Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá

Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá (永福高山茶, Yǒngfú gāo shān chá) – i-ulong yasezintabeni enziwe ngesitayela saseThayiwani, ekhiqizwa endaweni yaseYǒngfú esifundeni saseZhāngpíng esifundazweni saseFújiàn. Lesi yisizinda esikhulu kunawo wonke ezwekazini laseChina sokukhiqiza itiye lasezintabeni laseThayiwani, lapho abalimi baseThayiwani bebelokhu belima futhi becubungula ama-ulong kusukela ngo-1996 besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile besiqhingi. Leli tiye linephunga elinamakha ezimbali nezithelo, ukunambitheka okusagciwane luluju, kanye “nomlingiswa ophakeme wasezintabeni” (高山韵, gāoshān yùn), kwathi ngo-2020 lathola isikhundla somkhiqizo onombhalo wendawo ovikelekile.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: I-Ulong (itiye elivutshiwe ngokwengxenye, 烏龍茶, wūlóngchá). Isitayela sokucubungula saseThayiwani (台式烏龍, táishì wūlóng). Izinga lokugqwala liyahlukahluka: isitayela se-qingxiang (清香型, qīngxiāng xíng) – 15–30 %, isitayela se-nongxiang (浓香型, nóngxiāng xíng) – 30–50 %, i-ulong ebomvu (紅烏龍, hóng wūlóng) – 50–60 %.
• Isigaba: Ama-ulong asezintabeni aseThayiwani akhiqizwa ezwekazini (台式高山烏龍, táishì gāoshān wūlóng). Umkhiqizo onombhalo kazwelonke wendawo yezolimo (国家农产品地理标志, guójiā nóngchǎnpǐn dìlǐ biāozhì).
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe iFújiàn (福建省, Fújiàn shěng), umasipala oyiLóngyán (龙岩市, Lóngyán shì), idolobha elingaphansi kweZhāngpíng (漳平市, Zhāngpíng shì), indawo yaseYǒngfú (永福镇, Yǒngfú zhèn). Indawo evikelekile ihlanganisa izigodi ezingama-27 – iGuìyáng (桂洋村), iFúlǐ (福里村), iJiànzhú (箭竹村), iQiūyuàn (秋苑村), iLǐngxià (岭下村) nezinye. Ingqikithi yendawo evikelekile ingu-535,5 km².
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 117°12′28″–117°25′54″ E, 24°55′09″–25°10′55″ N.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: I-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá iyitiye elisencane uma kuqhathaniswa, umlando walo oqala maphakathi nawo-1990 futhi uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokubambisana kwezolimo phakathi kweThayiwani neFújiàn.

Ngo-1996, umlimi wetiye waseThayiwani uXiè Dōngqìng (谢东庆, Xiè Dōngqìng) ovela eNántóu (南投, Nántóu) wathola ukuthi isimo sezulu, ubude nobubanzi bendawo yaseYǒngfú kucishe kufane ncamashi ne-Alǐshān – enye yezindawo ezihlonishwa kakhulu zetiye eThayiwani. UXiè Dōngqìng waletha izithombo ze-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng (软枝乌龙, ruǎnzhī wūlóng) futhi watshala amasimu etiye okuqala ayinkulungwane yama-mu. Kwaqala kanjalo umlando “we-Alǐshān yasezwenikazi” (大陆阿里山, dàlù Ālǐshān) – igama elingekho emthethweni elanamathela eYǒngfú phakathi kosomabhizinisi baseThayiwani.

Ngo-2008, indawo yathola isikhundla se-National Park for Taiwanese Farmers’ Entrepreneurship (国家级台湾农民创业园, guójiājí Táiwān nóngmín chuàngyè yuán), okwaheha amabhizinisi etiye angama-48 aseThayiwani. Ngo-2019, indawo yamasimu yayisifinyelele ku-5,5 万 mu (cishe amahektha angu-3 667), umkhiqizo waminyaka yonke – ngaphezu kwamathani angu-1 600, inani lomkhiqizo – ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-700 zama-yuan.

Ngo-2011, i-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá yakhethwa yi-Beijing Palace Museum njenge-“tiye lesigodlo” (故宫贡茶, Gùgōng gòngchá). Ngo-2017, leli tiye lafakwa ohlwini lweziphuzo ezisemthethweni zengqungquthela ye-BRICS eXiàmén futhi lethulwa embukisweni wezimpumelelo zikazwelonke othi “Five Years of Persistent Progress”. Ngawo lowo nyaka emqhudelwaneni “weNkosi Yetiye” womcimbi wetiye ophakathi kwezihlalo ezimbili eZhāngzhōu, i-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá yanqoba isicoco “senkosi yetiye” esigabeni sama-ulong aseThayiwani.

Ngomhla zingama-30 kuMbasa 2020, uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya e-PRC wanikeza leli tiye isikhundla somkhiqizo onombhalo wendawo ovikelekile. Ngo-2021, kwaqala ukusebenza amazinga kazwelonke “i-Thayiwani Ulong” (《台式乌龙茶》) kanye “noMthetho Wezobuchwepheshe Wokucubungula i-Thayiwani Ulong” (《台式乌龙茶加工技术规范》), aklanywa ngokubambisana kwabakhiqizi baseZhāngpíng kanye ne-Taiwan Tea Society. Lawa mazinga aba yisandiso sokuqala semicibisholo ehlanganisiwe yezinhlangothi ezimbili emkhakheni wezolimo. NgoSepthemba 2021, i-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá yafakwa kwirekhodi “lemikhiqizo yezolimo evelele kuzwelonke” (全国名特优新农产品).

• Igama: 永福 (Yǒngfú) – igama lendawo, ngokwezwi nezwi lisho “injabulo engunaphakade” noma “inhlalakahle engunaphakade”. 高山 (gāoshān) – “intaba ephakeme”, okukhombisa indawo esezintabeni nokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-700. 茶 (chá) – “itiye”. Ngaleyo ndlela, igama eliphelele lisho “itiye lasezintabeni [elivela] eYǒngfú”.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá iwuphawu lokubambisana kwezolimo okuphakathi kweThayiwani neFújiàn. Leli tiye likhombisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-ulong yasezintabeni yaseThayiwani bungaphindwa ngempumelelo ezindaweni ezinezimo zezulu ezifanayo ezwekazini. Izingcweti zetiye zaseThayiwani azizange zilethe kuphela izinhlobo zokulima nemishini, kodwa futhi nefilosofi “yokulima okunembe okuphezulu” (高优精致农业, gāoyōu jīngzhì nóngyè) – okuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, ukulandeleleka kwemvelaphi, kanye nesitifiketi semvelo. Amasimu aseYǒngfú, lapho izihlahla zama-sakura eziqhakazile zitshalwe phakathi kwemigqa yetiye njengesihibe sendawo ezungezile, seziyindawo yezivakashi futhi ziwuphawu lwendlela “eluhlaza” yokuphatha itiye.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-cultivar yi-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng (软枝乌龙, ruǎnzhī wūlóng), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Qīngxīn Wūlóng (青心烏龍, Qīngxīn Wūlóng), okungenye yezinhlobo ezine zomlando zaseThayiwani. Lesi yisihlahla esincane se-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, esinamaqabunga aphakathi nendawo, esivuthwa kamuva. Amaqabunga ayi-elliptic, ajiyile, aluhlaza ogqamile nokucwebezela okunamafutha. I-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng yenza cishe u-70% wezitshalo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-cultivar: iJīnxuān (金萱, Jīnxuān, TTES № 12) – enephunga elimuncu lobisi; iCuìyù (翠玉, Cuìyù, TTES № 13) – enephunga elinamandla lezimbali; iSìjì Chūn (四季春, Sìjì Chūn) – uhlobo oluhlumela ekuqaleni kwesizini futhi olunomkhiqizo omningi. Zonke izinhlobo ze-cultivar zisatshalaliswa ngendlela engezocansi (ngokusika).

• Ukuvuna: Isikhathi sokuvuna – kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuye maphakathi no-Okthoba. Ikhwalithi ehamba phambili ilethwa ukuvuna kwasentwasahlobo (Ephreli). Ukuvuna kwekwindla nakho kuhlonishwa kakhulu. Itiye lasehlobo liyakhiqizwa, kodwa lithathwa njengelinesiphunga esincane. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla, kwenziwa emini lapho amazolo asekuseni esephele nya.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Iqabunga elilodwa kanye namaqabunga amabili (一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè) ezinhlobonhlobo eziphakeme kakhulu; iqabunga elilodwa namaqabunga amathathu ohlobo lokuqala. Amahlumela kumele aphelele, avuthwe ngokufanayo, ngaphandle kokulimala kwemishini.

• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Ihlumela elisha eliphezulu eline-turgor elingaguquki, ukungabikho kwamakha angaphandle, ukomiswa ngokuphelele kwamazolo ngaphambi kokulethwa embonini. Ubuchwepheshe baseThayiwani budinga ukucophelela okukhethekile: amaqabunga akumele ashise ngokweqile lapho ethuthwa, futhi isikhawu phakathi kokuvunwa nokuqala kokubuna kumele sibe sincane kakhulu.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokulima:

• Isifunda kanye nokwakheka komhlaba: Indawo yaseYǒngfú iseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifunda saseZhāngpíng. Lesi yisikhungo esijwayelekile esisezintabeni eziphakeme (高山盆地, gāoshān péndì), esizungezwe izintaba ngazo zonke izinhlangothi. Ukumbozwa kwamahlathi yile ndawo kungama-78%.

• Ukuphakama kokumila: Ukuphakama okumaphakathi – 755 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ukufana okubalulekile ne-Alǐshān yaseThayiwani: zombili lezi zindawo zicishe zibe se-latitude efanayo (24°55′–25°10′ N).

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esimanzi esishisayo esisezintabeni. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi – 17,3 °C. Isilinganiso semvula sonyaka – 1 839,4 mm. Umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku udlula u-10 °C, okubambezela ukukhula kwesihlahla setiye futhi kube nomthelela ekuqongeleleni kwama-amino acid. Ukuguquguquka kwamafu nenkungu unyaka wonke kunikeza ukukhanya okusakazekile (okufinyelela ku-70% wokukhanya), lapho i-spectrum eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-nsomi ibusa – lokhu kwandisa isikhathi sokumila futhi kuqinisa izici zephunga leqabunga.

• Umhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi ene-asidi (酸性黄壤, suānxìng huángrǎng), enothe ngezinto eziphilayo futhi ekwazi ukukhipha amanzi kahle kakhulu. Isici esiyingqayizivele sokulima itiye eYǒngfú yindlela “yokuniseza izihlahla zetiye ngobisi lukabhontshisi wesoya” (豆浆浇灌法, dòujiāng jiāoguàn fǎ), eyasungulwa nguLǐ Zhìhóng (李志鸿, Lǐ Zhìhóng), umqondisi wepulazi i-Hóngdǐng (鸿鼎农场). Ubhontshisi wesoya omusha uyagaywa ube ubisi, bese uxutshwa nama-bioactive bacteria, ushukela obomvu, amakhoba erayisi, umce womoba kanye nomquba wezinyoni, uyavuthelwa bese uhlehliselwa ukunisela ngezimpande. Le ndlela ijiyisa iqabunga, inyuse ukumelana nezifo futhi ithuthukise izici zokunambitheka nephunga letiye. Umanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa akusetshenziswa – esikhundleni- kwasetshenziswa uhlelo oluhlaza lokuvikela izitshalo, futhi ukutshala ngokuhlanganyela ne-sakura kwakha isihibe sezinto eziphilayo, okwehlisa izehlakalo zezinambuzane eziyingozi ngama-60%.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá ikhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe bakudala baseThayiwani be-ulong eyindilinga, kusetshenziswa ukusontwa kwendwangu eshisayo (热团揉, rè tuánróu) – okuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esihlukanisa isitayela saseThayiwani kuma-ulong asezwekazini aseMǐnnán.

• Ukuvuna / 采摘 — cǎizhāi: Amahlumela “eqabunga elilodwa namaqabunga amabili” avunwa ngesandla emini futhi alethwe ngokushesha embonini.

• Ukubuna elangeni / 日光萎凋 — rìguāng wěidiāo: Iqabunga elisha liyendlalwa ngaphandle elangeni. Izinga lokubuna linqunywa ngokuthinta: iqabunga kumele lizwakale “njenge-velvet” lapho lithintwa, kuvele iphunga elihlanzekile elicashile, iqabunga lesibili lilahlwe ukucwebezela futhi libe ne-wavy. Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo – 8–12%. Isikhathi silungiswa kuye ngenkathi yonyaka kanye nomswakama womoya – indlela “yokubuna ngokwesibhakabhaka” (看天萎凋法, kàn tiān wěidiāo fǎ).

• Ukubuna endlini nokugubhazela / 室内萎凋搅拌 — shìnèi wěidiāo jiǎobàn: Ukushintshana kwezikhathi zokuphumula nokugubhazela (imijikelezo emi-4–5). Lapho kugubhazelwa, imiphetho yamaqabunga ilimala kancane okwenza kungene i-oxidation eyingxenye – lokhu kwakha umphetho obomvu ogqamile oseceleni lweqabunga elinamazinyo. Umjikelezo wokugcina: ubukhulu bongqimba 15–20 cm, amaqabunga abekwa “njengesigodi” ukuze kusheshiswe ukuvutshelwa; ukugcinwa imizuzu engu-90–180 kuze kube yilapho iphunga “eliluhlaza” linyamalala ngokuphelele futhi kuvele iphunga lezimbali elihlanzekile.

• Ukulungiswa (ukubulawa kokuluhlaza) / 杀青 — shāqīng: Kusetshenziswa umshini wokugazinga oyisilinda (圆筒炒青机, yuántǒng chǎoqīng jī) ezingeni lokushisa elingaba ngu-260 °C. Inqubo ithatha imizuzu emi-3–4; inkomba yokulungela – ukuncipha komsindo wokuqhuma, ukunyamalala kwephunga elinjengotshani kanye nokuvela kwephunga lezimbali elimnandi. Iqabunga liba lithambile, linamathele kancane futhi liyasontana lapho liphathwa ngaphandle kokukhipha amajusi. Isimiso: izinga lokushisa kumele libe phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka uma nje kungashi.

• Ukusonta / 揉捻 — róuniǎn: Iqabunga liyasontwa liphelele libe yizintambo eziqinile, kukhishelwa ijusi elilinganiselwe ngaphandle.

• Ukusonta kwendwangu eshisayo / 热团揉 — rè tuánróu: Isinyathelo esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe baseThayiwani. Iqabunga elomisiwe liphinde lifudunyezwe libe sesimweni esithambile, lisongwe ngendwangu kakotini bese lilolongwa libe yibhola eliqinile kusetshenziswa umshini wokusonta ngendwangu (布球揉捻机, bùqiú róuniǎn jī) noma ngesandla. Ukuphindaphinda kaninginingi komjikelezo “wokufudumeza–ukusonta ngendwangu” kukhipha umswakama kancane kancane futhi kunikeza iqabunga isimo esiyisiyingi noma esiyisiyingi ngenxa. Yilesi sinyathelo esakha “uphawu” olubonakalayo lwe-ulong yaseThayiwani.

• Ukomisa / 干燥 — gānzào: Ukomisa ngomoya ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kumisa ukusebenza kwe-enzyme okusele futhi kuzinzise ikhwalithi.

• Ukukhipha iziqu / 拣枝 — jiǎnzhī: Ukususwa kweziqu eziqatha kanye nezinto ezingaphandle ukuze kulinganiswe ukubukeka kwentengiso.

• Ukomisa kokugcina nokugazinga / 再干与烘焙 — zài gān yǔ hōngbèi: Ukugazinga okuhamba kancane ku-60–80 °C kuze kufinyelelwe umswakama ongaphansi noma olingana no-6,5%. Kulesi sigaba kwakhiwa iphrofayela yokugcina yephunga: ngesitayela se-qingxiang ukugazinga kuncane kakhulu, ngesitayela se-nongxiang kujulile, kunamanothi emantongomani ne-caramel.

• Izici zobuchwepheshe: Ukusonta ngomshini akusetshenziswa esigabeni sokulolongwa ngesikhwama – iqabunga licutshungulwa kuphela esikhwameni sendwangu, okulondoloza ubuqotho beqabunga. Lokhu kungumehluko oyisisekelo esitayeleni saseMǐnnán (isibonelo, iTiě Guānyīn), lapho ukugingqa ngomshini kuvunyelwe.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ama-granule aqinile anomumo oyisiyingi noma oyisiyingi ngenxa (球型/半球型, qiú xíng / bàn qiú xíng), anokulinganiswa okufanayo. Umbala – uluhlaza okotshani ogqamile onokucwebezela okunamafutha (翠绿鲜活、有油光).

• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihle, elingabonakali kalula, elinamanothi ezimbali zasensimini, izithelo eziluhlaza kanye nobumnandi obumnene obunjengobisi. Ezinhlotsheni zeJīnxuān – kunephunga elimuncu lobisi elicacile. Ngesitayela se-nongxiang – amanothi afudumele emantongomani.

• Iphunga le- infusion: I-spectrum yezimbali nezithelo ebusayo: ipentshisi yamanzi (水蜜桃, shuǐ mìtáo), i-osmanthus (桂花, guìhuā), i-orchid (兰花, lánhuā). Ngakunye ukuphuzwa okulandelayo, iphunga liyakhula futhi libe yinkimbinkimbi, kuvele amanothi omensi nezithelo. Ezikhungweni ezigugile, kuvela iphunga loju (蜜香, mìxiāng).

• Ukunambitheka: Okugcwele, okuqinile (醇厚, chúnhòu), okusha (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng). Ukungena – ubumnandi obumnene obunamanothi ezithelo; maphakathi – i-astringency enokulingana kanye nomzimba; ukunambitheka kwangemva – ubumnandi obuhlala isikhathi eside emphinjeni (喉韵甘甜, hóuyùn gāntián) ngomzwelo ojwayelekile “wokupholisa”. I-huígān ecacile (回甘, huígān) – ubumnandi obubuyayo. Itiye limelana nokuphuzwa okungaphezu kwesi-7, kugcinwe ukunotha kwalo.

• Umbala we-infusion: Isitayela se-qingxiang – uluhlaza okotshani olusagciwane luluju olunomunwe ophuzi (蜜绿黄亮, mì lǜ huáng liàng), ogqamile futhi osobala. Isitayela se-nongxiang – kusukela esagolide esifudumele kuya ku-amber. I-ulong ebomvu – i-orange ebomvu egcwele (红亮, hóngliàng).

• Iphansi letiye (iqabunga elenziwe): Amaqabunga avulekile aphelele anesakhiwo esigciniwe “iqabunga + ihlumela” (芽叶连枝完整). I-flap ithambile, icwebezelayo, imile kahle. Eceleni kweqabunga – amachashaza abomvu abonakalayo emazinyweni (叶缘锯齿呈红点状), afakazela ukugqwala okulungile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

I-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá ihluke ngenani elifanele le-polyphenol nama-amino acid, okuchazwa yi-terroir esezintabeni: ngokunyuka kokuphakama, okuqukethwe yi-polyphenol kuyehla, kanti ama-amino acid ayanda.

• I-Polyphenol: Okuqukethwe yi-polyphenol yetiye – ≥ 12,8% (ngokwezinga le-geographical indication), okuqukethwe ngokoqobo emasampuleni – kufinyelela ku-14,4%. Ama-catechin enza cishe i-10,62% (okuhlanganisa i-EGCG, i-ECG, i-EGC, i-EC). Imikhiqizo ye-oxidation eyingxenye – i-theaflavins kanye ne-thearubigins – yakha umbala nomzimba we-infusion.

• Ama-amino acid: Ingqikithi yama-amino acid akhululekile – ≥ 2,0% (ngokwezinga), okuyiqiniso – kufinyelela ku-4,48%, okuphakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso sama-ulong ajwayelekile. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-L-theanine kunikeza ubumnene, ubumnandi, kanye nokuvezwa okuqondile kwe-umami.

• Izinto ezikhishwa ngamanzi ezi-soluble: 41,9% – inani eliphakeme ngokukhethekile, elenza ukujiya nokunotha kwe-infusion.

• Ushukela oncibilikayo: 10,37%, okunikeza itiye ubumnandi bendalo kanye nokunambitheka kwangemva okuhlala isikhathi eside.

• I-Alkaloid: I-caffeine – izinga elilinganiselwe (elijwayelekile ematini avutshiwe ngokwengxenye), i-theobromine ne-theophylline – ngamanani amancane. Ukuhlangana kwe-caffeine ne-L-theanine kunikeza umphumela omuhle, ohlala isikhathi eside wokuvuselela ngaphandle “kwephuzu eliphakeme le-caffeine” elibukhali.

• Amavithamini: Amavithamini C, B₁, B₂, P (rutin) – ajwayelekile kuma-ulong asezintabeni.

• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-fluoride – ngamanani amancane, afaka isandla kumlingiswa we-mineral we-infusion.

• Amafutha abalulekile: Inhlanganisela ye-terpene kanye nezinto ezinuka kamnandi (linalool, geraniol, nerol, indole, jasmone), ezakha iphrofayela yezimbali nezithelo. Ukukhanya okusakazekile okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-nsomi endaweni ephakeme kuholela ekuqongeleleni kwezandulela zephunga.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Umphumela wokuvuselela: I-caffeine ngokuhlangana ne-L-theanine inikeza ukugxila okumnene, okuzinzile ngaphandle kokukhathazeka noma ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo. Ngokusho kwemithombo, umphumela wokuvuselela we-ulong yaseYǒngfú mude ngamaphesenti angama-30 kunowetiye eluhlaza, futhi kunamathuba amancane okuba nemiphumela engemihle yokuvuselela.

• Ukuvikelwa kwe-antioxidant: Inhlanganisela ye-polyphenol (EGCG, ECG) imanza ama-radical akhululekile futhi ibambezele ukucindezeleka okwenzeka nge-oxidative emangqamuzaneni. Okuqukethwe yi-antioxidant ku-ulong yasezintabeni, ngokwemininingwane ethile, kungaphezu kwama-25% kunasemikhiqizweni esemathafeni.

• Ukusekelwa kwe-lipid metabolism: Ama-catechin asiza ekulawuleni ukwakheka kwe-cholesterol, ukwehlisa amazinga e-LDL, nokugcina iphrofayela ye-lipid enempilo.

• Ukwenza kube lula ukugaya ukudla: Amatiye avutshiwe ngokwengxenye anomthelela omuhle esiswini kakhulu kunalawo aluhlaza. Izitayela ze-nongxiang (ezigazingiwe) zenza kahle ikakhulukazi ugayojikelele olubucayi.

• Ukusekela isimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ukuphuza njalo ama-polyphenol etiye kuhlotshaniswa nokujwayela komfutho wegazi nokuthuthuka kokunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi.

• Ukulekelela ukulawulwa kwesisindo: Ama-polyphenol ne-caffeine asheshisa i-metabolism ne-thermogenesis – ngokomuntu ngamunye, ngaphakathi kokudla okunesilinganiso.

• Ukuqinisa umunxi wamazinyo: I-fluoride nama-catechin anomphumela wokulwa namagciwane emlonyeni, kuvimbela ukwakheka kwenqwaba yamazinyo.

• Ukuphuza itiye ngokuqaphela: Ukuphaka okuphindaphindiwe (gongfu) kwenza ukuphuza itiye kube yinqubo yokuzindla, okusiza ekwehliseni izingcindezi.

9. Ukusebenzisa:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C (isitayela se-qingxiang – 90–95 °C; i-nongxiang ne-ulong ebomvu – 100 °C ngamanzi abilayo ukuze kuvezwe ngokugcwele iphunga lezimbali nezithelo).

• Ubuningi betiye: Amagremu angu-7 ku-140 ml (gongfu, isilinganiso esingu-1:20) noma amagremu angu-3–4 ku-200-250 ml ngokuphuzwa kwansuku zonke.

• Izitsha: I-gaiwan ye-porcelain (白瓷盖碗, báicí gàiwǎn) – ukubuka umbala we-infusion nokulawula isikhathi ngokunembile; ilungele isitayela se-qingxiang. I-teapot ye-Yixing eyenziwe ngobumba olunsomi (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú) – nge-nongxiang ne-ulong ebomvu: ubumba bunqwabelanisa ukushisa futhi “buqoqe” iphunga.

• Inqubo:

  1. Fudumeza izitsha ngamanzi abilayo: i-gaiwan, i-chahai (公道杯, gōngdào bēi) kanye nezinkomishi.
  2. Faka itiye bese ulivumela ukuthi lifudumeze ngomusi ovela odongeni olushisayo imizuzwana engu-10–15 – hogela iphunga leqabunga elomile.
  3. Ukugeza ngokushesha (温润泡, wēnrùn pào): thela amanzi bese uwakhipha ngemva kwemizuzwana emi-5 – lokhu kuvula i-granule futhi kuvuse iphunga.
  4. Ukuphuzwa kokuqala: imizuzwana engu-10.
  5. Thela i-infusion nge-chahai ezinkomishini.
  6. Ukuphuzwa okuphindiwe: okwesibili – imizuzwana engu-10, bese ukwengeze imizuzwana emi-5 ngakunye ukuphuzwa okulandelayo. Itiye limelana nokuphuzwa okungaphezu kwesi-7.

• Amanothi: Ngesitayela se-qingxiang, kuyaluleka ukusebenzisa izinga lokushisa elingaphansi ngo-5–10 °C ukuze kungashiswa amanothi abucayi. Ngesitayela se-nongxiang – amanzi abilayo ngokugcwele kanye nokuphuzwa isikhathi eside ukuze kuvezwe ukujula kwe-caramel namantongomane.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitayela se-qingxiang: Ukupakishwa okuvaleke ngokuphelele, efrijini (0–5 °C), ukuvikelwa emaphungeni angaphandle. Ngemva kokuvulwa – sebenzisa phakathi nezinyanga ezingu-6 ukuze kugwenywe ukugqwala kwama-polyphenol nokulahleka kwephunga. Okuqukethwe umswakama womkhiqizo oqediwe – hhayi ngaphezu kuka-6,5%.

• Izitayela ze-nongxiang nezazingiwe: Zimelana kakhulu nokugcinwa. Indawo eyomile nepholile (kufinyelela ku-25 °C) eyanele, isitsha esingabonisi futhi esivaleke ngokuphelele. Isikhathi sokugcina – kufinyelela eminyakeni emi-2. Uma kugcinwe kahle, kungenzeka kube “nokuguga” okuncane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamanothi oju.

• I-ulong ebomvu: Ngokufanayo nesitayela se-nongxiang; ivumela ukuguga okulinganiselwe.

• Izitha zetiye: Umswakama, ukushisa, ukukhanya okuqondile, amaphunga angaphandle. Ungaligcini eduze kwezinongo, amakha noma amakhemikhali asendlini.

11. Intengo kanye Nokwenziwa Okuwumgunyathi:

• Isigaba sentengo: Izindleko ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuhlukahluka, isikhathi sokuvuna, isitayela sokucubungula kanye nezinga lomcuphi. Ikilasi elikhethekile (特级, tèjí): ngaphezu kuka-5 000 yuan/ikhilogremu – kusukela emahlumelweni “eqabunga elilodwa namaqabunga amabili” anekhwalithi ephelele, enephunga lezimbali nezithelo eliphezulu kanye nokunambitheka okuhle. Ikilasi lokuqala (一级, yījí): 3 000–4 000 yuan/ikhilogremu – amahlumela “eqabunga elilodwa namaqabunga amathathu”, iphunga eliqinile, isilinganiso esihle sentengo nekhwalithi. Ikilasi lesibili (二级, èrjí): ngaphansi kuka-3 000 yuan/ikhilogremu – kusukela emaqabungeni avuthiwe, ukunambitheka okuqinile, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu ekuphuzweni.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukwenziwa okuwumgunyathi:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abanemvelaphi esobala kanye nesitifiketi se-geographical indication “永福高山茶”.
  • Hlola ukubukeka: ama-granule kumele afane, aqinile, anokucwebezela okuluhlaza okunamafutha. Ukungalingani kokulinganisa kanye nombala ongancengi kuyisibonakaliso setiye elisezingeni eliphansi noma umgunyathi.
  • Hlola iphunga: I-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá yendalo inephunga lezimbali elihlanzekile, elinezendlalelo eziningi ngaphandle “kwephunga elinamakha elenziwe ngamakhemikhali” noma ubumnandi obenziwe obubukhali.
  • Hlola i-infusion: umbala kumele ube sobala futhi ugqame, ukunambitheka – kube mnene futhi kube nokunambitheka kwangemva okuhlala isikhathi eside. I-infusion enodaka, ubuhlungu obubukhali noma “ukungabi nalutho” okuhlanganisayo kuyinkomba yezinkinga ngekhwalithi.
  • Xwaya ngentengo ephansi ngokusolisayo: i-ulong yasezintabeni yangempela evela eYǒngfú (ukuvunwa ngesandla, umanyolo wemvelo, ukucubungulwa kwaseThayiwani) ayikwazi ukubiza kancane. Intengo engaphansi kuka-1 500 yuan/ikhilogremu nge- “highest grade” okusolakala ukuthi iyona – kuyisizathu sokungabaza.

12. Amaqiniso Athakaselayo:

• “I-Alǐshān yaseZwenikazi”: I-Yǒngfú iyona ndawo kuphela ezwenikazi i-China eyamukelwa ngokusemthethweni ngabalimi betiye baseThayiwani njengokufana ne-Alǐshān eyinganekwane. Ukuhambisana kwe-latitude, ukuphakama kanye ne-microclimate kunembe kakhulu kangangokuthi ukunambitha okungaboni ezingeni lomphakathi wetiye waseThayiwani kuye kwaveza kaninginingi ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-ulong aseYǒngfú nawase-Alǐshān.

• Itiye “eliphuza ubisi lukabhontshisi wesoya”: Ubuchwepheshe bokondla izihlahla ngobisi lukabhontshisi wesoya oluvutshiwe (豆浆浇灌法) – kuwumkhuba oyingqayizivele wabakhiqizi baseYǒngfú, ongenakho ukufana kwezinye izifunda zetiye. Lokhu kwenza iqabunga lijiyile futhi kuqinise iphunga ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umanyolo wamakhemikhali.

• I-Sakura njengesihibe sendawo ezungezile: Ukutshala i-cherry (sakura) phakathi kwemigqa yetiye – akusilo sifiso nje sopopayi, kodwa isixazululo se-agronomical. Izihlahla eziqhakazile ziheha izilwane ezidla izinambuzane eziyizitha, kanti izimpande zazo zithuthukisa ukwakheka komhlabathi. Izigameko zezinambuzane emasimini ane-sakura zehla ngama-60%.

• Itiye lamanxusa: I-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá – ngelinye lamatiye ambalwa kakhulu, elafakwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ohlwini lwamatiye anikelwe e-Beijing Gugong (2011) kanye neziphuzo ezisemthethweni zengqungquthela ye-BRICS (2017). Umkhiqizo unesitifiketi ngokwamazinga ase-China, eThayiwani, eJapan nase-European Union – “ipaspoti lekhwalithi” elinezinhlangothi ezine – okuyivelakancane etiyeni elivela endaweni eyodwa.

• Izinga lokuqala elihlanganyelwe: Amazinga kazwelonke “i-Thayiwani Ulong” (2021) aklanywa ngokubambisana ne-Taiwan Tea Society kanye ne-Lugu Township Farmers’ Association – lokhu kuyisenzakalo sokuqala emlandweni lapho izinhlangothi zombili ze-Taiwan Strait zakha izinga elilodwa lomkhiqizo ofanayo.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Ama-ulong:

• I-Alǐshān Gāoshān Chá (阿里山高山茶, Ālǐshān Gāoshān Chá): “Isihlobo” esiseduze nendawo yesitayela. Ikhiqizwa eThayiwani endaweni ephakeme ngu-1 000–1 600 m. Ubumnandi “obusezintabeni” obugqame kakhudlwana, iphrofayela yezimbali emihle kakhulu. I-ulong yaseYǒngfú iqinile emzimbeni futhi inamandla kancane ephungeni – umphumela wokuphakama okuphansi (755 m) kanye nomehluko omkhulu wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku.

• I-Tiě Guānyīn (铁观音, Tiě Guānyīn): I-ulong yakudala yaseMǐnnán evela eĀnxī, eFújiàn. Ikhiqizwa nge-cultivar yegama elifanayo, hhayi nge-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng. Ubuchwepheshe buyehluka: i-Tiě Guānyīn isebenzisa ukugingqa ngomshini, hhayi ukusonta ngendwangu; ama-granule makhudlwana futhi asindayo. I-Tiě Guānyīn ye-qingxiang ineminerali eningi; iYǒngfú inezithelo eziningi futhi “inokhilimu”.

• I-Dòngdǐng Wūlóng (冻顶烏龍, Dòngdǐng Wūlóng): “Umkhulu” wesitayela saseThayiwani, okwavela kuye lonke uhlobo lwama-ulong aseThayiwani ayindilinga. Ikhiqizwa eNántóu endaweni ephakeme ngu-600–800 m nge-Qīngxīn Wūlóng efanayo. Ngesitayela isondelene ne-nongxiang profile – enokugazinga okujulile. I-ulong yaseYǒngfú ngesitayela se-qingxiang ilula futhi isha kune-Dòngdǐng, kodwa ngesitayela se-nongxiang ingasondela kuyo.

• I-Zhāngpíng Shuǐxiān (漳平水仙, Zhāngpíng Shuǐxiān): Enye i-ulong edumile yaseZhāngpíng, kodwa ehluke ngokuphelele: lokhu i-ulong yaseMǐnnán ecindezelwe (ngesimo “samakhekhe” angama-square) evela ku-cultivar ye-Shuǐxiān. Ubuchwepheshe kanye nephrofayela yokunambitheka (izimbali-izinkuni, amanothi e-narcissus) kuhluke ngokugqamile. Amatiye amabili – ubuso obubili besifunda esisodwa.

• I-Líshān Wūlóng (梨山烏龍, Líshān Wūlóng): I-ulong yasezintabeni yaseThayiwani evela ezindaweni eziphakeme ngu-1 800–2 600 m. Imnene kakhulu, “i-ethereal”, inobumnandi bezimbali obupholile. Itiye laseYǒngfú, naphezu kwakho konke ukuphakama kwalo, liqinile futhi “lifudumele” kune-Líshān – umehluko wokuphakama kanye nokuba semzaweni wesimo sezulu sezwekazi kuyabonakala.

14. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá:

Ngokwezinga lokugqwala nokugazinga, izitayela ezintathu ziyahlukaniswa:

• I-Qingxiang (清香型, qīngxiāng xíng): Ukugqwala okuncane (15–30%), ukugazinga okuncane kakhulu. Iphunga elibusayo – i-orchid nezithelo ezintsha. I-infusion iluhlaza okotshani olusagciwane luluju. Ukunambitheka okusha nokumnandi. I-cultivar eyinhloko – i-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng. Lona “uphawu” lwesifunda futhi isitayela esisabalele kakhulu.

• I-Nongxiang (浓香型, nóngxiāng xíng): Ukugqwala okuphakathi (30–50%), ukugazinga okugqamile. Iphunga – amantongomane agazingiwe, i-caramel. Ukunambitheka okuqinile, nge-huígān ejulile. I-cultivar eyinhloko – i-Jīnxuān (nenkomba yobisi) kanye ne-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng. I-infusion – isagolide-amber.

• I-Red Oolong (红乌龙, hóng wūlóng): Ukugqwala okunzima (50–60%). Ihlanganisa iphunga lezimbali le-ulong nomzimba nokujula kwetiye elibomvu. I-infusion igcwele, i-orange ebomvu. Lesi yisigaba esisha uma kuqhathaniswa, esithandwa kakhulu.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yǒngfú Gāo Shān Chá – isibonelo esingandile setiye, elingazalwanga ngesiko lwamakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ngesibalo esinembile se-agronomical: izingcweti zaseThayiwani “zatshala” i-terroir yase-Alǐshān ezwekazini – futhi yahlala kahle. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka, i-Yǒngfú isiguquke yasuka endaweni yokuhlola yaba isizinda esikhulu kunawo wonke ezwekazini lase-China se-ulong yaseThayiwani, umkhiqizo wayo owamukelwa njenge-Alǐshān ekunambitheni okungaboni, wakhonzwa ezingqungqutheleni zamanxusa futhi wanikezwa isitifiketi ngokwamazinga amane omhlaba.

Leli tiye lilungele labo abazisa isitayela sama-ulong aseThayiwani – ngesimo sawo esibushelelezi, iphunga lezimbali nezithelo elinesendlalelo eziningi, nokwembulwa okunganeme ekuphuzweni, – kodwa abafuna ukwazi “ukufundwa okuvela ezwenikazi” kwalolu hlobo. Ukuphuzwa okuyisikhombisa noma okuyisishiyagalombili ku-gaiwan kuzokhombisa yonke i-spectrum: kusukela ekushayweni kokuqala okuqhuma izimbali kuye ebumnandini obuthule boluju ekugcineni.