Yǒngchuān Xiù Yá

Yǒngchuān Xiù Yá (永川秀芽, Yǒngchuān xiù yá — ‘Ihlumela Elihle laseYongchuan’) itiye eliluhlaza eliphambili lomkhandlu oqondile waseChongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng), elakhiwa ngo-1959 futhi laqanjwa ngo-1964 yisazi setiyi esikhulu, uprofesa Chén Chuán (陈椽, Chén Chuán, 1908–1999) — ubaba wesayensi yetiyi yesimanje yamaShayina, umbhali wohlelo lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha zetiye zesiShayina. I-tiye idunyiswa ngesimo sayo esingenasici ‘esifana nenkemba’: amahlumela aqondile, acindezelekile kancane, acwebezelayo ngesiliva ne-emeraldi (银翠交辉, yíncuì jiāohuī), lapho ebiliswa ama ngobuqotho, edala umbukwane ‘Ihlathi Lasemanzini’ (海底森林, hǎidǐ sēnlín). Ngo-2024—indondo ekhethekile yegolide enezinkanyezi eziyisithupha ye-«Zhōngchá bēi» (中茶杯国际鼎承茶王赛绿茶组六星特别金奖). Inani lomkhiqizo — izigidigidi ezingama-34.32 zama-yuan, inani elihlanganisiwe le-chain — izigidigidi ezingama-4.5 zama-yuan.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingavutshiwe). Ngokwesimo — elifana nenalithi, licindezelekile kancane, ‘elifana nenkemba’ (针芽状，挺直略扁似剑). Ngokobuchwepheshe — indlela yokugazinga nokushisisa ngefomula yomkhiqizo ethi ‘ukushisisa kathathu nokugazinga kane’ (三烘四炒, sān hōng sì chǎo).

• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo Ophawulekayo Kazwelonke Wezindawo (国家地理标志商标, 2011). Umkhiqizo ohlwini Lwezimpawu Zezolimo ZaseShayina (中国农业品牌目录, 2019). Indondo yegolide enezinkanyezi eziyisithupha ye-«Zhōngchá bēi» (2024). Inani lomkhiqizo — izigidigidi ezingama-34.32 zama-yuan. Ubuchwepheshe obulodluliwe (国家发明专利, 2004).

• Imvelaphi: IShayina, umkhandlu oqondile waseChongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng), isifunda saseYongchuan (永川区, Yǒngchuān Qū). Amasimu etiye asezintabeni ezinhlanu: Yunwushan (云雾山), Yinshan (阴山), Bayueshan (巴岳山), Jishan (箕山) kanye neHuangguashan (黄瓜山). Ingqikithi yendawo: Chashan Zhuhai (茶山竹海, ‘Intaba Yetiye — Ulwandle Loqalo’) — isizinda sokukhangisa, idolobhana iYongrongzhen (永荣镇) nentaba iShisunshan (石笋山) yasedolobhaneni iHegeng (何埂镇), ukuphakama 300–500 m — ‘isifunda esimbozwe ngamafu’.

• Izixhumanisi zokuma: Cishe 29°23′ enyakatho ye-latitude, 105°53′ empumalanga ye-longitude.

2. Umlando Neqhaza Lesiko:

• Umlando: Ngo-1959, i-Chongqing Agricultural Research Institute, umnyango wetiye (重庆市农科院茶研所, owayekade eyi-Sichuan Tea Experimental Station) entabeni iJishan (箕山) eYongchuan, wadala itiye eliluhlaza elisha elifana nenalithi. Ngo-1963, uSihlalo we-NPC Standing Committee Zhū Dé (朱德), ngenkathi ehlola iYongchuan, walinambitha itiye walidumisa ngezinga lalo. Ngo-1964, isazi setiyi esidumile, uprofesa wase-Anhui Agricultural University Chén Chuán (陈椽) — umsunguli wohlelo lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha zetiye zesiShayina — wasiqamba ngokusemthethweni itiye ngegama elithi ‘Yǒngchuān Xiù Yá’ (永川秀芽, ‘Ihlumela Elihle laseYongchuan’).

  Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe: Ngama-1980s — ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ‘zokubeka ngokuvumelana’ ‘nokwenza isimo ngezigaba’; ngo-2004 — ubuchwepheshe bathola ilungelo lobunikazi likazwelonke (国家发明专利), baqinisa ifomula ethi «鲜叶适度摊放、杀青中度偏嫩、初干以烘代炒» — ‘ukubeka ngokulingana, ukumisa ngokuthambile, ukomisa kokuqala ngokushisisa esikhundleni sokugazinga’.

  Ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo: Ngo-2011 — uphawu lwezohwebo lomkhiqizo wendawo; ngo-2019 — Uhlu Lwezimpawu Zezolimo ZaseShayina; ngo-2024 — inani lomkhiqizo izigidigidi ezingama-34.32 zama-yuan, inani elihlanganisiwe le-chain — izigidigidi ezingama-4.5 zama-yuan.

• Igama:

  • ‘Yongchuan’ (永川) — ‘UMfula Waphakade’: igama lesifunda eChongqing.
  • ‘Xiu’ (秀) — ‘elihle, elizacile’: lichaza isimo esihle sehlumela.
  • ‘Ya’ (芽) — ‘ihlumela, igatsha’.

  Igama lanikezwa uProfesa Chén Chuán — omunye wochwepheshe betiye abakhulu bekhulu lama-20. Ukuthola igama likaChén Chuán kufana nokuthola igama likaLù Yǔ: uphawu lokwamukelwa ngokuphelele.

• Iqhaza lesiko: I-Yǒngchuān Xiù Yá wuphawu lwetiye lwaseChongqing, umkhandlu oqondile onabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30. Isizwe sase-‘Chashan Zhuhai’ (茶山竹海, ‘Intaba Yetiye — Ulwandle Loqalo’) siyindawo yezivakashi edumile: amasimu etiye angenamkhawulo aguqukela ezinkangeleni zoqalo. Imodeli yemvelo ‘i-猪-沼-茶’ (ingulube — i-biogas — itiye) — umjikelezo ovaliwe wokulima ngemvelo — kuthathwa njengesibonelo.

3. Isichazelo Sezitshalo Kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza:

• Uhlobo / Okulinywayo: Okwendawo iQuntizhong (本地群体种, běndì qúntǐzhǒng) — uhlobo lwendabuko olunamaqabunga amancane naphakathi Camellia sinensis var. sinensis oluyisihlahla.

• Ukuvunwa: Kwasentwasahlobo. Izinga — ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa esigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka (一芽一叶初展). Isikhathi sokukha: 9:00–16:00. Akukhiwa: amahlumela agulayo, amahlumela ansomi.

• Amazinga (ngokwezinga lempahla eluhlaza):

  • Gongya (贡芽, ‘Ihlumela Lentela’): Amahlumela aphelele ≥95%. Iphunga elihlanzekile, eliphakeme. Kusukela kuma-yuan angu-2000 nge-jin.
  • Yuya (玉芽, ‘Ihlumela Lejade’): Ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa. Ukunambitheka okuminyene. Ama-yuan angu-1000–1500.
  • Yunnya / Xiuya (云芽/秀芽, ‘Ihlumela Lamafu / Elihle’): Ihlumela elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili. Isilinganiso esihle senani ngenani. Ama-yuan angu-300–800.

4. Indawo Nezici Zokulinywa:

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo esinomsoco omninzi ne-monsoon. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo — 17–20°C, umswakama ≥75%, izinsuku ezinamafu ngokwesilinganiso lonyaka — >200. Ukwehluka kwamaqondo okushisa kobusuku nemini — kukhulu. Ukukhanya okuhlukanisekile kugqugquzela ukunqwabelana kwama-amino acid: itiye lasentwasahlobo — ≥4.0%.

• Ukuphakama okulinywa kukho: Amamitha angu-300–500. Ingqikithi — ‘isifunda esimbozwe ngamafu’ sezintaba ezinhlanu.

• Inhlabathi: Izinhlabathi eziphuzi-ngokubomvu (红黄壤), pH 4.5–6.0, ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-organic. Amasimu etiye angumgogodla — izindawo ezinamanzi zokulondoloza (水源保护区): ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane akuvunyelwe. Imodeli yemvelo ‘i-猪-沼-茶’ isetshenzisiwe — umjikelezo ovaliwe: ukufuya izingulube → isikhungo se-biogas → umanyolo oyisikisi → amasimu etiye.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile — ‘ukushisisa kathathu nokugazinga kane’ (三烘四炒, sān hōng sì chǎo) — indlela enelungelo lobunikazi (ilungelo lobunikazi likazwelonke lango-2004), ehlanganisa ukucutshungulwa ngomshini nangezandla.

• Ukuvuna (鲜叶采摘): Ukuvunwa ngesandla entwasahlobo.

• Ukubeka (摊晾 — tānliàng): Amahora angu-6 — okunye kokubeka okude kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza, okuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okujulile kwezandulela zamakha.

• Ukumisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Eshubhini eliginqiwe (滚筒) ku-160–180°C. Ifomula: ‘ukumisa ngezinga eliphakathi elithambile’ (杀青中度偏嫩) — kuthambe kakhulu kunamanye amatiye amaningi, ukugcina ama-amino acid amaningi.

• Ukugoqa (揉捻 — róuniǎn): ‘Ukugoqa ibhola ngezandla ezimbili’ (双手滚球揉, shuāngshǒu gǔnqiú róu) — indlela eyingqayizivele: ingcweti ‘igoqa’ inqwaba yetiye ngezandla zozimbili, kuhle kwebhola, iqinisekise ukwakheka okulinganayo ngaphandle kokuqhekeza.

• Ukukhipha umswakama (抖水 — dǒushuǐ): Ukuvuza okungokwesikhashana.

• Ukwakha isimo (做条 — zuòtiáo): Ku-60–70°C — ukuqondisa ngesandla nokuthi ‘goqa ube yisimo’ (理条搓形). Kwenza isimo esifana nenkemba.

• Ukomisa (烘干 — hōnggān): Umswakama oqukethwe — ≤5%.

• Isici esikhethekile: Umjikelezo ophelele — usebenzisa amathuluzi oqalo nezinkuni (全程竹木器具避金属氧化).

6. Izici Zezinzwa:

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Amahlumela aqondile, acindezelekile kancane, ‘afana nenkemba’ (挺直略扁似剑). Uboya obulula obuyisiliva (茸毛依稀). Umbala — ‘isiliva ne-emeraldi kuyacwebezela’ (银翠交辉, yíncuì jiāohuī). Kumazinga aphakeme — ‘ukucwebezela kwesihlabathi esinesithwathwa’ (砂绿起霜, shālǜ qǐshuāng).

• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihlanzekile (清香) — inothi eliyinhloko. I-castanea (栗香) — kumazinga aphakeme. I-orchid (兰花香) — etiyeni elisha.

• Iphunga lokucwiliswa: Elihlanzekile, elicebile, eliqhubekayo (鲜嫩浓郁, xiānnèn nóngyù).

• Ukunambitheka: Kuhlanzekile futhi kunamanzi amaningi (鲜爽) — ama-amino acid ≥4.0%. Ubumnandi obuhle (甘美, gānměi) — ubumnandi obuqhubekayo. ‘Ubugwadule obuncane obuncibilika ngokushesha’ (微涩速化, wēisè sùhuà) — isici esiyingqayizivele: ubugwadule obuncane bokuqala bunyamalala ngemizuzwana embalwa, bunikeze indawo yobumnandi obuhlanzekile.

• Umbala wokucwiliswa: Uhlaza lwe-emeraldi, uhlanzekile futhi ukhanyisile (碧绿清澈).

• Umphumela wokubuka: Lapho ebiliswa engilazini yegilasi, amahlumela ema ngobuqotho awehlele phansi ezindongeni ngamathiphu awo — umphumela ‘Ihlathi Eliphansi Kolwandle’ (海底森林, hǎidǐ sēnlín) — omunye wemibukiso yetiye enhle kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye afana nenalithi.

• Izinsalela zetiye: Amahlumela athambile, afanayo, akhanyayo (嫩匀明亮), namahlumela emi ngobuqotho (芽尖竖立下沉).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Amino Acid: ≥4.0% — kunikeza ukuhlanzeka kanye ‘nomami’.
• Ama-Polyphenol: Okuqukethwe okukhulu. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kokunciphisa ama-radical amahhala — kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-18 kunovithamini E.
• I-Fluoride: Okuqukethwe okubonakalayo — ukuvikela amazinyo (防龋健齿).
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine — okuqukethwe okulingene.
• Ovithamini: Uvithamini C, ama-carotenoid.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Isenzo se-Antioxidant: Ama-polyphenol — ukusebenza ngempumelelo kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-18 kunovithamini E.

• Ukuvikela amazinyo (防龋健齿): I-fluoride icindezela amagciwane, inciphise i-plaque.

• Ukulawula isisindo noshukela (降脂控糖): Ama-catechin asheshisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha nge-30%.

• Umphumela wokuqinisa umzimba: I-caffeine ne-L-theanine.

• Okubalulekile: akusiyona iseluleko sezokwelapha.

9. Ukubilisela:

• Indlela yegilasi yegilasi (直泡法):

  • Izinga lokushisa: 85°C. Isilinganiso: 3 g / 150 ml.
  • Thela amanzi, fafaza itiye. Lindiwe imizuzu engu-2–3.
  • Buka ‘海底森林’ — ‘Ihlathi Lasemanzini’.

• Indlela ye-gaiwan (工夫泡):

  • 80–85°C. Ukuvuza kokuqala — imizuzwana engama-20. Yandisa ngemizuzwana eyi-10.

• Qaphela: ungasebenzisi amanzi abilayo (>85°C). Ngemva kokuvula — sebenzisa phakathi kwezinsuku eziyisi-7.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Kufakwe umoya, efrijini ku-0–5°C. Isikhathi sokuphila — kuze kube yizinyanga eziyi-12. Ngemva kokuvula — izinsuku eziyisi-7.

11. Intengo Kanye Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

Amazinga amane: Gongya (≥2000 yuan/jin), Yuya (1000–1500), Yunnya/Xiuya (300–800).

• Ungawagwema kanjani umgunyathi: Thenga okunophawu lwe-GI lwesifunda saseYongchuan; hlola isimo ‘esifana nenkemba’ nokucwebezela ‘okuyisiliva-emeraldi’; hlola ‘Ihlathi Lasemanzini’ ngesikhathi sokubilisa.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Iqanjwe ngokwakhe u-Chén Chuán (陈椽) — umsunguli wohlelo lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha zetiye zesiShayina, omunye wochwepheshe betiye abakhulu bekhulu lama-20. Ukuthola igama likaChén Chuán kuwuhlonishwa oluphakeme kakhulu.

• Zhū Dé (朱德) — uSihlalo we-NPC, omunye ‘wabaphathi abayishumi’ — walidumisa ngesandla itiye ngo-1963.

• Umphumela ‘海底森林’ (Ihlathi Lasemanzini) — lapho ebiliswa engilazini, amahlumela ema ngobuqotho awehlele phansi ngamathiphu awo, adale ‘ihlathi eliphansi kolwandle’ elincane. Imiphumela efanayo: ‘杯中森林’ (Kaihua Long Ding), ‘松针林立’ (Anhua Song Zhen).

• Ubuchwepheshe obulodluliwe (2004) — esinye sezimo ezingatheni lapho inqubo yokukhiqiza itiye eliluhlaza ivikelwe ilungelo lobunikazi likazwelonke.

• Imodeli yemvelo ‘i-猪-沼-茶’ — umjikelezo ovaliwe wokulima ngemvelo — yamukelwe njengesibonelo ezingeni likazwelonke.

• Izigidigidi ezingama-34.32 zama-yuan — inani lomkhiqizo (2024). Ngetiye laseChongqing — isifunda esingeyona ingxenye ‘yebhande letiye’ lendabuko — lo ngumphumela ogqamile.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza afana nenalithi:

• Nanjing Yu Hua Cha (南京雨花茶): Usuka eNanjing. Nawo ‘uyinalithi’, nawo wadalelwa umgubho. I-Yu Hua — enezimbali kakhulu; i-Xiu Ya — ene-castanea kakhudlwana, enesimo ‘esifana nenkemba’ kanye ‘neHlathi Lasemanzini’.

• Anhua Song Zhen (安化松针): Usuka eHunan. Nawo ‘uyinalithi’, nawo ngo-1959. I-Song Zhen — ‘iyisiyingi esigabeni’ kakhudlwana; i-Xiu Ya — ‘iyisicaba-nenkemba’ kakhudlwana.

• Emei Zhu Ye Qing (峨眉竹叶青): Usuka eSichuan. Isicaba, ‘iqabunga lika-bamboo’. I-Zhu Ye Qing — ilula kakhudlwana; i-Xiu Ya — ‘ifana nenkemba’ futhi ine-castanea kakhudlwana, noku-‘微涩速化’ (ubugwadule obuncibilikayo).

• Qingcheng Xue Ya (青城雪芽): Usuka eSichuan (Dujiangyan). Iqondile, ‘ineqhwa’. I-Xue Ya — inobuDao, nokuvela kwe-oboya amahora angama-20; i-Xiu Ya — yaseChongqing, noku-‘三烘四炒’ kanye ‘neHlathi Lasemanzini’.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yǒngchuān Xiù Yá itiye elaqanjwa isazi setiyi esikhulu, ladunyiswa umphathi ovelele, futhi lazalelwa edolobheni elikhulu elisezimpambanweni zeSichuan neChongqing. Amahlumela alo ‘afana nenkemba’, acwebezelayo njenge-emeraldi, umphumela ‘Wehlathi Lasemanzini’ engilazini yegilasi kanye nokungajwayelekile ‘kwakhe ubugwadule obuncibilikayo’ (微涩速化) — konke lokhu kwakha itiye elinobunjalo: akusilo ubnene obunamahloni be-Biluochun, akusiwona amandla amakhulu e-Long Jing, kepha ubuhle obuzacile, obuzethembayo — njengenkemba ecwebezelayo, eyehliselwa emanzini e-emeraldi. I-Chongqing, idolobha lezigidi ezingama-30, ekugcineni selitholile itiye elifanelwe ubukhulu balo.