ukumisa ngesitimu—indlela eyavuselelwa ngo-1942 nguTang Renliang (汤仁良, Tāng Rénliáng) efemini yezivivinyo yetiye yaseShunning (顺宁实验茶厂, Shùnníng Shíyàn Cháchǎng). Iqeda ubabayo olwedlulele wezinto ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, igcina ukusha nombala ogqamile oluhlaza.
- Ishaiqing (晒青, shàiqīng): Ukumiswa e-wok ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi (ngaphansi kwe-180 °C), bese omiswa elangeni. Ngokuqondile, i-shaiqing iyi-maocha yase-Yunnan e-shaiqing (晒青毛茶), okusebenza njengento esetshenziswayo nokukhiqiza i-pu’er. Njengethiye eliluhlaza elizimele, linephunga eliyingqayizivele “lelanga” (太阳味, tàiyáng wèi) kanye nekhono lokugcina isikhathi eside.
Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukusonteka ngesandla noma ngomshini ngokomthetho “olula-maphakathi-olula”. Ezintweni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, izinga lokusonteka liyi-70–75%.
Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): Ukushisisa ku-90–130 °C (kwe-hongqing ne-chaoqing) noma ukumiswa elangeni (kwe-shaiqing). Umswakama wokugcina—ungaphansi kwe-7%.
Ukuhlunga (分级, fēnjí): Ukwahlukaniswa ngemikhakha.

6. Izici Zokuhlola Ngezitho Zomzimba:

Ukuhlola ngezitho zomzimba kwe-Yúnnán Lǜchá kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa kungakheka izici ezivamile:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kusukela ezintweni “ezisontekile” ezicijile “nezinalithi” kuya emaqabungeni amakhulu, aphansi “njengezilimi” nasezimbonisweni ezigcwele futhi ezinoboya obuningi besiliva. Umbala—kusukela oluhlaza okotshani okhanyayo (ihongqing) uya oluhlaza okotshani omnyama okhazimulayo (ichaoqing). Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu—izimboniswe ezinamandla, “ezinamangqamuzana,” ezinkulu ngokuphawulekayo kunalezi zamatiye aluhlaza aseSigodini saseYangtze.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihle, elinokuhlukahluka okubanzi: amanothi e-castane kanye nebhontshisi (ichaoqing), ezimbali (ihongqing, ikakhulukazi kohlobo lwe-Yun Kang 47), okotshani oluhlaza namaphunga entuthu (ishaiqing).
Iphunga lezinto eziphuzwayo: Liyakhanya, linomthamo, liphethwe yi-castane kanye nentende ekhwele ezinhlotsheni ezigazingiwe; lihlanzekile futhi linezimbali kwe-hongqing; linephunga letjani elisanda kusikwa kanye “nokufudumala kwelanga” kwe-shaiqing.
Ukunambitheka: Umehluko oyinhloko ematiyeni aluhlaza avamile—umzimba osondelene kakhulu kanye namandla okudonsa imfucuza okhona ngokugqamile. Izinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zinikeza isiphuzo esinamandla, “esinomzimba” esinokubabaza okuncane, okusheshe kube yihuigan eshukela. Amatiye amancane amathenda futhi acashile, asondele ephrofayilini yeklasi eluhlaza. Ukumelana nokwenziwa kabusha okuningi—kungaphezu kwesilinganiso.
Umbala wezinto eziphuzwayo: Kusukela oluhlaza okotshani okhanyayo ukuya oluhlaza ophuzi (ihongqing, ichaoqing); oluhlaza ophuzi, ngezinye izikhathi olufiphele kancane (ishaiqing yokuvuna okusha—icaciseka ngokuhamba kweminyaka).
Iqabunga le-tiyi elingaphansi (iqabunga eligqokiwe): Amaqabunga nezinhlobo ezinkulu, eziphelele nezinwebe zelulekile—ezikhulu kakhulu kunalezi zamatiye aluhlaza aseZhejiang noma ase-Anhui. Umbala—kusukela oluhlaza okotshani omusha kuya ku-olive.

7. Ukuqulwa Kwezamakhemikhali:

Ama-polyphenol (ama-catechin): Ama-28–32% ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu—elinye lamazinga aphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza omhlaba. Izingxenye eziyinhloko—EGCG, ECG, EGC. Ukuba khona okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol kuchaza ukwakheka okuginqekile kokunambitheka kanye namandla okulwa nokugqwala kwangaphakathi. Ezinhlotsheni ezinamahlamvu amancane—ama-20–25%.
Ama-amino acid: Ama-2.5–4.0% ngokuya ngohlobo nokuphakama kokutshalwa. I-L-theanine iphambili, inikeza ukulinganisela phakathi kokubabaza kwama-polyphenol kanye nobumnandi.
Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine—3.0–3.6%. I-theobromine ne-theophylline—ngamanani amancane.
I-ektshilidi yamanzi (水浸出物): I-45–47%—inalisi eliphezulu kakhulu, okuchaza ubukhulu kanye “nomzimba” wento ephuzwayo.
Amavithamini: C (ezingalukile), eqembu B, E.
Amaminerali: I-potassium, i-magnesium, i-fluoride, i-zinc, i-manganese.
Amafutha abalulekile: Ayahlukahluka futhi ancike ohlotsheni lokutshalwa nendlela yokumisa. Uhlobo lwe-Yun Kang 47 luqukethe inani eliphakeme le-linalool ne-geraniol, okuletha iphunga lezimbali.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

Ukuvikeleka ngokulwa nokugqwala kwangaphakathi: Ukuba khona okuphezulu kwama-catechin (okungafika ku-32%) kwenza uDian Lǜ abe ngomunye wamatiye aluhlaza acebile ngokulwa nokugqwala kwangaphakathi.
Umphumela wokuvuselela nokuqabulayo: I-caffeine (3.0–3.6%) ihlanganiswe ne-L-theanine inikeza umdlandla ongashintshi; ekushiseni, uDian Lǜ uqeda ukoma ngokuphawulekayo futhi wehlisa ukushisa ngokweqile—isiphuzo sendabuko sehlobo kubantu base-Yunnan.
Ukuxhasa ukugaya ukudla: Ama-polyphenol nama-amino acid agqugquzela ukunyakaza kwamathumbu, enze kube lula ukugaya ukudla okunamafutha.
Isistimu yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ama-catechin nama-amino acid anomthelela ekunciphiseni amazinga we-triglyceride ne-LDL cholesterol; kungaba ukuvimbela i-atherosklerosis.
Ukuxhaswa kwezimiso zomzimba: I-EGCG ivimbela ukumuncwa kwamafutha ne-glucose, iqqugquzele ukulawulwa kwesisindo somzimba kanye nezinga likashukela.
Imunithi: Ama-polyphenol derivatives kanye ne-vithamini C kuphakamisa ukumelana komzimba jikelele; kuvimbela izifo eziphefumulayo zonyaka.
Imisebenzi yokuqonda: I-L-theanine ithuthukisa ukugxilisa kanye nokulinganisela ngokomzwelo, inciphise umphumela ovuselelayo we-caffeine.

9. Ukuhlanganisela Ngezansi:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–90 °C kwezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ze-chaoqing ne-hongqing; 75–80 °C kwezinhlobo ezinamathenda ezinamaqabunga amancane; 85–90 °C kwe-shaiqing (izinto ezingalungile zivula kangcono ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme kancane).
Inani lwetiye: Ama-gramu ama-3–5 kumamililitha ayi-150–200 (indlela yaseYurophu); ama-gramu ama-5–7 kumamililitha ayi-100–120 (indlela ye-gongfu).
Isitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn)—indlela ejwayelekile; i-tiyeni yengilazi noma indebe—ukubuka ukuvuleka kwezimboniswe ezinkulu; kwe-shaiqing kuvumeleka ngisho ne-tiyeni yobumba (izinto ezingalungile azikaze zizwele ekumunceni kwephunga).
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza isitsha ngamanzi abilayo.
2. Thela itiye.
3. Kwe-shaiqing—ukuwasha ngokushesha (imizuzwana engu-2–3); kwe-hongqing ne-chaoqing ezithenda ezivela ezintweni ezinemihlume emincane akudingeki ukuwashwa.
4. Ukuchithwa kokuqala—imizuzwana eyi-15–30 (i-gongfu) noma imizuzu eli-1–2 (inkomishi).
5. Ukuchithwa okulandelayo—ngokwengeza imizuzwana emi-5–15.
6. Amatiye anamaqabunga amakhulu amelana nokuchithwa okuyisi-5–8; lawo anamaqabunga amancane—okuyisi-3–5.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Kwe-hongqing ne-chaoqing: ukupakishwa okungangeneki komoya nokungabonakali, ifuliji (0–5 °C). Isikhathi sokuphila—kuze kube yizinyanga eziyi-18; ngemuva kokuvulwa—izinyanga ezi-2–3.
Kwe-shaiqing (晒青): kuyavumeleka ukugcinwa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi endaweni eyomile, enomoya. I-shaiqing iyona kuphela kwezinhlobo ezingezansi zetiye eliluhlaza lase-Yunnan ekwazi “ukuvuthwa” kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kufana ne-sheng pu’er: ngokuhamba kweminyaka ukubabaza kwayo kuyathamba, futhi iphrofayili ithola amanothi ajulile oju kanye nezokhuni. Noma kunjalo, ukuze kutholakale isimo seklasikhi setiye eliluhlaza “elisha,” kuyanconywa ukuthi lisetshenziswe onyakeni owodwa.
Izitha ezivamile zetiye: umswakama, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, amaphunga angaphandle.

11. Inani kanye Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

Isigaba sentengo: Sekukonke, uDian Lǜ ungomunye wamatiye aluhlaza atholakala kalula e-China. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-hongqing ne-chaoqing—ama-yuan angama-50–150 nge-jin. Amatiye anegama (i-Baohong Cha, i-Nannuo Baihao, i-Mojiang Yunzhen)—ama-yuan angama-200–500. Amatiye anqabile avela ezihlahleni zakudala (古树滇绿, gǔshù Diān Lǜ) angafinyelela ama-yuan ayi-1000–3000 nangaphezulu nge-jin, ikakhulukazi avela ezintabeni ezinamagama afana ne-Jingmai (景迈, Jǐngmài) noma i-Banzhang (班章, Bānzhāng).
Izinto zenani: Uhlobo lwezinto eziluhlaza (amahlamvu amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namancane), iminyaka yezihlahla, ukuphakama kokutshalwa, indlela yokulungisa, isitifiketi sezinto eziphilayo.
Ungakugwema kanjani ukugunyathwa:
- Ubungozi obukhulu—ukushintshwa kwe-Dian Lǜ entsha ngezinto zonyaka owedlule noma ukukhishwa kwe-shaiqing maocha njengethiye eliluhlaza elinegama. Hlola usuku lokukhiqiza.
- Kwe-shaiqing: ungadideki ne-sheng pu’er ecindezelwe—i-shaiqing ekhululekile iwutiye eliluhlaza, i-shaiqing ecindezelwe enesikhathi esithile iyisigaba se-pu’er.
- Hlola iphunga: i-Dian Lǜ entsha kufanele ibe nephunga elimsulwa le-castane noma lezimbali ngaphandle kokubola noma “ukudala”.
- Izinto ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ze-Dian Lǜ yangempela zihluke ngokuba nemizimba enamangqamuzana neqinile—uthuli oluncane nezicucu eziphukile zibonisa ikhwalithi ephansi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Isifundazwe i-Yunnan sithathwa njengomdabu wofuzo wesihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis: lapha kutholakale izinhlobo ezingama-31 kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezi-2 zohlobo Camellia engxenyeni Thea, kuhlanganiswe inani elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni lezihlahla zetiye ezilinywayo nezasendle zakudala.
Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, amatiye aluhlaza ase-Yunnan ayelungiswa ikakhulukazi ngendlela ye-shaiqing (ukomiswa elangeni), futhi empeleni wonke itiye lase-Yunnan elalikhululekile laliyi “晒青毛茶”—yizona zinto eziluhlaza okwakwenziwa ngazo i-pu’er ngokucindezela. Umkhawulo phakathi kwetiye eliluhlaza kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe ze-pu’er e-Yunnan awucaci ngokomlando.
I-hongqing yase-Yunnan (烘青) isebenze amashumi eminyaka njengesisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwetiye le-jasmini kulo lonke elase China: “isisekelo” layo elinamaqabunga amakhulu lalimunca kahle iphunga lezimbali. Ingxenye enkulu yetiye le-jasmini elalithengiswa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina lalenziwa ngezinto zase-Yunnan.
“Iphunga laMamayili Ayishumi” eliyinsumansumane (十里香, Shílǐ Xiāng)—itiye eliluhlaza elingokomlando elivela ezindaweni ezungeze i-Kunming, elalikhona kusukela esikhathini sobukhosi beTang—ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 lalicishe lanyamalala: emphakathini wokuqala wezihlahla zetiye kwakusele isibonelo esisodwa kuphela. Ngenxa yemizamo yabakhethi bezitshalo, uhlobo lwabuyiselwa lwaphinde lwabuyiselwa emkhiqizweni.
Ngo-1942, isazi sobuso setiye uTang Renliang (汤仁良, Tāng Rénliáng) efemini yaseShunning (manje eyi-Fengqing) waqala izivivinyo ngokumisa ngesitimu kwezinto ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ase-Yunnan—yaze yavela kanjalo ubuchwepheshe “be-zhengqing,” obaba yintuthuko ekuxazululeni inkinga yokubabaza kwe-Dian Lǜ.

13. Izinhlobo Ze-Yúnnán Lǜchá:

IDian Lǜ / I-Yúnnán Lǜchá (滇绿, Diān Lǜ): Igama elijwayelekile, “lomzala” lawo wonke amatiye aluhlaza ase-Yunnan, ikakhulukazi elisho izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-hongqing noma ze-chaoqing ezivela ezintweni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu. Isimo—sicebile, “sinomzimba,” sinephunga le-castane nokubabaza okuncane.
I-Yiliang Baohong Cha (宜良宝洪茶, Yíliáng Bǎohóng Chá): Itiye eliluhlaza elingokomlando elivela esigodini i-Yiliang eliseduze kwaseKunming, elaziwa nangokuthi “Shili Xiang”—“Iphunga laMamayili Ayishumi.” I-chaoqing yamahlamvu amancane enephunga lezimbali eliphakeme kakhulu neliqinile. Ikhiqizwa ngohlobo lwendawo lwamahlamvu amancane.
I-Nannuo Baihao (南糯白毫, Nánnuò Báiháo): “Ubwo obumhlophe baseNannuo”—itiye eliluhlaza elisezindaweni eziphakeme elivela endaweni edumile yetiye i-Nannuoshan (南糯山) e-Xishuangbanna. Ubwo obumhlophe obuningi, ukunambitheka okumnandi okuthenda, izimboniswe ezinkulu. Iwuhlobo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-hongqing-chaoqing.
I-Yunhai Baihao (云海白毫, Yúnhǎi Báiháo): “Ubwo obumhlophe bolwandle lwamafu”—itiye eliluhlaza elisezindaweni eziphakeme elivela endaweni yaseJingmai noma eSimao elinamathiphu amaningi kanye nephrofayili ethenda enoshukela nezimbali.
I-Mojiang Yunzhen (墨江云针, Mòjiāng Yúnzhēn): “Izinalithi zamafu zaseMojiang”—itiye eliluhlaza elivela esigodini esizimele saseMojiang eSifundeni sasePu’er. Ekuqaleni lalikhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe be-zhengqing (ukumiswa ngesitimu), kusukela ngo-1958—ichaoqing. Izinalithi ezincane, eziqondile ezinamaphunga amaningi.
I-Dali Cangshan Xue Lü (大理苍山雪绿, Dàlǐ Cāngshān Xuělǜ): “Ubuhlaza obuneqhwa lwentaba i-Cangshan”—itiye eliluhlaza elivela emagqumeni aseCangshan (amamitha angu-3-4 ayinkulungwane), eduze nedolobha i-Dali. Lithenda, linephunga elimsulwa lezindawo eziphakeme.
I-Gantong Cha (感通茶, Gǎntōng Chá): Itiye elingokomlando elivela eSigodlweni i-Gantong Si (感通寺) emazinge ne-Cangshan. Enye “yamatiye amakhulu amathathu omlando wase-Yunnan” kanyekanye ne-pu’er ne-Taihua Cha. Emibhalweni yomlobi we-Qing u-Yu Huai (余怀, Yú Huái)—“oshukela, onephunga elimnandi, omhlophe ototoba—eliyingcono ematiyeni ase-Yunnan.”
I-Zhengmei Cha (蒸酶茶, Zhēngméi Chá): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyingqayizivele lase-Yunnan lokumiswa ngesitimu elinephrofayili ekhethekile ye-enzyme, lasungulwa ngo-1986–1987. Lixazulula inkinga yokubabaza kwezinto ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, ligcine ukusha. Ngawo-1990, laliyitiye elidume kakhulu lasekhaya kulesi sifundazwe.
I-Zhaotong Cuihua Cha (昭通翠华茶, Zhāotōng Cuìhuá Chá): Itiye eliluhlaza elivela esifundeni sezintaba i-Cuihua enyakatho ye-Yunnan, eduze nomngcele we-Sichuan. Linamahlamvu amancane, linephunga elimsulwa elisha.
I-Zhutong Xiang Cha (竹筒香茶, Zhútǒng Xiāngchá): “Itiye elinephunga elimnandi emthini womoba”—akulona uhlobo oluhlukile, kodwa kuyindlela eyingqayizivele yokulungisa esebenza ngabantu be-Dai ne-Hani: izinto zetiye ezithambile zigxishwa emhubheni womoba omusha bese zishiswa phezu kwamalahle. Itiye lithola iphunga eliyingqayizivele lomoba ogazingiwe.

Ngamafuphi:

I-Yúnnán Lǜchá ayisiyotiye linye, kodwa iyindawo yonkana, kusukela “ezinalithini zamafu” eziyizingilosi zaseMojiang kuye kuma-shaiqing anamandla, acishe abe ngaphambili avela ezihlahleni ezinkulu zakudala zase-Xishuangbanna. Uma amatiye aluhlaza aseSigodini saseYangtze ewukudweba kwamanzi, okucashile nokubonakalayo, khona-ke uDian Lǜ ungamafutha: aminyene, anothe, anokwakheka okujulile. Yilapho khona ukulingana kwakhe kulele khona kakhulu. Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Yunnan limema labo asebeqedile u-Longjing no-Bi Luo Chun ukuthi bazinge “ngemuva kwekhethini lamafu” futhi bathole lapho elinye itiye eliluhlaza—elidala, elinomusa, futhi nelingafani nalutho.