I-Ya'an Hei Cha · new.thetea.app

I-Ya’an Hei Cha, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-Ya’an Zang Cha (雅安藏茶, Yǎ’ān Zàngchá) — “itiya laseTibet laseYa’an”, — ingelinye lamatiya asendulo futhi abaluleke kakhulu athiwa “amatiya asemngceleni” (边茶, biānchá) aseChina. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-1300, laliyisidingo esibalulekile kubantu baseTibetan Plateau futhi liwumkhiqizo oyinhloko weNdlela Edumile kaTiyi noweMahhashi (茶马古道, Chámǎ Gǔdào). Iphrofayili yendabuko yekhwalithi yaleli tiye ifingqwa kafushane ngamagama amane abhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesiShayina: «红、浓、陈、醇» — “obomvu, oqinile, ovuthiwe, omnene”.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nomsuka:

Uhlobo: Itiye elivutshelwe ngemuva (itiye elimnyama, i-hēi chá — 黑茶, Hēichá). Lingenye yezigaba eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo zohlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwamatiya aseChina. Libonakala ngokuvutshelwa okujulile okwenziwa amagciwane (渥堆, wòduī), imijikelezo eminingi yokuthambisa nokucindezela, kanye nekhono lokuguga isikhathi eside.
Isigaba: Amatiya amnyama aseSichuan; itiye lasemngceleni waseningizimu (南路边茶, Nánlù Biānchá). Ngokomlando - ummeleli oyinhloko we-”边销茶” (biānxiāo chá, “itiye lezohwebo lwasemngceleni”), elihloselwe ukuhlinzekela izingxenye ezisentshonalanga yeChina naseTibet.
Umsuka: I-China, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川省, Sìchuān Shěng), isifunda sedolobha laseYa’an (雅安市, Yǎ’ān Shì). Ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko kugxile esifundeni saseYucheng (雨城区, Yǔchéng Qū) - umgogodla womlando wemboni yetiye yaseYa’an, kanye nasezifundeni zaseMingshan (名山区, Míngshān Qū), Tianquan (天全县, Tiānquán Xiàn), Yingjing (荥经县, Yíngjīng Xiàn) naseLushan (芦山县, Lúshān Xiàn).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: cishe u-29°51’–30°56’ N., 101°56’–103°23’ E.
Amagama ahlukile: I-Ya’an Zang Cha (雅安藏茶, Yǎ’ān Zàngchá — “itiya laseTibet laseYa’an”), i-Nan Lu Bian Cha (南路边茶, Nánlù Biānchá — “itiya lasemngceleni waseningizimu”), kanye nezindlela zomlando: i-hēi chá (黑茶), i-wū chá (乌茶, “itiya elimnyama”), i-dà chá (大茶, “itiya elikhulu”), i-yǎ chá (雅茶, “itiya laseYa’an”).

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Umlando wetiye elimnyama laseYa’an uhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomlando wohwebo lwetiye namahhashi phakathi kweChina neTibet. Umsuka wokukhiqizwa usukela enkathini yobukhosi bakwaTang (唐朝, Tángcháo, 618–907 CE): ngokombhalo womlando waseTibet othi “Xizang Zhengjiao Jian” (《西藏政教鉴附录》), itiye lafika eTibet neNkosazana uWencheng (文成公主, Wénchéng Gōngzhǔ), eyayishade neNkosi yaseTibet uSongtsen Gampo (松赞干布, Sōngzàn Gānbù) ngo-641. I-Ya’an, etholakala lapho kuhlangana khona iSichuan Basin neTibetan Plateau, yaba isikhungo esikhulu sokukhiqiza nokuthumela itiye entshonalanga.

Ngenkathi yobukhosi bakwaSong (宋朝, Sòngcháo, 960–1279 CE), uhulumeni wasungula izikhungo ezikhethekile zohwebo lwetiye namahhashi - izindlu zetiye namahhashi (茶马司, chámǎ sī) - eYazhou (雅州, Yǎzhōu, manje eyi-Ya’an) nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane. Ngekhaya laseMingshan (名山茶马司) kwakudlula abahwebi abafika ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili ngosuku, kanti umthamo wonyaka wokuthuthwa wawufinyelela emithwalweni yamatiya engamashumi amabili ezinkulungwane. UMbusi uSong Taizu (宋太祖) “wasungula izindlu zetiye namahhashi eQin, Tao, He naseYa’an”; indlela esuka esangweni laseDiaomen (碉门, manje iTianquan County) udlule eLi (黎, manje iHanyuan) naseYa (雅, manje iYucheng) uye eDogani naseÜ-Tsang yayinqamula amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu.

Ubukhosi bakwaMing (明朝, Míngcháo, 1368–1644 CE) baqinisa inqubomgomo “yokuphatha izindawo ezingomakhelwane ngosizo lwetiye” (以茶治边, yǐ chá zhì biān). Indlu yetiye namahhashi yaseYazhou eDiaomen yabeka amazinga okuhwebelana: ngehhashi elihamba phambili - amakhilogremu angama-40 etiye, ngelelingene - angama-30, ngelelijwayelekile - angama-20. Ngalesi sikhathi, eYa’an kwakusebenza izindawo zokwenza itiye ezingamashumi amabili kuya kwamathathu (茶号, cháhào), kanti ngenkathi yobukhosi bakwaQing (清朝, Qīngcháo, 1644–1912 CE) inani lavo landa lafinyelela kumashumi ayisikhombisa kuya kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, phakathi kwawo kwakuqhamuka izindlu zamakhulu eminyaka ezifana no-Yihenglong (义兴隆), Tianzenghong (天增公), Fuhe (孚和), Yongchang (永昌) kanye nomndeni wakwaJiang (姜家). Ngenkathi yobuQing, ngaphezu kuka-70% walo lonke itiye elalingena eTibet lalivela emkhiqizweni waseYa’an.

Ngo-2008, indlela yokwenza i-Nan Lu Bian Cha yafakwa ohlwini lwesibili lwamagugu angabambeki esiko ezingeni likahulumeni le-PRC, okuqinise ngokusemthethweni isimo sobuciko kanye nokubaluleka kwaso komlando. Namuhla, itiye elimnyama laseYa’an lihlinzeka ngaphezu kuka-80% wokusetshenziswa kwetiye ezindaweni zaseTibet.
Igama:
- “Ya’an” (雅安) - igama lesifunda sedolobha entshonalanga yeSichuan, ngokwezwi nezwi “ukuthula okuhle”.
- “Hēi Chá” (黑茶) - “itiye elimnyama”, isigaba samatiya avutshiwe ngemuva.
- “Zàng Chá” (藏茶) - “itiye laseTibet”, likhomba umthengi omkhulu womlando.
- “Nánlù Biānchá” (南路边茶) - “itiye lasemngceleni waseningizimu”: leli gama lavela ngesikhathi sobuQing, lapho itiye laseYa’an lalithunyelwa eDajianlu (打箭炉, manje iKangding, 康定) ngesango eliseningizimu yeChengdu, ngokungafani “netiye lasemngceleni wasentshonalanga” (西路边茶, Xīlù Biānchá) elalisuka eGuanxian (manje iDujiangyan) liye eSongpan naseAba.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiye elimnyama laseYa’an akulona nje uphuzo, kodwa liyisibopho sangempela sempucuko phakathi kweChina yamaHan nezwe lamaTibet. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane, lasebenza njengesixhumanisi sezomnotho, sezepolitiki nezesiko, sihlanganisa izizwe ngapha nangapha kweTibetan Plateau. Isaga sesiTibet sithi: “Kungcono izinsuku ezintathu ngaphandle kokudla, kunosuku olulodwa ngaphandle kwetiye” (宁可三日无粮，不可一日无茶). Kubahambela ezifuyweni, abadla inyama kakhulu nemikhiqizo yobisi, itiye laliwumthombo ongenakukhishwa wamavithamini, amaminerali kanye nefayibha, kanye nendlela yokulungisa ukugaya. Itiye laliyisisekelo sokulungiselela itiye elinamafutha (酥油茶, sūyóu chá), isiphuzo esinosawoti nobisi kanye nezinye izibiliboco zendabuko zamaTibet. Izitimela zabathwali ababizwa ngokuthi ama-bèifū (背夫, bèifū), ababethwala emhlane amakhilogremu angu-100 kuya kwangu-150 etiye benqamula izindlela eziphakeme ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-4 000, baba uphawu oluyinganekwane lweNdlela kaTiyi noweMahhashi.

3. Ukuchazwa Kwezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Esifundeni saseYa’an, ngokwendabuko kutshalwa izinhlobo zendawo zaseSichuan ezinamaqabunga amancane naphakathi (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis), ezijwayele isimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama entshonalanga yeSichuan. Emasimini anamuhla kuphinda kutholakale nama-cultivar afakwe ngaphandle, akhethelwe ukukhuphula isivuno nokumelana nezifo.
Ukuvuna: Ukuvuna kwenziwa ikakhulukazi kusukela entwasahlobo eyedlule kuya ehlobo (Meyi–Agasti). Kuma-pressings asemngceleni kuvunyelwe izinto ezivuthiwe kakhulu - kuze kufike ezingeni elithi “ihlumela eli-1 + amaqabunga angu-4–5” futhi kuhlanganisa namahlumela ane-wooded partially (红苔, hóngtái — “amahlumela abomvu”). Umgomo wokuvuna wendabuko: “ngenhla ungaqedi isihloko, ngezansi ungaqedi isisekelo” (上不断尖，下不断本) - ungasiki ihlumela elithambile futhi ungasiphuli isiqu esinesikhumba, ukuze kugcinwe impilo yesihlahla.
Izinga lokuvuna: Amaqabunga avuthiwe kanye nezingxenye ezingenhla zeziqu zonyaka (当年生成熟茶叶). Izinto zokusetshenziswa zamatiya asemngceleni ngokwendabuko ziluhlaza kunezinto zamatiya aluhlaza noma abomvu, okuphathelene nezidingo zokusebenza: amaqabunga amakhulu neziqu kubekezelela kangcono ukuvutshelwa okuphindaphindiwe, ukucindezelwa nokuthuthwa isikhathi eside, futhi kunikeza okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwefayibha namaminerali.
Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Kusetshenziswa amaqabunga asanda kuvunwa kuphela (akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa izinto ezomisiwe noma ezigugile). Ingxenye yomkhiqizo ikhiqizwa ngezinto ezivunwe ezindaweni eziphakeme (ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-1 000 ngaphezu kolwandle), okuthandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka okunothe kakhulu kwamaminerali.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Isimo sendawo kanye nokuma kwezwe: I-Ya’an itholakala emaphethelweni asentshonalanga eSichuan Basin, endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona iTibetan Plateau. Izintaba (izintaba zaseDaxiangling — 大相岭, i-Erlangshan — 二郎山, i-Jiajin Shan — 夹金山) zakha indawo eyisicaba enezindonga eziningi: izintaba zithatha ama-94% endawo yesifunda, amathafa - ama-6% kuphela. Umfula i-Qingyijiang (青衣江, Qīngyījiāng) unqamula ingxenye emaphakathi yesifunda.
Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Amasimu etiye atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka kumamitha angu-600 kuya kwangu-1 800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Izindawo eziyinhloko ziphakathi kuka-700 no-1 200 m. Intaba eyinganekwane i-Mengding Shan (蒙顶山, Méngdǐng Shān) - okukholelwa ukuthi iyindawo okwavela kuyo isiko letiye lomhlaba - iphakeme lapha ngamamitha angu-1 456.
Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo nesome sezulu samawindi (亚热带湿润季风气候). I-Ya’an inesiteketiso somlando esithi “Idolobha Lezimvula” (雨城, Yǔchéng) - isilinganiso sonyaka sezinsuku ezinezimvula esifundeni saseYucheng sifinyelela kwezingama-218. Isilinganiso sezinga lokushisa sonyaka silinganiselwa ku-15–16 °C (ezindaweni ezisenyakatho silinganiselwa ku-15 °C, eziseningizimu - sifinyelela ku-17–18 °C). Ubusika bunomswakama, abunazikhotha ezinzima; ihlobo lifudumele, alinakho ukushisa okushisayo. Isikhathi esingenazikhotha silinganiselwa ezinsukwini ezingama-298.
Imvula nomswakama: Isilinganiso sonyaka sezimvula ezindaweni eziyinhloko ezikhiqiza itiye siphakathi kuka-1 200–1 750 mm, esifundeni saseYucheng - sifinyelela ku-1 732 mm. Umswakama ophakeme ulinganiselwa ku-79%, kanti ezinyangeni zasehlobo nezasekwindla (Julayi–Okthoba) ungaphezu kuka-84%. Izimvula zasebusuku ezivamile kanye namafu amaningi kuhlinzeka ngokukhanya okuthambile okuphumphuthekile. Isikhathi sonyaka sokukhanya kwelanga silinganiselwa emahoreni angu-1 019 kuphela, okungenye yezinkomba eziphansi kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseChina.
Inhlabathi: Kuningi inhlabathi ene-asidi enombala onsundu yasezintabeni nasehlathini kanye nensundu ephuzi, ekhule emadwaleni asesihlabathini nasezintweni ezakhiwe ngamatshe amancane. Esifundeni saseYucheng kutholakala nenhlabathi enombala onsomi (紫色土) phezu kwezinto ezibomvu ezingamatshe anesikhumba ezinsukwini eziphakathi nendawo. Inhlabathi ibonakala ngokusabela okune-asidi kancane noma okune-asidi (i-pH 4.5–6.0), okuhle kakhulu esihlahleni setiye, futhi inothiswe ngezakhi zomzimba ezincane ngenxa yokumbozeka okuphezulu kwehlathi (izinga lamahlathi esifundeni lingaphezu kuka-64%).
Ukutshalwa: Ngokwendabuko, izingadi zetiye eziphilayo (生态茶园, shēngtài cháyuán), ezihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zemvelo zamahlathi, zithandwa kakhulu. Amapulazi anamuhla asebenzisa izindlela eziphilayo. Isimo sezulu esinomswakama esizinzile namafu amaningi kudala izimo zokukhula kancane kweqabunga, okusiza ukunqwabelanisa izinto ezikhiphekayo, ama-amino acids nosawoti wamaminerali.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimnyama laseYa’an kungenye yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ezinezigaba eziningi emhlabeni wetiye. Ubuchwepheshe bendabuko “obuZuò Zhuāng Chá” (做庄茶, zuòzhuāng chá — “itiye elakhiwe”) buhlanganisa imisebenzi efinyelela kweyi-18 ngokwendlela yendabuko: “ukugazinga okukodwa, ukupheka ngomswakama okuthathu, ukunyathela okuthathu, ukuvutshelwa okuyizinqwaba okune, ukwomisa elangeni okune, ukuhlukanisa okubili, ukuhlunga okukodwa” (一炒、三蒸、三踩、四堆、四晒、二拣、一筛). Ubuchwepheshe besimanje obuthuthukisiwe buncishiswe kwatholakala imisebenzi emikhulu engu-8–10, kodwa izimiso eziyinhloko zigcinwe. Indlela ejwayelekile ithi: “induku eyodwa - izindlela eziyisihlanu eziyisisekelo” - umgogodla ukuvutshelwa, kanti izindlela eziyisihlanu eziyisisekelo yilezi - “ukugazinga, ukupheka ngomswakama, ukusonteka, ukuvutshelwa, ukwomisa” (炒蒸揉发烘, chǎo zhēng róu fā hōng).

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna okwenziwa ngesandla noma ngomshini kwamahlumela avuthiwe onyaka. Ukusha kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuyidingo elibalulekile: kusetshenziswa amaqabunga avuniwe ngalolo suku kuphela.
Ukulungiswa / “Ukubulawa kokuluhlaza” (杀青, shāqīng): Ukugazingwa okusheshayo okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa ukuze kungasebenzi ama-enzyme e-oxidizing futhi kulungiselele iqabunga ezigabeni ezilandelayo. Kwenziwa nge-wok noma emgqonyeni ojikelezayo.
Ukusonteka kokuqala (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukudluliswa komshini kweqabunga ukuze kucekelwe ulwelwesi lwamaseli futhi kukhululwe ujusi wamaseli, okunikeza isisekelo sokuvutshelwa okulandelayo nokukhishwa lapho kunikezwa amanzi.
Ukuvutshelwa ngemuva / Ukuvutshelwa okuyinqwaba enomswakama (渥堆, wòduī): Isigaba esiyinhloko nesiyinkinga. Iqabunga elisontekiwe lifakwa ezinqwabeni, lapho ngaphansi komswakama walo uqobo (ngaphandle kokwengeza amanzi - umehluko oyisisekelo kwamanye ama-hēi chá) ngezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo nomswakama kuqhubeka ukuvutshelwa kwamagciwane. Ngokwendabuko kwenziwa imijikelezo emine yokuvutshelwa okuyinqwaba. Kulesi sigaba, kwakheka amanothi afudumele, e-woody-herbaceous ephunga kanye nokuthamba kokunambitha. Ukukhiqiza kwesimanje kusebenzisa imigqomo ejikelezayo (滚筒发酵), okwandisa inhlanzeko nokuzinza kwenqubo kuyilapho kugcinwa imingcele yendabuko.
Ukupheka ngomswakama (蒸茶, zhēngchá): Ukwelashwa ngomswakama ukuze ithambe iqabunga futhi lilungiselelwe ukwakhiwa. Kungaphindwa kaningana ezigabeni ezihlukene.
Ukuhamba / Ukunyathela (蹓茶, liùchá): Umsebenzi wendabuko wokugcwalisa nokuqondanisa isisindo setiye.
Ukwomisa (干燥, gānzào): Kungenziwa elangeni (晒干, shàigān), emakamelweni omisiwe, noma ezikoziwini zetiye ezikhethekile (茶炕, chákàng), ezazisetshenziswa kusukela esikhathini sobukhosi bakwaMing.
Ukuhlunga nokuhlanganisa (分级拼配, fēnjí pīnpèi): Isiqephu esomisiwe (毛茶, máochá) siyahlungwa, sisikwe, siphephethwe futhi sihlungwe ukuze kususwe ukungcola futhi kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba. Bese kwenziwa ukuhlanganisa: “洒面” (sǎmiàn, “ungqimba lwembobo” - amaqabunga asezingeni eliphezulu) lusakazwa phezulu, kuthi “里茶” (lǐchá, “itiye langaphakathi” - ingxenye eluhlaza kakhulu) lifakwe ngaphakathi.
Ukupheka ngomswakama nokucindezela (蒸压, zhēngyā): Isisindo esihlanganisiwe esilungile siyaphekwa ngomswakama bese sicindezelwa sibe yizimo - izitini ezingamakhona amane (砖, zhuān) noma ezinye izimo ezijwayelekile. Ingaphezulu kumele libe bushelelezi, ukuminyana - kube kufana.
Ukwelapha nokuvuthwa (陈化, chénhuà): Izimo ezicindezelwe zigcinwa ezimeni ezilawulwayo ukuze kuqhubeke ukuvutshelwa okuhamba kancane futhi kwakheke “陈香” (chénxiāng) - iphunga elivuthiwe neligugile.

Isici esiyisihluthulelo: Itiye laseYa’an lehlukile kwamanye ama-hēi chá amaningi ngoba ukuvutshelwa kwenziwa ngomswakama weqabunga uqobo (不加水发酵), ngaphandle kokwengeza amanzi ngaphandle, kanye nokuphindaphinda imijikelezo yokuvutshelwa (kuze kufike kwezine), okunikeza ukuguqulwa okujulile nokufanayo.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izimo ezicindezelwe zinomumo ofanele: izitini ze-Kang Zhuan (康砖, Kāngzhuān) - zingamakhona amane, ezinamakhona ayindilinga, ngosayizi ocishe ube ngu-17×9×6 cm, nesisindo esingu-0.5 kg; izitini ze-Jin Jian (金尖, Jīnjiān) - zinkudlwana, zicishe zibe ngu-24×19×12 cm, nesisindo esingu-2.5 kg. Umbala wengaphezulu elingaphandle - umbala onsundu omnyama kuya kobumnyama obunsundu, onesicwebezeli esinamafutha (乌黑油亮). Esakhiweni kuvunyelwe ukuba khona kwezingcezu zeziqu - lokhu kuyinkomba ejwayelekile yama-pressings asemngceleni.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ihlanzekile, ngaphandle kwamaphunga angaphandle, ngesisekelo esifudumele setiye eligugile. Emikhiqizweni emisha - amanothi athambile e-herbaceous; ezinhlakeni ezigugile - ubumnandi bezithelo ezomisiwe kanye nokujula kwezinkuni.
Iphunga lokuphuzwayo: Linezendlalelo eziningi: isisekelo esigugile se-”chénxiāng” (陈香) - ithoni evuthiwe, efudumele, embozayo, engezwe yimibala yamakhambi okwelapha, izinkuni ezomile, ngezinye izikhathi - isici esilula samantongomane. Ezinhlakeni ezindala kwembulwa amanothi amasundu omisiwe, ama-plum amnyama kanye ne-camphor.
Ukunambitha: Kuqinile, kodwa kummangalisa ukuthi kuthambile futhi kuyindilinga (醇和, chúnhé). Ukungabi bikho kwemuncu kanye nobukhulu obuhlanganisayo kuwuphawu lokuvutshelwa okujulile okusezingeni. Ubumnandi obuphawulekayo obubuyayo (回甘, huígān), ukunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside okunamathoni afudumele e-woody-herbaceous. Umzimba wokuphuzwayo - uminyene, “onamafutha”. Itiye lihlangana kahle nobisi, amafutha nosawoti, lingalahlekelwa ubunjalo balo.
Umbala wokuphuzwayo: Kusukela emthunzini o-amber-red kuya kothi obomvu onsundu ojulile (褐红明亮, hèhóng míngliàng), obonakala futhi oqinile, ezinhlakeni ezingcono kakhulu - unokukhanya okuyigugu okufana nombala we-amber.
Isitsha setiye (iqabunga elinikezwe amanzi): Umbala onsundu kuya kothi onsundu omnyama, iqabunga liminyene, ngokuvamile linokufakwa kweziqu. Ukuthungwa kuthambile, kodwa kuyanwebeka - uphawu lokuvutshelwa okugcwele.

7. Isakhiwo Samakhemikhali:

Isakhiwo samakhemikhali setiye elimnyama laseYa’an sinqunywa ukuvutshelwa okujulile okwenziwa amagciwane ngemuva, okuguqula kakhulu iphrofayili yamakhemikhali ephilayo yeqabunga elisha:

Ama-polyphenols: Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa okuyinqwaba okuphindaphindiwe, ingxenye enkulu yama-catechin (i-epigallocatechin gallate nokunye) iyaxoshwa futhi ihlangane ibe yizimila ezinzima - ama-theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), ama-thearubigin (茶红素, cháhóngsù) futhi ikakhulukazi ama-theabrownin (茶褐素, cháhèsù). Ngama-theabrownin okuyikona okuhlukile kunezinye izinhlobo zetiye laseYa’an - anikeza ukuphuzwayo umbala omnyama, ukuthungwa okuthambile futhi, ngokocwaningo lweSichuan Agricultural University, anomsebenzi ophawulekayo wokulwa ne-oxidant.
Ama-polysaccharides etiye (茶多糖, chá duōtáng): Okuqukethwe ngama-polysaccharides ku-hēi chá lase-Ya’an kuphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa namatiya angavutshiwe. Ama-polysaccharides akheka ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kusuka kuma-carbohydrate amaseli futhi kuhlobene nemiphumela yokulawula izinga le-glucose ne-cholesterol egazini.
Ama-amino acids: Kuhlanganisa ne-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸) - i-amino acid ejwayelekile eqabungeni letiye, enomthelela omncane wokuphumula. Isamba sama-amino acids amahhala siphakathi, njengoba ingxenye yawo isetshenziswa ekuphendukeni kweMaillard ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa.
Ama-alkaloids: I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn) - okuqukethwe kuphakathi, kuphansi kunasematiyeni aluhlaza, ngenxa yokuwohloka okuyingxenye ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa isikhathi eside. Kukhona futhi ne-theobromine kanye ne-theophylline.
Amavithamini: Amavithamini eqembu B (B₁, B₂, B₆), uvithamini C (ngamanani amancane, kuwohloka kancane ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa), uvithamini PP (i-nicotinic acid).
Amaminerali nezakhi zomzimba ezincane: I-potassium, i-magnesium, i-phosphorus, i-zinc, kanye ne-selenium (硒, xī) - isakhi somzimba esincane, okuqukethwe kwaso kuphakeme ngenxa yezimpawu ze-geochemical zenhlabathi yasentshonalanga yeSichuan. Kukhona futhi i-manganese, i-iron ne-chromium.
Izingcezu zokudla (膳食纤维): Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwefayibha kuyisici esivelele samatiya avela ezintweni ezivuthiwe. Ngalesi sakhi lapho amatiya asemngceleni ayengenakukhishwa ezizweni ezazidla kancane ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni.
Ama-phospholipids ne-choline: Kwakheka ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwamagciwane futhi kusiza ukuthamba kokunambitha.
Ama-organic acid: Kwakheka ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, abamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwephrofayili yokunambitha futhi anomphumela omuhle ekugayeni.

8. Izinzuzo Zempilo:

Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya kanye “nokususa amafutha”: Ngokwendabuko, amatiya amnyama athandwa kakhulu ngekhono lawo lokwenza kube lula ukugaya ukudla okunamafutha nokunzima. Ama-polysaccharides etiye, ama-polyphenols kanye namagciwane okufakela amanzi kugqugquzela ukukhishwa kwama-enzyme okugaya futhi kuthuthukise ukuhamba kwamathumbu. Ngalesi sakhiwo lapho itiye laseYa’an laba yisidingo esibalulekile kubantu baseTibet.
Ukusekela umetabolism wamafutha: Ucwaningo oluningana luhlobanisa ukuphuzwa okuphakathi okujwayelekile kwe-hēi chá lase-Ya’an nezinguquko ezinhle ekulawulweni kwamazinga e-cholesterol nama-triglycerides egazini. Ama-theabrownin nama-polysaccharides etiye angakwazi ukuvimba ukwakheka kwe-cholesterol futhi anciphise ukubekeka kwamafutha ezindongeni zemithambo.
Umsebenzi wokulwa ne-oxidant: Ama-theabrownin, ama-flavonoid kanye ne-selenium encane kunikeza amandla aphawulekayo okunqanda ama-radical akhululekile. Ucwaningo lweSichuan Agricultural University lubonise umphumela wokuvikela wama-theabrownin etiye laseYa’an mayelana nokucindezelwa kwe-oxidative.
Ukulawula izinga likashukela egazini: Ama-polysaccharides etiye asiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuzwela kwe-insulin, okungaba wusizo kulabo abasengozini yokuphazamiseka komzimba wokuzila.
Umthelela omuhle emaqenjini amangqamuzana amathumbu: Imikhiqizo yokufakela amagciwane kanye nama-organic acid asekela ukulingana kwe-microbiota yamathumbu, avimbele ukukhula kwamagciwane abangela izifo futhi ahlakulele impilo yomgudu wokugaya.
Umsebenzi wokuqinisa umzimba jikelele: Okuqukethwe ngamavithamini eqembu B, amaminerali (i-potassium, i-zinc, i-selenium) kanye nefayibha kwenza itiye laseYa’an libe umthombo wezakhi zomzimba, ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zokungabi namandla okuthola imifino nezithelo ezintsha.
Umthelela omncane wokudonsa amandla: Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphakathi kwe-caffeine ehlangene ne-L-theanine, itiye linikeza amandla azolile ngaphandle kokuphakama okukhulu nokuwa.

Imikhawulo: Kulabo abazwela kakhulu i-caffeine, kufanele bakhawulele ukuphuzwa. Akunconywa ukuphuzwa ngesisu esingenalutho. Uma kunezinkinga eziqinile zesisu noma izilonda - sebenzisa ngokuqapha. Phakathi kokuthatha imishanguzo nokuphuza itiye, kuhle kube khona isikhala esiyihora elilodwa kuya kwamabili. Imininingwane enikeziwe ingeyokwazisa futhi ayithathi indawo yokubonisana nodokotela.

9. Ukunikeza Amanzi:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C. I-Ya’an hēi chá - itiye elivela ezintweni ezivuthiwe, eziminyene, elidlule ekuvutshelweni okujulile nasekucindezelweni; livuleka ngokugcwele kuphela lapho kusetshenziswa amanzi abilayo ashisayo.
Inani letiye: Indlela yegungfu - 4–6 g nge-100–120 ml; ukunikeza ekhemishini - 2–3 g nge-250 ml; ukubilisa - 5–7 g nge-600 ml.
Ithuluzi: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn), iketela le-Yixing (宜兴紫砂壶) noma iketela le-porcelain. Ekubiliseni, kufaneleka isitsha seglasi esimelana nokushisa noma esobumba. Iketela le-Yixing elinezindonga ezinezimbotjalo - lilungele ukunikezwa kaningi kwe-hēi chá efanayo, njengoba izindonga zimunca amaphunga futhi zikhulise ukunambitha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Inqubo:
1. Tshisa ithuluzi ngamanzi abilayo, uthele amanzi phambi kokuphuza.
2. Faka itiye ku-gaiwan noma eketeleni.
3. Ukuwasha (洗茶, xǐchá): thela amanzi abilayo, emva kwemizuzwana engu-5 thela amanzi - lokhu “kuvusa” ikhasi elicindezelwe futhi kususe uthuli olungaphezulu.
4. Ukunikezwa kokuqala: thela amanzi abilayo, uvikele imizuzwana engu-10–15, bese uthela.
5. Ukunikezwa okulandelayo: enyusa kancane isikhathi sokuvikela ngemizuzwana engu-5–10 ngokunikezwa ngakunye.
6. I-Ya’an hēi chá yekhwalithi enhle ikwazi ukumelana nokunikezwa okuyi-10–15 noma ngaphezulu.
Ukubilisa (煮茶, zhǔchá): Kuvunyelwe futhi kuyinto yendabuko kumapressing agugile. Yenza amanzi abile, faka itiye, wehlise umlilo bese ubilisa imizuzu engu-3–5. Ungabili isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuze ugweme ukuqubeka okungadingekile. I-Ya’an cha ebilisiwe ithola ukugcwala okuyikhethelo okuhambisanayo.
Iziphuzo zesifunda: Ukulungiselela itiye lamafutha laseTibet (酥油茶) noma itiye elinosawoti nobisi - ukuphuzwayo okunikezwe amanzi noma okubilisiwe kuxutshwa namafutha eyak kanye nosawoti noma ubisi ngokunambitha.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Indawo: Ikamelo elimnyama, elinomoya omuhle, kude namaphunga aqinile (i-hēi chá imunca kalula amaphunga angaphandle - asekhishini, amafutha emzimbeni, amakhemikhali).
Izinga lokushisa: 15–25 °C, ngaphandle kokushisa ngokweqile noma ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile. Ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa akufuneki.
Umswakama: Ophakathi - cishe u-50–70%. Lapho umswakama uphansi kakhulu (<40%), itiye “liyema” futhi inqubo yokuvuthwa iyancipha; uma umswakama uphakeme (>75%) - ubungozi bokubola komkhuhlane bukhula.
Ishidi: Amaphakethe ephepha noma ekhadibhodi, anikeza ukushintshaniswa komoya okuncane - kulungile. Amaphakethe avaliwe kalukhuni alungele kuphela ukugcinwa isikhathi esifishane kwezinhlelo ezizinzinzile. Izimo ezicindezelwe zingagcinwa emashalofini enziwe ngokhuni.
Ukwelapha: I-Ya’an hēi chá - itiye lakudala lokwelapha isikhathi eside. Izitini ezicindezelwe ziyakhula futhi zibe ngcono iminyaka, zithola ukunambitha okuya ngokuya kuthamba, kujule futhi kube nezendlalelo eziningi. Ukunambitha njalo ezinyangeni ezi-3–6 kusiza ukulandela ukukhula. Itiye elinegugu iminyaka engu-3 noma ngaphezulu lithathwa njengelihlangene kakhulu kunelisha.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

Izinga lentengo: Ububanzi bemithetho yamanani bubalulekile - kusukela ezitini ezinkulu ezingadingeki ezisezingeni lomngcele kuye ezinhlakeni ezigugile ezisezingeni eliphakeme. Izici ezibalulekile zenani: ubudala begugu (老茶, lǎochá - amatiya amadala abiza kakhulu), isizini nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa (ezasentwasahlobo zithandwa kakhulu kunezasehlobo), idumela lefektri nezimo zokugcinwa. Ngokulinganiselwa: itiye lesigaba sesibili - cishe ama-yuan angu-140 nge-500 g, lesigaba sokuqala - cishe ama-yuan angu-300, lesigaba esikhethekile - kusukela kuma-yuan angu-500 nangaphezulu.
Ungakugwema kanjani ukuwela emgunyathini:
- Thenga kubathengisi abazimisele ukusho unyaka wokukhiqiza, ifektri, inombolo yenhlaka kanye nezimo zokugcinwa. Cela izithombe zokusikwa kwe-cressing - lokhu kukuvumela ukuhlola ikhwalithi ye-”里茶” yangaphakathi.
- Hlola ukubukeka: isitini sekhwalithi sinesiphetho esibushelelezi, esilinganayo, umbala onsundu omnyama onamafutha, ngaphandle kwezinto ezingaphandle.
- Hlola iphunga: lihlanzekile, lingenankunkuma, intuthu, amaphunga amakhemikhali noma angaphandle. “Ubumanzi” kanye nomoya wokubola omnyama kuyizimpawu zokungagcinwa kahle.
- Hlola ukuphuzwayo: kucwengile, ku-amber-red, ngaphandle kokungcola. Ukuphuzwayo olungcolile noma umbala ogqamile ngokungemthetho kungase kubonise ukudweba noma ukonakala.
- Intengo ephansi ngokungakholakali - cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi iyisignali yomgunyathi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingekho emthethweni noma ukuphulwa kobuchwepheshe.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Ya’an iyindawo yokuqala ingxenye yaseSichuan yeNdlela kaTiyi noweMahhashi (茶马古道), enwebeka cishe amakhilomitha angu-4 000 - idlula eKangding (Dajianlu), eChamdo naseLhasa iye eNepal naseNdiya. Idolobhana laseDuoying (多营镇) esifundeni saseYucheng linesiteketiso esihloniphekile esithi “Idolobha Lokuqala Lenkulungwane Yeminyaka yeNdlela kaTiyi noweMahhashi”.
Abathwali bama-běifū - abesilisa, abesifazane ngisho nezingane - babethwala emhlane amakhilogremu angu-50 kuya kwangu-150 etiye benqamula izindlela zezintaba. Indlela esuka eYa’an iye eKangding yayithatha izinsuku ezingama-30–40; iye eLhasa - kusukela eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu. Izinyathelo zabo zashiya izimbotshana ezijulile ematsheni ezindleleni zezintaba, ezibonakala nanamuhla.
Igama elithi “Kang Zhuan” (康砖, “isitini saseKang”) lihlobene nesifundazwe saseXikang (西康省, Xīkāng Shěng) esachithwa ngo-1955, okwakuyisiqongo saso i-Ya’an. Leli gama lanikezwa umkhiqizo ekukhumbuleni isifundazwe.
Itiye laseYa’an liqukethe amazinga aphezulu ngokukhethekile e-theabrownins - ikilasi lezinto ezithathwa “njengekhadi lokuvakasha” lamatiya amnyama avutshiwe ngokujulile futhi kuyintshisekelo yocwaningo olusebenzayo lwesayensi.
Iphrofayili ethi «红、浓、陈、醇» (obomvu, oqinile, ovuthiwe, omnene) isebenza “njengepasipoti yekhwalithi” efushane futhi isetshenziswa kokubili ekuhloleni okungokomsebenzi nasekumakisweni komkhiqizo.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiya Amnyama:

Nge-Anhua Hei Cha (安化黑茶, Ānhuà Hēichá): I-hēi chá laseHunan laseAnhua - “liyi-sibling” eliseduze ngesigaba, kodwa linomlinganiswa ohlukile. I-Anhua kaningi inikeza iphrofayili enambitheka okwejusi, “efudumele” futhi eyindilinga kakhudlwana lapho igugile; itiye laseYa’an - liqondile kakhulu, li-woody-herbaceous, linamandla aqinile nokunambitheka okuphawulekayo. I-Ya’an ngokomlando yayigxile ezidingweni zomngcele (砖/尖 e-Tibet), i-Anhua - inobubanzi obuningi kakhulu bezimkhiqizo nokwamukelwa.
Nge-Fu Zhuan (茯砖, Fúzhuān): Isitini se-Fu sidume “ngezimbali zegolide” (金花, jīnhuā) - amakholoni we-fungus Eurotium cristatum, anikeza iphunga elivelele le-fungus kanye nobumnandi obungakhethekile. Itiye laseYa’an ngokuvamile alinazo “izimbali zegolide” futhi libonakala ngephrofayili ye-woody-herbaceous ehlanzekile kakhudlwana egxile emandleni nasekujuleni.
Nge-Shu Puer (熟普洱, Shú Pǔ’ěr): Omabili amatiya adlula ekuvutshelweni okuyinqwaba enomswakama (渥堆), kodwa ngokuhluka okukhulu: i-shu puer ikhiqizwa ngezinto ezinkulu ezinamaqabunga amakhulu aseYunnan (C. sinensis var. assamica), ivutshelwa ngokwengezwa kwamanzi futhi inikeza iphrofayili “eyomhlabathi”, “ekhokho-shokoledi”. Itiye laseYa’an - livela ezintweni ezinamaqabunga amancane, livutshelwa ngomswakama walo uqobo futhi lakha ukunambitha “okuqondile”, oku-woody-herbaceous okunamandla aphawulekayo.
Nge-Qing Zhuan (青砖, Qīngzhuān): Isitini esiluhlaza saseHubei - esinye futhi itiye lasemngceleni, kodwa esinokuvutshelwa okungajulile kakhulu nephrofayili “eluhlaza”, eluhlaza. Itiye laseYa’an - lithambile kakhulu futhi liyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokuvutshelwa okuphindaphindiwe.
Nge-Liu Bao Cha (六堡茶, Liùbǎo Chá): I-Liu Bao yaseGuangxi ibonakala ngephunga eliqhakazile le-betel nut nomzimba opholile, opholile wokuphuzwayo. Itiye laseYa’an - liminyene, liqinile futhi “liqondile”, lenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngamandla okuhlangene, okuhlanganisa ukubilisa nokwengeza ubisi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Ya’an Hei Cha - yitiye elinomsebenzi wezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Alidalelwanga imigubho yetiye emihle noma injabulo yezinkondlo; ladalelwa ukusinda - ukusekela impilo namandla abantu abahlala phezu kophahla lomhlaba, ezimeni zamakhaza, umoya omncane nokudla okufanayo. Futhi yilona hloso lokusebenza elinikeze ukwethembeka okungavamile: alikho ichopho elilodwa lobuhle obubonakalayo, kodwa kunalokho - ukujula, ukuthembeka kanye namandla angaphakathi angenakuphela.

Namuhla, lapho inkathi yabathwali nezitimela zamahhashi isidlulile, itiye elimnyama laseYa’an liphinde lizitholela abantu abawuthandayo kulo lonke elaseChina nangaphandle. Ukuphuzwayo kwalo oluminyene, olunamafutha-okuthambile olunamathoni afudumele e-woody - kungumngane omuhle wesidlo esikhuluphele, ubusuku obungenakuxhamazela kanye nobusika obude. Futhi izitini ezigugile, eziqoqa ubumnandi nokujula unyaka nonyaka, - zingenye yezindaba ezikhangayo kakhulu ezingaxoxwa yitiye.