IXúwén Lǜchá · new.thetea.app

IXúwén Lǜchá iyitiye eliluhlaza eliyingqayizivele elivela esifundeni saseXúwén (徐闻县, Xúwén Xiàn), esisesempumalanga ekugcineni kwezwekazi laseChina, enqeleni yeLéizhōu esifundazweni saseGuǎngdōng. Leli itiye lingelinye lamatiye aluhlaza anamuhla ambalwa aseChina akhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe bokushisa ngomhwamuko (蒸青, zhēngqīng), okulihlobanisa nesiko laseJapane lethe. Itiye lidume ngohlobo lwaso oluphawulekayo “lwezinto ezintathu eziluhlaza” (三绿, sān lǜ) — iqabunga elomile eliluhlaza, inhluzi eluhlaza nendawo yetiye eluhlaza — kanye nokunambitheka okusha “kwasolwandle” okwehlukile, okubangelwa ukuba seduze kolwandle kanye nenhlabathi yentaba-mlilo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nomdabu:

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingagaywanga. Isitayela esiyinhloko — shengqing (蒸青绿茶, zhēngqīng lǜchá, itiye eliluhlaza elishiswe ngomhwamuko); liphinde likhishwe ngendlela ye-chaoqing (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá, itiye eliluhlaza eligazingwe).
Isigaba: Itiye lesifunda laseChina eliluhlaza. Itiye lokuqala ezweni ukuthola isitifiketi “somkhiqizo wokudla oluhlaza” (绿色食品, lǜsè shípǐn) ngo-1990. Liyingxenye yamatiye asezingeni likazwelonke “lemikhiqizo yokudla osezingeni elihle futhi engenabo ubungozi” (国家无公害优质食品, 1999).
Umdabu: China, isifundazwe saseGuǎngdōng (广东省, Guǎngdōng Shěng), idolobha elikwisifunda saseZhànjiāng (湛江市, Zhànjiāng Shì), isifunda saseXúwén (徐闻县, Xúwén Xiàn). Umkhiqizo ugxile engxenyeni esempumalanga nasenyakatho yezintaba nasezindaweni ezinamagquma esifundeni.
Izixhumanisi zokuma: Cishe 20°13′–20°43′ N, 109°52′–110°35′ E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Ukulinywa kwetiye esifundeni saseXúwén kunomlando ongaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amane. Ngezikhathi zobukhosi bakwaMing (明, 1368–1644) kanye nowakwaQing (清, 1644–1912) endaweni yaseXiàqiáo (下桥镇, Xiàqiáo Zhèn), emagqumeni aseShíbǎnlǐng (石板岭, Shíbǎnlǐng), abantu bendawo babelima futhi begaywe itiye. Izihlahla ezisindile lapha ezineminyaka elinganiselwa ku-400 zithathwa njengesizinda semvelo setiye laseXúwén. Ngekhulu lama-20, umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yetiye wenziwa ngabantu abangama-Huaqiao (华侨, huáqiáo — abafuduki baseChina) ababuya bevela eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, abaletha ubuchwepheshe bokugazinga ngesandla. Phakathi nawo-1960-1980, uhlelo lwamapulazi kahulumeni wezolimo (农垦系统, nóngkěn xìtǒng) lwakha amasimu etiye asebenzisa imishini, okuyiwona abaluleke kakhulu waba iPulazi laseHǎi’ōu (海鸥农场, Hǎi’ōu Nóngchǎng). Ngo-1983, kwamiswa izingadi zamatiye eziqinisekisiwe zokuqala ezinobucheni bemvelo kusetshenziswa ibhayoloji yokuvikela izitshalo esikhundleni semithi yokubulalisayo yamakhemikhali. Ngo-1990, imikhiqizo ethi “Xióng’ōu” (雄鸥, Xióng’ōu) kanye no-“Yǒngshì” (勇士, Yǒngshì) yathola esinye sezitifiketi zokuqala zikazwelonke eChina “zomkhiqizo wokudla oluhlaza”. Ngo-1992, itiye eliluhlaza laseXúwén lethulwa eNgqungqutheleni ye-UN Yezemvelo Nokuthuthuka (e-Rio de Janeiro) njengesibonelo somkhiqizo wokudla wezempilo ococekile waseChina. Ngo-1995–1997, itiye lahlonishwa izindondo ezimbili zesiliva eMbonini Yezolimo yaseChina (中国农业博览会, Zhōngguó Nóngyè Bólǎnhuì). Uphawu lwe-“Xióng’ōu” lwabuye lwathola isikhundla se-“Igama Lomkhiqizo Wezolimo Olidumile laseChina” (中国名牌农产品, Zhōngguó Míngpái Nóngchǎnpǐn), kwathi ngo-2019–2020 — isihloko se-“Itiye Elidumile laseGuangdong” (广东名茶, Guǎngdōng Míngchá).
Igama: “Xúwén” (徐闻) yigama lesifunda elinomlando kusukela ngo-111 BC, lapho lasungulwa khona umholi wamasosha wakwaHan uLù Bódé (路博德, Lù Bódé). “Lǜchá” (绿茶) ngokwezwi nezwi lisho “itiye eliluhlaza”. Ngakho-ke, igama eliphelele lisho nje “Itiye Eliluhlaza [lase-] Xúwén”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IXúwén iyisiqalo somlando soMkhumbi Wasemkhathini Wezikole (海上丝绸之路, Hǎishang Sīchóu zhī Lù) wesikhathi sikaHan. Ukulinywa kwetiye lapha kuhlangene kakhulu namasiko wamapulazi kahulumeni wezolimo (农垦文化, nóngkěn wénhuà) kanye no-“masiko womhlabathi obomvu” (红土文化, hóngtǔ wénhuà) wenqela yaseLéizhōu. Indawo yesimanje yokuvakasha “yeTiye nophayinaphu” (茶与菠萝创新创业基地) ihlanganisa amasimu etiye nezinkundla ezihle zikaphayinaphu, yakha umzila oyingqayizivele wezokuvakasha kwezolimo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Izinhlobo / I-cultivar: Ingxenye enkulu yamasimu (cishe 70%) yakhiwe yizinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zaseYúnnán (云南大叶种, Yúnnán Dàyè Zhǒng) — izihlahla (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), ezibonakala ngamaqabunga awugqinsi anenyama, anokuqukethwe kwe-tea polyphenols ≥ 28.3%. Eminye ingxenye ithathwa yizinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zaseHǎinán (海南大叶种, Hǎinán Dàyè Zhǒng). Ukutshala kwenziwa emithambekeni yentaba-mlilo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umquba wamakhemikhali kanye nemithi yokubulala izitshalo. Ukusakazeka — ngendlela yendabuko yokusika, okugcina ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye nokuqina kwezinhlobo zezitshalo eziningana (群体种, qúntǐ zhǒng).
Ukuvuna: Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, isikhathi sokuvuna eXúwén sithatha izinyanga eziyi-8–10 ngonyaka — isikhathi eside kakhulu kunezinye izifunda eziyinhloko ezikhiqiza itiye emfuleni iYangtze. Ukuvuna kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuqala ngoMasingana-ngoFebhuwari, kuhamba phambili ngezinsuku eziyi-30–70 kunezifunda zetiye zaseYangtze.
Indinganiso yokuvuna: Isigaba esikhethekile (特级, tèjí): amaqabunga amancane noma “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — iqabunga elilodwa” (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè). Isigaba sokuqala (一级, yījí): “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — amaqabunga amabili” (一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè). Itiye eliningi (大宗茶, dàzōng chá): “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — amaqabunga amathathu” (一芽三叶, yī yá sān yè).
Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Amahlumela amancane, alinganayo ngaphandle kwamaqabunga aqinile, ukulimala okungenziwanga ngomshini kanye nephunga elingaqondakali. Izinga elingaphezu kwe-zero lezinsalela zemithi yokubulala izitshalo — umkhombandlela obalulekile wokuthola isitifiketi “somkhiqizo wokudla oluhlaza”.

4. I-terroir kanye Nezici Zokulinywa:

Isimo sezulu kanye nokuma komhlaba: Isifunda saseXúwén sisesimweni sezulu esishisayo sezikhukhula (热带季风气候, rèdài jìfēng qìhòu). Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-23.6 °C, imvula yonyaka ingama-1864 mm, izinsuku ezinomoya ogcwele inkungu zidlula ezingu-150 ngonyaka, umehluko wamazinga okushisa osukwini ungaphezu kuka-8 °C. Yilokhu kuhlangana komswakama ophezulu, inkungu eningi kanye nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa osukwini okunomthelela ekukhuphukeni kwama-amino acid eqabungeni letiye: okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid etiyeni lasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo laseXúwén kuphakeme ngo-15% kunezimpahla ezifanayo ezivela ezindaweni ezingaphakathi kweChina.
Ukuphakama lapho kutshalwa khona: Amasimu atshalwe kakhulu emathanjeni entabamlilo anomthambeka ophansi ekugcineni okuphakeme (kufinyelela kumamitha angama-200–300 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle). Naphezu kwesilinganiso esiphansi, indima yesici se-ukuphakama iyanxeshezelwa yinhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokuba seduze nolwandle, inhlabathi yentaba-mlilo kanye nenkungu eshisayo.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu yesitini e-lateritic (砖红壤, zhuānhóng rǎng), eyakhekile emathanjeni entabamlilo, enenani le-pH elingu-4.5–6.5. Inhlabathi inothile nge-selenium (0.018–0.066 mg/kg), izinto zamanzi zamaminerali kanye nezinto eziphilayo (≥ 3%). Indawo ayinakho ukungcoliswa yimboni.
Izici zokulinywa: Ubungqayizivele be-terroir bunqunywa inhlanganisela yezinto ezimbili — ubumhlaba bentaba-mlilo nokuba seduze nolwandle, okwakha iphrofayela yokunambitheka eyisisekelo, echazwa ngefomula ewumbongo “ukuhlwabusisa komhlaba kanye nomoya wolwandle” (陆润海韵, lù rùn hǎi yùn). Izingadi zamatiye zikhona yonke indawo esifundeni, kepha umkhiqizo omkhulu ugxile ezindaweni ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- IShibanling, idolobha laseXiaqiao (下桥镇石板岭, Xiàqiáo Zhèn Shíbǎnlǐng) — isizinda semvelo sezihlahla zamatiye ezineminyaka engu-400, indawo yokubonisa ukulima kwetiye okuphilayo.
- IPulazi laseHai’ou (海鸥农场, Hǎi’ōu Nóngchǎng) — indawo lapho kwaqala khona ubuchwepheshe bokushisa ngomhwamuko eXúwén, indawo eyinhloko yomkhiqizo yophawu u-“Xióng’ōu”, ehlinzeka cishe ngo-40% wawo wonke umkhiqizo wesifunda.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Itiye eliluhlaza laseXúwén likhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ngobuchwepheshe bokushisa ngomhwamuko (蒸青, zhēngqīng), okuyinto engajwayelekile eChina yanamuhla — indlela eyayisakazeke kakhulu ngesikhathi sikaTang (唐, 618–907) futhi yachazwa nguLù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) encwadini ethi “Umthetho Wezidakamizwa Zetiye” (茶经, Chájīng), kamuva eyathathwa indawo ngokugazinga. Epulazini laseHai’ou kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi kwenziwa izivivinyo eziphambanayo ezingaphezu kuka-2,800 ngaphambi kokuba kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe obuphelele bokushisa ngomhwamuko obufanele izinto zendawo ezingavuthiwe.

Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla amahlumela amancane asezingqimba zendlela ethi “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — amaqabunga amabili” (kwemikhiqizo emikhulu) noma “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — iqabunga elilodwa” (yesigaba esikhethekile).
Ukushisa ngomhwamuko (蒸汽杀青 — zhēngqì shāqīng): Isigaba esibalulekile — ukumiswa kokuluhlaza ngomhwamuko emazingeni okushisa angu-100 °C. Ukusebenza kwesikhashana komhwamuko ophakeme kungenza ama-enzyme angasebenzi ngokushesha, kumise izinqubo zokwenza umoya. Indlela “yokushisa okuphezulu isikhathi esifushane” (高温短时, gāowēn duǎnshí) iqinisekisa ukulondolozwa okuphezulu kwe-chlorophyll kanye nephunga elimuncu, kuyilokhu kunciphisa ukunambitheka okuphuma kwezitshalo.
Ukusonga okumahhadla (粗揉 — cūróu): Ukubumba kokuqala kweqabunga, ukuqala ukukhishwa kwejusi weseli.
Ukusonga okumaphakathi (中揉 — zhōngróu): Ukuqhubeka nokuminyana nokuhlela ukuma.
Ukusonga okuhle (精揉 — jīngróu): Ukubumba kokugcina — isigaba somshini, esiqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye yetiye elaphukileyo ingaphansi kuka-3% futhi ukunyuka kwendlela yokuqondana kusongwe kube ngu-40% uma kuqhathaniswa nokusonga ngesandla.
Ukomiswa (干燥 — gānzào): Okwezigaba ezimbili: ukubhula okokuqala ngemvume engu-120 °C (初烘, chū hōng), bese kuqedwa ukubhula ngemvume engu-90 °C (足干, zú gān) kuzofinyelela emanzini azinzile.

Ngaphandle kwesitayela esiyinhloko somsuse, ingxenye encane yomkhiqizo ikhishwa ngendlela yetiye eliluhlaza ogazingiwe (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá) — ngokumiswa kwendabuko ku-wok, okunikeza ukunambitheka okugcwele futhi okuqinile, okulungele itiye eliningi.

6. Izici Zezitho Zomzimba:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isimo — imicu eqondile, eminyene, elinganayo (条索紧直匀整, tiáosuǒ jǐnzhí yúnzhěng). Uboya (hao) abugqamile kahle. Umbala — oluhlaza okotshani okucwebezelayo onokunyezela okunamafutha (色泽翠绿光润, sèzé cuìlǜ guāng rùn).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Iphunga elimsulwa lezitshalo (清香, qīngxiāng) elinamanothi afudumele we-castanea (栗香, lìxiāng) kanye nokunambitheka kwe-iodine-marine okujwayelekile, okufana nezitshalo zasolwandle ezintsha (海藻鲜香, hǎizǎo xiānxiāng) — isici esiyingqayizivele, esibangelwa ukuba seduze nolwandle.
Iphunga lenhluzi: Kuyefana — elihlanzekile, elisha, elinesisekelo se-castanea namanothi asolwandle. Iphunga lihlala enkomishini esepholile imizuzu engaphezu kwengu-20 (冷杯留香 > 20分钟).
Ukunambitheka: Ubusha nobusimba obugqamile (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), okubangelwa okuqukethwe okuhambisanayo kwama-amino acid. Isakhiwo esibushelelezi, esinamafutha (甘滑, gānhuá) ngokugcwala okulinganiselwe kwama-polyphenol. Ubumuncu obuncane ngaphandle kokuqumba (微苦无涩, wēi kǔ wú sè). Ukunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside okumuncu (回甘持久, huígān chíjiǔ).
Umbala wenhluzi: Osobala, ohlanzekile, oluhlaza okotshani okukhanyayo (汤色清澈绿亮, tāngsè qīngchè lǜ liàng).
Indawo yetiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Amaqabunga amancane, alinganayo, avuleka abe “yizimbali” eziphelele, anombala ophuzi-luhlaza futhi abukeka ephilayo, emasha (叶底嫩匀成朵，黄绿鲜活).

7. Ingxube Yezinto Zekhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol (ama-catechin): Okuqukethwe kwama-polyphenol etiye kungu-25–30% wesisindo esomile — umkhombandlela ojwayelekile ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-catechin kuqinisekisa izinto ezinamandla zokulwa nama-oxidant.
Ama-Amino acid (okuhlanganisa i-L-theanine): Okuqukethwe etiyeni lasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuphakeme ngo-15% kunezimpahla ezifanayo ezivela ezindaweni ezingaphakathi, okuchaza ukunambitheka okuphezulu “okusha” no-“busimba”.
Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn) ekugxiliseni okujwayelekile etiyeni eliluhlaza; i-theobromine ne-theophylline ngamanani amancane.
Amavithamini: Uvithamini C (okuqukethwe kuyi-1.2 izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunetiye eliluhlaza elimaphakathi), amavithamini eqembu B.
Amaminerali: Ngenxa yenhlabathi ene-lateritic yentaba-mlilo, itiye libonakala likhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-selenium (Se), kanye ne-fluorine (F) — okuqukethwe kweyakamuva kuqinisekisa umphumela obonakalayo wokulwa nokubola kwamazinyo. Kukhona i-potassium, i-manganese namanye ama-microelements avela entabeni-mlilo.
Amafutha aphungayo: Anesibopho senothi “lasolwandle” oluphawulekayo kanye nokuqina kwezikhathi ezide kwephunga enkomishini esepholile.
Izici ezikhethekile zengxube: Izinga elingaphezu kwe-zero lezinsalela zemithi yokubulala izitshalo — umkhombandlela obalulekile wokuqinisekiswa “komkhiqizo wokudla oluhlaza”. Ukuhlangana kwama-polyphenol aphezulu ezinto zamaqabunga amakhulu kanye nama-amino acid akhuphukile e-terroir eshisayo kwakha ibhalansi engajwayelekile etiyeni eliluhlaza: ukusebenza okunamandla kwe-antioxidant nginokuncane kokuqumba.

8. Izikhungo Eziwusizo:

Ukuvikelwa kwama-oxidant: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-catechin (25–30%) kuqinisekisa isenzo esinamandla sokuqeda imisebe ekhululekile.
Isenzo sokuqeda ukubola kwamazinyo: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-fluorine kwakha ungqimba oluvikelayo emazinyweni amhlophe; ngokusho kwabakhiqizi, umphumela wokuqeda ukubola kwamazinyo mkhulu ngo-30% kunezimpawu zetiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile.
Ukusekelwa komzimba: Ama-polyphenol etiye asiza ekuhlukaniseni amafutha, futhi okuqukethwe okuphezulu kukavithamini C kuqinisa izinqubo zomzimba jikelele.
Umphumela othambile wokuvuselela: I-caffeine ehlangene ne-L-theanine ihlinzeka ngamandla amnene, ahlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuphakama nokwehla okusheshayo.
Ingcoceko yezempilo: Izinga elingaphezu kwe-zero lezinsalela zemithi yokubulala izitshalo linciphisa umthwalo wobuthi, okubaluleke kakhulu uma usetshenziswa nsuku zonke.
Ukusekelwa kokugaywa kokudla: Izinga elimaphakathi lama-polyphenol linomphumela omuhle ekusebenzeni kwezokuhlela ukudla ngemuva kokudla.
Kubalulekile: Lezi zinto ezinikeziwe zisekelwe emininingwaneni yengxube kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendabuko; lolu ulwazi olujwayelekile, hhayi iseluleko sezokwelapha.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C ngetiye elijwayelekile; 75 °C ngesigaba esikhethekile (特级), ukuze kungalimazi amaqabunga amancane.
Inani letiye: Isilinganiso esingu-1:50 (cishe 3 g ku-150 ml).
Isitsha: Ikomishi lengilazi — ukukhetha okuhle, okuvumela ukuthi ubone “izinhlangothi ezintathu eziluhlaza” eziphawulekayo (三绿). Futhi kufanele isitsha segaywan esimhlophe esenziwe ngobumba (盖碗, gàiwǎn).
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha ngamanzi ashisayo.
2. Indlela “yokugcwalisa phezulu” (上投法, shàngtóu fǎ): okokuqala thela amanzi ene-izinga lokushisa elifanele, bese ubeka itiye ngesandla esicophelelayo. Le ndlela igcina ubuqotho bamahlumela amancane.
3. Ukucwiliswa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-20.
4. Wonke amanye amanzi engeza imizuzwana engu-10.
5. Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokucwiliswa okuphelele okungu-3.
Izincomo zokusetshenziswa: Gwema ukuphuza ungadlanga (i-caffeine ingacasula ukhumbi lwesisu); okuhle kakhulu — ihora elilodwa ngemuva kokudla. Isilinganiso sansuku zonke — hhayi ngaphezu kuka-600 ml. Isikhathi phakathi kokuthathwa kwetiye kanye nemithi (ikakhulukazi izidakamizwa zensimbi) — okungenani ihora elilodwa, njengoba ama-tannins enganciphisa ukumuncwa kwensimbi.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Ukupakishwa okuvalekile, ukuvikelwa ekukhanyeni, eziphunga ezingaphandle kanye nasemswakameni.
Izinga lokushisa elifanele — 0–5 °C (efriji); njengakwamanye amatiye amaningi aluhlaza, ukugcinwa okubandayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ubusha, ikakhulukazi kwezokuvuna kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Ngemuva kokuvula iphakethe, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise itiye phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-3 — ngemuva kwaleso sikhathi, izinto zephunga ziyancipha ngokuphawulekayo.
Ngaphambi kokuvula iphakethe ebeligcinwe efriji, kufanele ulivumele lishise kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa legumbi livaliwe, ukuze ugweme ukukhuphuka komhwamuko eqabungeni.

11. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Engamanga:

Imikhondo yentengo (izintengo zemakethe, i-yuan nge-catty / 500 g):
- Isigaba esikhethekile (特级): kusukela kuma-yuan angu-400 — amaqabunga amancane aphelele noma “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — iqabunga elilodwa”, kunephunga elimnandi kakhulu nokusha.
- Isigaba sokuqala (一级): 150–300 yuan — “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — amaqabunga amabili”, inhluzi eluhlaza okotshani ekhanyayo, ukunambitheka okusha okugcwele.
- Itiye eliningi (大宗茶): kufinyelela kuma-yuan angu-80 — “iqabunga elilodwa elincane — amaqabunga amathathu”, ukumelana okuphezulu kokwenziwa kwetiye, kufanele itiye elisephaketheni.
Izinto ezithinta intengo: Isikhathi sokuvuna (itiye lasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo libiza kakhulu), indinganiso yokuvuna, uphawu (o-“Xióng’ōu” no-“Yǒngshì” bangabadumile kakhulu), ukuba khona kwesitifiketi “somkhiqizo wokudla oluhlaza”.
Ungawagwema kanjani umkhiqizo ongamanga:
- Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile kanye nabathengisi abagunyaziwe bemikhiqizo ethi “Xióng’ōu” (雄鸥) no-“Yǒngshì” (勇士).
- Hlola ukuba khona kwesitifiketi “somkhiqizo wokudla oluhlaza” kanye nokumakwa kwendawo yomdabu.
- Hlola “izinhlangothi ezintathu eziluhlaza” eziphawulekayo — iqabunga elomile, inhluzi kanye nendawo yetiye kufanele zibe luhlaza ngokugqamile.
- Phawula ngenothi “lasolwandle” lephunga — imikhiqizo engamanga evela kwezinye izifunda, imvamisa, ayinalokhu kunambitheka.
- Intengo ephansi ngokusolisayo iyisizathu sokungabaza ngobuqiniso bayo.

12. Amaqiniso Amnandi:

IXúwén ingesinye sezifunda ezimbalwa e-China, ezenza ukushisa ngomhwamuko (蒸青) emkhiqizweni omkhulu. Le ndlela, echazwe nguLù Yǔ ngekhulu lesi-8 futhi kamuva yayiswa eJapane ngamamongi abangamaBuddha, eChina ngoqobo yayicishe yasuswa ngokuphelele ukugazinga. Abalimi betiye baseXúwén empeleni bavuselela ubuchwepheshe basendulo bezinto ezintsha nezesimo sezulu, benza izivivinyo ezingaphezu kuka-2,800 phakathi neminyaka eyishumi.
Isifunda saseXúwén siyindawo ekude kakhulu eningizimu yezwekazi laseChina, ichweba lasendulo lokuphuma kuMkhumbi Wasemkhathini Wezikole. Lapha kwadingiselwa ababhali abadumile — uSū Shì (苏轼, Sū Shì) kanye nomdwebi weshashalazi omkhulu uTāng Xiǎnzǔ (汤显祖, Tāng Xiǎnzǔ), owasungula i-academy iGuìshēng (贵生书院, Guìshēng Shūyuàn) lapha.
Amasimu etiye aseXúwén atholakala emgodini wezintaba-mlilo zakudala (田洋火山口, tiányáng huǒshānkǒu), okunikeza inhlabathi iphrofayili eyingqayizivele yamaminerali futhi okunquma ukunambitheka okuphawulekayo “kwasolwandle” kwetiye.
Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, isikhathi sokuvuna sithatha izinyanga eziyishumi — lesi esinye sezijikelezo ezinde kakhulu zokuvuna kuzo zonke izifunda ezikhiqiza itiye e-China. Itiye lasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lifika emakethe cishe ngenyanga yokuqala kuya ezinyangeni eziyi-2.5 ngaphambi kwamatiye avela emfuleni iYangtze.
Ngo-1992, itiye eliluhlaza laseXúwén lethulwa “eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba” e-Rio de Janeiro njengophawu lwezolimo lwezempilo eChina — okuwukuphela komkhiqizo wetiye wezwe owahlonishwa ngaleli zinga kulo mcimbi.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza:

Ēnshī Yùlù (恩施玉露, Ēnshī Yùlù): Itiye le-shengqing lasendulo elivela esifundazweni saseHúběi. Womabili amatiye akhiqizwa ngendlela yokushisa ngomhwamuko, kepha i-Ēnshī Yùlù ikhula ezindaweni eziphakeme (600–1200 m), esimweni sezulu esishisayo esilinganiselayo, futhi inephunga eliqine kakhulu lezinhlamvu nokunambitheka okuncane kwezitshalo. Itiye laseXúwén, ngokuphambene, libonakala ngenothi “lasolwandle” eliyingqayizivele kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol ngenxa yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ezivela emvelweni oshisayo.
I-sencha yaseJapane (煎茶, Sencha): Okucishe kufane ngobuchwepheshe — i-Japanese steamed sencha. Kodwa-ke, isiko laseJapane lifuna ukushisa ngomhwamuko isikhathi eside (ikakhulukazi i-fukamushi), ukufihla amahlumela etiye nokugingqa okukhethekile kokugcina “seiji”. Itiye laseXúwén linephrofayili ye-umami engashaywanga kangako, kodwa linomlingiswa ogqamile ofana “nelanga” neshisayo.
Gǔláo Chá (古劳茶, Gǔláo Chá): Elinye itiye eliluhlaza elidumile laseGuangdong, elivela esifundeni saseHèshān (鹤山). Limele itiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile eligazingiwe (炒青) elinokunambitheka okuminyene, okugcwele. Itiye laseXúwén elishiswe ngomhwamuko libonakala lisha futhi “lihlanzekile” ngokwephunga.
Láoshān Lǜchá (崂山绿茶, Láoshān Lǜchá): Itiye eliluhlaza elivela eShāndōng, elikhula eduze nolwandle futhi. Linokunambitheka okufanayo “okwasolwandle”, kepha likhiqizwa ngendlela yokugazinga, livuthwa emazingeni aphansi okushisa onyaka, futhi linesikhathi esifushane sokuvuna. Ukunambitheka kwetiye laseLáoshān kunomunwe ogcwele futhi oqinile.

Ekuphethweni:

IXúwén Lǜchá iyitiye eliluhlaza elinobunjalo obugqamile, elihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bakudala bokushisa ngomhwamuko ne-terroir yamathemba entaba-mlilo eshisayo aseduze nolwandle. “Zinhlangothi zalo ezintathu eziluhlaza” — iqabunga le-emerald, inhluzi eluhlaza osobala kanye nendawo yetiye elisha ekhanyayo — azijabulisayo emehlweni, futhi “umoya opholile wasolwandle” ophawulekayo ephunga ungenakudideka nanoma yiliphi elinye itiye eliluhlaza laseChina. Leli tiye lithokozisa kakhulu labo abazisa ubusha nobumsulwa bokunambitheka, abafuna okunye esikhundleni samatiye aluhlaza endabuko agazingiwe, futhi abanesithakazelo esitayeleni esingajwayelekile e-China sokushisa ngomhwamuko. Yenza ngamanzi athambile, ungakushisi—kuyilapho iXúwén Lǜchá izokunikeza lokho okwaziwa ngakho “ukuhlwabusisa komhlaba kanye nomoya wolwandle” okudunyiswa ngakho indawo eseningizimu ekugcineni kwe-China.