I-Hung Gong Fu · new.thetea.app

I-Hung Gong Fu ingelinye lamatiye amathathu amakhulu abomvu e-gongfu aseShayina, kanye ne-Qimen Hong Cha (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá) kanye ne-Dian Hong (滇红, Diān Hóng). Leli tiye elibomvu eliyingqalabutho laqala ngekhulu le-19 ezintabeni zasentshonalanga ye-Hubei futhi sekuphele ikhulu leminyaka namashumi amahlanu lifanekisela isiko lobuciko letiye elibomvu lesifunda. Uphawu lwe-Ihung uthwayi oluqinile, oluyindilinga olunephunga elimnandi lezinyosi kanye nomthelela ohlukile ‘wokufiphala okubandayo’ (冷后浑, lěng hòu hún), okufakazela izinga eliphezulu lezinto ezikhiphekayo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — elivutshelwe/eli-oxidizwe ngokuphelele.
Isigaba: Amatiye abomvu e-gongfu aseShayina (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá). Elinye ‘lamatiye amathathu amakhulu abomvu e-gongfu aseShayina’ (中国三大工夫红茶).
Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi). Izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza: umasipala wedolobha i-Yichang (宜昌市, Yíchāng Shì) kanye ne-Enshi Tujia ne-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (恩施土家族苗族自治州, Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu). Ngokomlando, ingxenye yezinto zokusetshenziswa yayivela ezifundeni ezingomakhelwane zesifundazwe saseHunan — uShimen (石门, Shímén), uCili (慈利, Cílì), uSangzhi (桑植, Sāngzhí). Izifunda ezibalulekile zase-Hubei: i-Yidu (宜都, Yídū), i-Wufeng (五峰, Wǔfēng), i-Hefeng (鹤峰, Hèfēng), i-Changyang (长阳, Chángyáng), i-Yiling (夷陵, Yílíng).
Izixhumanisi Zendawo: ≈ 30.4° N, 111.3° E (inkomba emaphakathi nendawo ekhiqizayo — i-Yichang).

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwezamasiko:

Umlando: Isifunda sase-Yichang singesinye sezindawo zasendulo kakhulu zetiye eShayina. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaTang, isazi setiye uLu Yu (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) kwi-”The Classic of Tea” (《茶经》, Chájīng) wabeka itiye lase-Xiazhou (峡州, Xiázhōu — igama lasendulo le-Yichang) endaweni yokuqala phakathi kwamatiye aseShannan: 「山南，以峡州上」. Itiye elibomvu lavela lapha kamuva kakhulu: ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Emperor Daoguang (道光, Dàoguāng, 1821–1850), umthengisi wase-Guangdong uJun Dafu (钧大福, Jūn Dàfú) waletha izingcweti zetiye elibomvu zase-Ningzhou (宁州, Níngzhōu — manje okuyi-Xiushui County, eJiangxi) e-Yuyangguan (渔洋关, Yúyángguān, eWufeng County), lapho asungula khona ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elibomvu kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-Ninghong. Ngo-1854, umthengisi wase-Guangdong uGao Bingsan (高炳三, Gāo Bǐngsān) wandisa ukukhiqizwa eHefeng; ngo-1876, uLin Zichen (林紫宸, Lín Zǐchén) wavula ihhovisi letiye ‘i-Baoshunhe’ (宝顺合) enkampanini yokuhweba yamaNgisi e-Yuyangguan. Ngo-1890, usomabhizinisi wase-Guangdong uLu Cilun (卢次伦, Lú Cìlún) waqala ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elibomvu ngobuningi eShimen, kwathi ngo-1892 wasungula ifekthri yetiye ‘i-Taihehe’ (泰和合红茶号, Tàihéhé Hóngchá Hào), eyaba yibhizinisi lokuqala elikhulu lokukhiqiza i-Ihung. Itiye eliqediwe lalithuthwa ngomzila wamanzi nge-Yichang liya e-Hankou (汉口) ukuze lithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe — futhi kwakusendleleni edlula e-Yichang lapho igama elithi ‘Yichang Black Tea’ (宜昌红茶) laqhamuka khona, lafinyezwa laba ‘yi-Ihong’ — i-Ihung.

Ngo-1876, i-Yichang yathola isikhundla sokuba yichweba lesivumelwano, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwe-Ihung kwamanye amazwe kwanda kakhulu — ngawo-1880, umthamo wokuthunyelwa wawufinyelela kuma-dan angu-150,000 (担, dān ≈ 50 kg). Izimakethe eziyinhloko zokuthengisa kwakuyiBrithani, iRussia, neNtshonalanga Yurophu. Izimpi zezwe kanye nezingxabano zangaphakathi zekhulu lama-20 zaholela ekuwohlokeni, kwathi ngo-1949 izivande zetiye zase ziyincithakalo. Ukuvuselelwa kwaqala ngo-1951 ngokusungulwa kwe-Yidu Black Tea Factory (宜都红茶厂, Yídū Hóngchá Chǎng), eyaba isikhungo sokucwenga i-Ihung. Ngeminyaka yawo-1950, njengengxenye yokubambisana phakathi kweSoviet neShayina, i-Ihung yenza amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-70 etiye elibomvu laseShayina elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Isazi sobuchwepheshe betiye esivelele uFeng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘, Féng Shàoqiú), esebenzisa indlela yokuhlola eyimpumputhe, wafakazela ukuthi i-Ihung ayiphansi ngezinga kune-Qihong — kusukela lapho, i-Ihung yathola idumela letiye lezinga eliphezulu phakathi kwamatiye abomvu asekhaya.

Ngo-2018, i-International Tea Committee yanikeza i-Ihung isikhundla ‘se-classic world black tea’ (世界经典红茶). Ngo-2020, ‘i-Yichang Yihong’ (宜昌宜红) yathola ukuvikelwa kwe-geographical indication nguMnyango Wezolimo wase-PRC. Futhi ngo-2020, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-Ihung babhaliswa ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifundazwe sase-Hubei. Ngo-2021, ‘i-Yidu Yihong Cha’ (宜都宜红茶) yafakwa ohlwini lokuqala lwezimpawu zendawo eziqashelwayo ngaphansi kwe-EU-China ‘100+100’ Agreement. Inani lomkhiqizo ‘we-Yihong Gong Fu Cha’ lilinganiselwa ku-45.84 billion yuan (idatha ka-2024), okubeka endaweni yama-25 phakathi kwemikhiqizo yetiye yesifunda yaseShayina.
Igama: 「宜」 (yí) — uhlamvu lokuqala egameni le-Yichang; 「红」 (hóng) — obomvu (itiye); 「工夫」 (gōngfū) — ngokwezwi nezwi lusho ‘ikhono nesikhathi esisetshenzisiwe’, okukhombisa ubuchwepheshe obucophelelayo, obunezigaba eziningi obuhlukanisa amatiye abomvu e-gongfu kumatiye abomvu enziwe lula (红碎茶). Ngakho-ke, 「宜红工夫」 — ‘itiye elibomvu lekhono eliphezulu lase-Yichang’.
Ukubaluleka Kwezamasiko: I-Ihung ayilona nje uphawu lwetiye, kodwa iwuphawu olungokomlando lwezibopho zokuhweba zasentshonalanga ye-Hubei nemakethe yomhlaba. Indlela yetiye ye-Ihung — kusuka ezingadini ezisezintabeni kudlula e-Yuyangguan nase-Yichang kuya e-Hankou kanye naseYurophu — iyingxenye ebalulekile ‘yoMkhondo Omkhulu Wetiye’ (万里茶道, Wànlǐ Chádào). Ifekthri yase-Yidu, enomugqa wokukhiqiza osalondoloziwe wangonyaka wawo-1950, yamukelwa ‘njengefa lezimboni eliphilayo letiye elibomvu laseShayina’. Imbongi yenkathi ye-Song u-Ouyang Xiu (欧阳修, Ōuyáng Xiū), owayeyinhloko yemeyini yase-Yiling, washiya imigqa edumile: 「春秋楚国西偏境，陆羽茶经第一州」 — ‘Emaphethelweni asentshonalanga yeChu yasendulo — indawo eyabekwa uLu Yu kuqala ku-”The Classic of Tea”’.

3. Incazelo Yezezitshalo kanye Nempahla Engavuthiwe:

Uhlobo / Cultivar: I-Ihung ingeyeqembu lamatiye abomvu e-gongfu anamaqabunga amaphakathi namancane (中小叶种工夫红茶). Ngokwesiko, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zendawo ze-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (群体种, qúntǐ zhǒng), ezijwayele izimo zezintaba zase-Hubei. Amapulazi esimanje asebenzisa nama-cultivar aqokiwe kazwelonke (国家级茶树良种), akhethelwe iphrofayili yetiye elibomvu. Ezinqwabeni zebhasikidi le-premium, izihlahla ezinenani eliphakeme lama-bud ziyakhethwa.
Ukuvuna: Intwasahlobo (maphakathi noMashi — Ephreli) kumabanga aphezulu; ukuvuna kwasehlobo nokwasekwindla kumabanga ajwayelekile. Itiye lasentwasahlobo limelela iphunga elithambile kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid, kanti elehlobo limelela ubumnandi obucacile nokuqina.
Izinga Lokuvuna: Ibhadi elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa noma amabili (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè / 一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè) kumabanga aphezulu. Kwabajwayelekile — ibhadi elilodwa namaqabunga amabili noma amathathu (一芽二三叶). Izinqwaba ezinama-pure buds amaningi (单芽, dān yá) zikhiqizwa ngesilinganiso esinqunyelwe njenge-Ihung ‘yegolide lokuthunga’.
Izidingo Zempahla Engavuthiwe: Iqabunga elisha, eliphelele ngaphandle kokulimala kwemishini; ukufana nokuthamba kwamahlumela; ukungabikho kwemithambo eqinile kanye nezinto ezingafanele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokulima:

Ukuphakama Okutshalwa Kukho: amamitha angama-800–1200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle — indawo eyinhloko yempahla engavuthiwe yezinga eliphezulu. Izivande zetiye zitholakala emithambekeni ye-Wuling Mountains (武陵山脉, Wǔlíng Shānmài) kanye ne-Daba Mountains (大巴山脉, Dàbā Shānmài).
Isimo Sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-monsoon esishisayo nesiswakeme. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-13–18°C (e-Yichang lingu-16.9°C). Isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-220–300. Imvula yonyaka ingama-750–1500 mm, ingxenye enkulu yayo ina ngesikhathi sokukhula (uMashi–Septhemba). Ukuguqubala okuphezulu kanye nenkungu evamile kunikeza ukukhanya okuhlakazekile, futhi umehluko omkhulu wokushisa emini nasebusuku unomthelela ekuqongeleleni izinto ezinuka kamnandi.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi ngokubomvu ene-acidic kancane (微酸性黄红壤) ene-pH engu-4.5–6.5, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Le nhlabathi yakha ubuncane bezimbiwa obuphawulekayo kanye ‘nokuqina’ kokunambitheka kwe-Ihung.
Imithombo Yamanzi: Isifunda sinqamulwa uhlelo lwe-Yangtze kanye nemingenela yayo, okudala ibhalansi evumayo yamanzi nomoya — izintaba zihlala zimbozwe amafu kanye nenkungu.
Izindlela Zokulima: Emapulazini esimanje kusetshenziswa amazinga okulima okuluhlaza; izivande eziningi zigunyaziwe njengezihlanzekile imvelo. Ukuvuna ngesandla kuyimfuneko yezinqwaba ze-premium.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Hung Gong Fu idlula emjikelezweni wezigaba ezimbili: ukucubungula kokuqala (初制, chūzhì) kanye nokucwenga (精制, jīngzhì). Ukuqina kokucwenga — imisebenzi engu-13 emabhulokhini ama-3 obuchwepheshe — okunikeze leli tiye isichasiselo esithi ‘gongfu’ (工夫 — ‘ikhono elisetshenzisiwe’).

Ukucubungula Kokuqala (初制):

Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Iqabunga elisha lilawulwa libe ungqimba oluncane kumaphalethi oqalo noma emathreyini okubuna anokungenisa umoya okuphoqiwe. Izinga lokushisa lingu-30–38°C, isikhathi singamahora angu-8–16 (kuya ngendlela). Iqabunga lilahlekelwa umswakama ongu-55–60%, libe lithambile, linwebeke, lithole amanothi okuqala esithelo. Indlela yendabuko yesandla iphinde ihilele isigaba ‘sokuphefumulela’ (吐气, tǔqì) — ukuphumula kwesikhashana kweqabunga phakathi kwezigaba.
Ukusontwa Kokuqala (初揉, chūróu): Iqabunga liyasontwa, izindonga zamaseli ziyaphulwa, amajusi ayadedelwa — i-oxidation iyaqala. Emikhiqizweni engavuthiwe ethambile (ibanga 1–2) — ingcindezi elula; emaqabungeni avuthiwe — igqamile.
Ukuvutshelwa/i-Oxidation (发酵, fājiào): Isigaba esibalulekile sokwakheka kombala, iphunga kanye nokunambitheka. Iqabunga elisontiwe lingqimba olungama-4–6 cm endaweni enezinga lokushisa elingu-26–28°C kanye nomswakama ongu-95–100%. Isikhathi singamahora ama-2–3 (itiye lasentwasahlobo — side, elehlobo — lifushane). Iphrofayili yephunga lidlula ezigabeni ezijwayelekile: utshani → izimbali → isithelo → ubumnandi bezinyosi. I-oxidation ibhekwa njengesiqedile lapho iqabunga lithola umbala obomvu othusi, futhi amanothi otshani ephele ngokuphelele kunokunambitheka okumnandi.
Ukusontwa Okuphindaphindiwe (复揉, fùróu): Kusetshenziswa endleleni yesandla yendabuko ukuze kwakhe usonto oluqinile, olufanayo.
Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): Ngomoya oshisayo ku-100–120°C kuze kube umswakama osele ongu-5–6%. Kuqinisa iphrofayili yephunga nokunambitheka. Kulesi sigaba, ukusabela kwe-Maillard kwenzeka ngamandla, kwakha amanothi e-caramel kanye nesinkwa.

Ukucwenga (精制):

Ukuhlunga (筛分, shāifēn): Ukuhlukaniswa kwetiye elomile libe yizingxenyana ezinosayizi ohlukile kusetshenziswa izihlungo ezinezinhla eziningi.
Ukubhidliza (切细, qiēxì): Izingcezu ezingahambisani zilethwa osayizini ofanele.
Ukukhethwa Ngomoya (风选, fēngxuǎn): Ukususwa kothuli, izingcezu ezilula, kanye nokungcola kwezinye izinto.
Ukucosha (拣剔, jiǎntī): Ukuhlunga ngomshini nangesandla — ukususwa kweziqu, amaqabunga aqinile, kanye nokunye ukungcola.
Ukuhlanganisa (拼配, pīnpèi): Ukuxutshwa kwezinqwaba zamabanga ahlukene kanye nemvelaphi ukuze kutholakale iphrofayili yokunambitheka ezinzile.
Ukulinganiswa (匀堆, yúnduī): Ukuxova okuphelele kwenhlanganisela ukuze kube nokufana.
Ukushiswa Okwengeziwe (补火, bǔhuǒ): Ukomiswa kokugcina, okuletha umswakama ezingeni elifanele futhi kuqinise iphunga.
Ukupakishwa (成箱包装, chéngxiāng bāozhuāng): Ukupakishwa ezitsheni ezijwayelekile ukuze kuthunyelwe.

6. Izici Zokuhlola:

Ukubukeka Kwangaphandle Kwetiye Elomile: Amaqabunga amancane, asontekile aqine (条索紧细, tiáosuǒ jǐnxì), alinganayo futhi afanayo. Umbala — onsundu omnyama ogqamile onokucwazimula okunamafutha (乌润, wūrùn). Ebusweni, izinwele ezincane ezisagolide zamabhadi ziyabonakala (金毫, jīnháo), inani lazo landa ngokukhuphuka kwebanga.
Iphunga Letiye Elomile: Lifudumele, linoshukela — izinyosi, isinkwa se-rye, amanothi e-caramel alula. Amabanga aphezulu aphinde aveze iphunga elihle lezimbali nezithelo.
Iphunga Lothwayi: Ligcwele, linezinhla eziningi — ekuphuzweni kokuqala amanothi ezinyosi nezithelo ayabusa (ibhilikosi elomisiwe, usuku); lapho ukuphuzwa kuqhubeka, amanothi esinkwa ne-caramel kanye namakha amnandi alula ayavela. Iphunga lihlala isikhathi eside futhi ‘liphezulu’ (香气高甜持久).
Ukunambitheka: Kuqinile, kunomzimba ogcwele, nobumnandi obuyindilinga obubonakalayo. Ubumnandi bumuncu futhi bulinganiselayo, abudonseki. Ukunambitheka okuhlala ngemuva kuyisikhathi eside, kufudumeza, kunamanothi e-caramel nezithelo ezivuthiwe. Isici esiyisici se-Ihung umphumela ‘wokufiphala okubandayo’ (冷后浑, lěng hòu hún): lapho luphola, uthwayi lufiphala lube nobisi, okukhombisa izinga eliphezulu lama-theaflavin kanye ne-caffeine — uphawu lwezinga elihle kakhulu.
Umbala Wothwayi: Owolintshi ngokubomvu, ogqamile futhi osobala (橘红明亮, júhóng míngliàng). Lapho lushisayo, lunomphetho osagolide ezindongeni zenkomishi (金圈).
Ukuvela Kwetiye (iqabunga elidaliwe): Amaqabunga avuleka ngokulingana, anwebekile futhi athambile. Umbala — obomvu othusi, ofanayo, ngaphandle kwamachashaza amnyama (叶底红亮, yèdǐ hóng liàng).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol: Isamba sokuqukethwe kwama-polyphenol etiye kuvamile ematiyeni abomvu e-gongfu asezingeni. Phakathi nokuvutshelwa okuphelele, ama-catechin ayi-oxidize abe ama-theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù) — abhekene nokugqama kothwayi kanye ‘nokuphila’ kokunambitheka; ama-thearubigin (茶红素, cháhóngsù) — akha ukujula kombala kanye nokugcwala komzimba; kanye nama-theabrownin (茶褐素, cháhèsù). Isilinganiso esihle sama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin sinikeza umphumela ‘wokufiphala okubandayo’ oyisici se-Ihung.
Ama-Amino Acid: I-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸) — i-amino acid eyisihluthulelo, esekela ubumnandi obuthambile futhi inomthelela esimweni sokugxila okuzolile. Ukuqukethwe kwama-amino acid empahleni engavuthiwe yasentwasahlobo kuphezulu ngenxa yokukhula okusebenzayo kwamahlumela.
Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn) — okuqukethwe kuyahluka ngokuya ngebanga, ngokuvamile kungu-3–4% entweni eyomile; i-theobromine (可可碱) kanye ne-theophylline (茶碱) — ngamanani amancane. Iyinhlanganisela ye-caffeine nama-theaflavin eyakha inzika engancibiliki lapho iqanda — indlela ‘yokufiphala okubandayo’.
Amavithamini: Amavithamini eqembu B (B₁, B₂, B₆), amanani amancane e-vitamin C (ehliswa kakhulu ngokuvutshelwa okuphelele), i-vitamin P (rutin).
Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-fluorine, i-selenium. Iphrofayili yamaminerali inqunyelwa inhlabathi yasezintabeni ephuzi ngokubomvu yesifunda.
Ama-Volatile Aromatic Compounds: Inhlanganisela yama-terpenoid alcohols (linalool, geraniol), imikhiqizo ye-Maillard reaction (furfural, pyrazines), i-phenylethyl alcohol. Yile bhukhethi eliyinkimbinkimbi elidala iphunga lesiginesha le-Ihung elimnandi njengezinyosi, elinamanothi e-caramel kanye nesinkwa.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Ukuqabula Okumnene: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine inikeza ukuqabula okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokukhuphuka okukhulu nokuwa — umphumela oshelelayo futhi ohlala isikhathi eside kunekhofi.
Ukuvikelwa Kwe-Antioxidant: Ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin anomsebenzi obonakalayo we-antioxidant, asiza ekuqedeni ama-free radicals.
Ukusekelwa Kokugaya Ukudla: Itiye elibomvu — isiphuzo sokuphela kokudla esivamile eShayina. Izinto ze-tannin zivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme okugaya futhi zisiza lapho kuzwa ubunzima ngemuva kokudla.
Imvelo Efudumele (温性): Kuzokudla kwendabuko kwamaShayina, i-Ihung iwela esigabeni samatiye anemvelo efudumele — iyafudumeza, ithuthukise ukujikeleza kwegazi futhi inconywa ikakhulukazi ngenkathi ebandayo yonyaka.
Isistimu Yenhliziyo Nemithambo Yegazi: Ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselayo kwetiye okujwayelekile kuhlotshaniswa nokusekela ukunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi kanye nokwenza umfutho wegazi ube sezingeni.
Ukusekelwa Kwamasosha Omzimba: Ama-polyphenol etiye elibomvu anomphumela omaphakathi wokulwa namagciwane, kanti inhlanganisela yamaminerali (i-zinc, i-selenium) isekela imisebenzi yokuvikela yomzimba.
Imisebenzi Yokuqonda: I-L-theanine inomthelela ekuphumuleni ngaphandle kokozela, ithuthukise ukugxila kanye nekhwalithi yomsebenzi wengqondo.

9. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye:

Izinga Lokushisa Lamanzi: 90–95°C (emabangeni aphezulu anamabhadi amaningi — 90°C, kwamajwayelekile — kuze kufike ku-95°C).
Inani Letiye: amagremu ama-4–5 nge-100–120 ml (indlela ye-gongfu); amagremu ama-3–4 nge-200–250 ml (indlela yaseYurophu).
Izitsha: I-Gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) eyenziwe nge-porcelain emhlophe — ilungele ukuvula iphunga kanye nokulawulwa okunembayo kokukhishwa. I-Yixing teapot (宜兴紫砂壶) — inika uthwayi ubumnandi nokuyindilinga okwengeziwe. I-porcelain noma i-teapot yengilazi — yendlela yokwenza itiye yaseYurophu.
Inqubo (indlela ye-gongfu):
1. Fudumeza i-gaiwan kanye ne-chahai (ingilazi yokulinganisa) ngamanzi ashisayo, ukhiphe.
2. Faka itiye, uvala ngesivalo imizuzwana engu-10–15, uphefumulele iphunga leqabunga elomile.
3. Ukugeza: thela amanzi ashisayo, ukhiphe ngokushesha (imizuzwana engu-1–2). Nge-Ihung, ukugeza akudingekile, kodwa kuyamukeleka ezinqwabeni ezinosonto oluqinile.
4. Ukuphuzwa kokuqala: gxilisa imizuzwana engu-8–10.
5. Ukuphuzwa kwesibili kuya kwesesine: imizuzwana engu-10–15.
6. Kusukela ekuphuzweni kwesihlanu, yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10.
7. I-Ihung yekhwalithi imelana nokuphuzwa okungu-7–9, kancane kancane iveze izinhlangothi ezintsha zokunambitheka.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitsha: Esivalekayo, esingafaki ukukhanya — amathini ensimbi, izikhwama ze-vacuum ezinengqimba ye-foil, izitsha zobumba ezinezivalo eziqinile.
Izimo: Indawo eyomile, emnyama, epholile; izinga lokushisa elingu-15–25°C; umswakama ongeqi ku-60%. Gwema ukuhlala eduze kwemikhiqizo enephunga elinamandla (izinongo, ikhofi, amakha).
Isikhathi Sokuphila: Isikhathi esihle sokusetshenziswa yizinyanga eziyi-12–24 kusukela ekukhiqizeni. Izinqwaba zamabanga aphezulu zekhwalithi zingathi ‘ziyindilinga’ lapho zigcinwa iminyaka emi-2–3, zithole iphrofayili ethambile, enjenge-caramel. Uma kugcinwa isikhathi eside (ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-3), iphunga nokugqama kothwayi kuncipha kancane kancane.
Kubalulekile: Ungaligcini esiqandisini — amatiye abomvu, ngokungafani namatiye aluhlaza, awadingi amazinga okushisa aphansi futhi angamunca ukufiphala kanye namaphunga angaphandle.

11. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa:

Isigaba Sentengo: Ibanga elibanzi — kusuka ezinqwabeni ezithengekayo zansuku zonke (ama-yuan angu-100–300 / 500 g) kuya emabangeni e-premium asentwasahlobo anezinga eliphezulu lamabhadi esagolide (ama-yuan angu-800–2000+ / 500 g). Intengo inqunywa: isikhathi sokuvuna (intwasahlobo — ibiza kakhulu), izinga lokuvuna (okuthambile — kubiza kakhulu), inani lamathiphu, ukuphakama okutshalwe kukho, kanye nedumela lepulazi.
Ungakugwema Kanjani Ukukhwabanisa:
1. Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe abanokulandelwa kwenqwaba kuze kube yipulazi elithile. Ukuba khona kophawu ‘lwe-Yichang Yihong’ (宜昌宜红) olunesiqinisekiso sendawo kuyisiqinisekiso esengeziwe sobuqiniso.
2. Hlola iqabunga elomile: usonto oluqinile, oluqinile ngaphandle kothuli kanye nezingcezu eziphukile; ukucwazimula okunamafutha; amathiphu esagolide emabangeni aphezulu. Iqabunga elifiphele, elixegayo elinenqwaba yeziqu kuwuphawu lwekhwalithi ephansi.
3. Hlola iphunga: kufanele lihlanzekile, libe mnandi, ngaphandle kwamanothi ‘ashile’, abolile noma amuncu.
4. Hlola uthwayi: umbala ogqamile owolintshi ngokubomvu, obala ngokuphelele, umphetho omuhle wosagolide. Uthwayi olufiphele, nsundu omnyama onephunga elingacacile kuwuphawu lwetiye elisezingeni eliphansi noma elidala.
5. Umphumela ‘wokufiphala okubandayo’: uma uthwayi olupholile lwe-Ihung yekhwalithi lwakha inkungu enjengobisi ebomvana, futhi uma lushisiswa kabusha lubuya lube sobala — lokhu kuyinkomba yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezikhiphekayo kanye nobuqiniso betiye.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Ihung iwukuphela kwetiye ‘lamathathu amakhulu’ abomvu e-gongfu ubuchwepheshe balo obuqondana ngqo nezingcweti ze-Ninghong (宁红) zaseJiangxi, okuyizona ezaqeqesha abakhiqizi base-Hubei phakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngakho-ke, i-Ihung ‘ingumfowabo omncane’ we-Ninghong.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1950, ukuthunyelwa kwethani elingu-1 le-Ihung kwamanye amazwe kwakuvumela iShayina ukuthi ithole amathani angu-10 ensimbi noma amathani angu-20 kakolweni — itiye laliwumkhiqizo wamasu wokuthekelisa.
Ifekthri yetiye elibomvu yase-Yidu, eyasungulwa ngo-1951, isalondoloza umugqa wokukhiqiza osebenzayo onezicucu zokuqala eziyi-109 zemishini — umshini wokuphonsa umoya oyingqayizivele owakhiwe kwayo, onesilawuli sejubane esingenazinyathelo, awunakho ukufana nemishini yesimanje.
Isazi sobuchwepheshe betiye uFeng Shaoqiu, owakha indlela ‘yesampula elivaliwe’ (密码审评), wafakazela ukuthi ekunambithekeni okungaboni, i-Ihung idlula i-Qimen Hong Cha edumile ngamapharamitha athile.
Esifundeni sase-Yuyangguan (渔洋关) — isikhungo somlando sokuhweba nge-Ihung — kusekhona imizila yeminyuzi eyagandaywa abahwebi, izindawo zokumisa amachweba ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla, okuyingxenye yamagugu ‘oMkhondo Omkhulu Wetiye’.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu e-gongfu:

I-Qimen Hong Cha (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu elinamaqabunga amancane eliyireferensi elivela e-Anhui. Lidume ‘ngephunga le-Qimen’ (祁门香) — isiginesha yebhukheti elinoshukela nezimbali. Uma liqhathaniswa ne-Ihung — lilula, linobuhle, nobumnandi obugqamile kanye nomzimba ongasho qinile. I-Ihung — iqinile, ‘ifudumele’, inamanothi e-caramel nesinkwa abonakala kakhulu.
I-Dian Hong Gong Fu (滇红工夫, Diānhóng Gōngfū): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu elinamaqabunga amakhulu elivela e-Yunnan (var. assamica). Linamandla amakhulu ngokuphawulekayo, linamabhadi esagolide awugqinsi, ukunambitheka okucebile kwezinyosi ne-malt kanye nokuqina okuphezulu. I-Ihung — icolekile kakhulu ngesakhiwo, inobumnandi obuhlanzekile, ‘obhalile’.
I-Ninghong Gong Fu (宁红工夫, Nínghóng Gōngfū): Itiye ‘elingumzali’ elivela e-Jiangxi, lapho i-Ihung yathola khona ubuchwepheshe. Ngokwesitayela, isondelene kakhulu — ubumnandi obuqinile obufanayo kanye nephrofayili ehlanzekile, kodwa ngokuvamile, i-Ninghong icolekile kancane, kanti i-Ihung inamandla amakhulu kancane ngenxa ye-terroir yasezintabeni yasentshonalanga ye-Hubei.
I-Chuanhong Gong Fu (川红工夫, Chuānhóng Gōngfū): Itiye elibomvu elinamaqabunga aphakathi elivela e-Sichuan. Lihluke ngomthunzi wewolintshi wephunga kanye nomzimba ongasho qinile kancane kunowase-Ihung.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Hung Gong Fu itiye elinomlando oyikhulu leminyaka namashumi amahlanu, elizalelwa ezintabeni ezinenkungu emngceleni we-Hubei ne-Hunan, lapho i-Yangtze enkulu inqamula khona imihosha yase-Sanxia. Iphunga layo elimnandi njengezinyosi, ukunambitheka okufudumeza okuqinile, kanye nomphumela walo odumile ‘wokufiphala okubandayo’ kuwuphawu lwesinye sezinkambiso ezindala kakhulu zetiye elibomvu e-gongfu zaseShayina. Leli tiye lilungele ukwenziwa kwetiye okungenamjaho kusihlwa, njengomphelekezeli wama-dessert kanye namakeke, futhi njengesiphuzo esifudumezayo ngenkathi ebandayo yonyaka. I-Ihung izothandwa yilabo abazisa amatiye abomvu anomzimba ogcwele nobumnandi obuhlanzekile, ngaphandle kokuqina okweqile, futhi abafuna ukuthinta umlando ophilayo wokuthekeliswa kwetiye laseShayina.