IXianrenzhang Cha · new.thetea.app

IXianrenzhang Cha (仙人掌茶, xiānrénzhǎng chá — “intende yomuntu ongaphakade”) yiwona wedwa itiye emlandweni eliqanjwe igama layo yinkondlo enkulu uLi Bai (李白, Lǐ Bái, 701–762). Lasungulwa ngonyaka we-760 ngumfundisi uZhongfu (中孚禅师, Zhōngfú Chánshī) – umshana kaLi Bai ngozalo luka-Li – esigodlweni semonasitili yobuBuddha iYuquansi (玉泉寺, “Umthombo weJade”) esifundazweni saseHubei, leli tiye lazuza igama nokungafi ngenkondlo kaLi Bai eyabhalwa eNanjing ngemuva kokunambitha: imbongi yaqamba itiye ngokuthi “Intende Yomuntu Ongaphakade” ngenxa yesimo saso esiyisicaba esifana nentende yomuntu ovulekile. Lena ngenye yamatiye aluhlaza ambalwa aseChina akhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe bokubiliswa ngesitimu (蒸青, zhēngqīng) – indlela yasendulo yokulungisa ngesitimu eyaqhamuka enkathini yeTang, okuthi ezindaweni eziningi zaseChina isikhathi eside isikhishwe indlela yokugazinga.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nomsuka:

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingavutshiwe). Likhethwa njengelinye lamatiye aluhlaza abiliswe ngesitimu (蒸青绿茶, zhēngqīng lǜchá) – ukumiswa kwama-enzyme kwenziwa ngesitimu, hhayi ngokugazinga ebhodweni. Ngokwesimo – liyisicaba, “njengesentende” (掌形, zhǎngxíng).
Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sezwe se-geographical indication (国家地理标志保护产品, 2015). Ngonyaka we-2014 ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bangeniswa kwiRejista Yamagugu Angabonakali Esizwe e-PRC (国家级非物质文化遗产). Ngo-1985 – “I-Golden Cup” yesifundazwe saseHubei (湖北省”金杯奖”). I-”gongcha” (贡茶) yomlando wezinkathi zeMing neQing.
Umvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseHubei (湖北, Húběi), idolobha i-Dangyang (当阳市, Dāngyáng Shì). Indawo yesiqinisekiso sendawo – wonke umasipala wedolobha i-Dangyang. Ingqikithi yendawo – umthambeko oseningizimu weNtaba i-Yuquanshan (玉泉山, Yùquán Shān), indawo yemonasitili yobuBuddha i-Yuquansi kanye nemizana eseduze (玉泉村, 百宝寨村), eduze komthombo odumile i-Pearl Spring (珍珠泉, Zhēnzhū Quán).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 111°59′07″—112°09′22″ empumalanga longitude, 31°14′06″—31°34′53″ enyakatho latitude.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Cishe ngo-760 (inkathi yeShangyuan, 上元, inkathi yeTang) umfundisi weBuddha uZhongfu (中孚禅师), owayengowomndeni wakaLi (李) – owodwa nozalo lwembongi uLi Bai, – waqoqa amahlamvu amasha ezihlahleni zetiye ezimila e-Lactation Grotto (乳窟洞, Rǔkū Dòng) emonasitileni i-Yuquansi, wenza itiye eliyisicaba elinesimo esingajwayelekile esifana nentende yomuntu ovulekile.

UZhongfu walithatha itiye waya eNanjing (金陵, Jīnlíng) walinikeza isihlobo sakhe esidumile – imbongi enkulu uLi Bai (李白). U-Li Bai walinambitha itiye, wahatshiswa isimo salo kanye nokunambitheka, walibiza mathupha ngokuthi “Xianrenzhang” (仙人掌, “Intende Yomuntu Ongaphakade”) – ngenxa yesimo esiyisicaba esifana nentende yomuntu ongaphakade onobudao. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Li Bai wabhala inkondlo enikelwe kuleli tiye – “Izinkondlo zokuphana, zihambisana netiye ‘Intende Yomuntu Ongaphakade’ lomfundisi-mshana uZhongfu” (答族侄僧中孚赠玉泉仙人掌茶序). Lena ngenye yezinkondlo zakuqala nezidume kakhulu emlandweni wezincwadi zamaShayina. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, itiye lazuza igama nokungafi kwezincwadi.

Ezikhathini zeMing ne-Qing, i-Xianrenzhang Cha yafakwa ohlwini lweminikelo yombuso (贡茶). Umhleli omkhulu wemithi u-Li Shizhen (李时珍, Lǐ Shízhēn) encwadini i-Bencao Gangmu (本草纲目) wabhala: “Phakathi kwamatiye ombuso wakwa-Chu kukhona ‘Intende Yomuntu Ongaphakade’ yaseJingzhou” (楚之茶，则有荆州之仙人掌).

Ngekhulu lama-20: ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka okuwohloka, ukukhiqizwa kwaphinde kwasungulwa ngo-1981. Ngo-1985 – indondo yesifundazwe. Ngo-2014 – ubuchwepheshe bangeniswa kwi-Rejista Yamagugu Angabonakali Esizwe e-PRC. Ngo-2015 – ukuvikelwa kwesici sendawo.
Igama:
- “Xianren” (仙人) – “ongaphakade, isidalwa sasezulwini”: umfanekiso wobudao wesidalwa esizuzile ukungafi.
- “Zhang” (掌) – “intende”: lichaza isimo eliyisicaba leqabunga letiye elifana nentende yomuntu ovulekile.
- Igama linikezwe mathupha ngu-Li Bai – imbongi enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wamaShayina. Leli ukuphela kwesigameko esaziwayo lapho itiye lathola igama embongini yalolu hlobo.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Xianrenzhang Cha – itiye eline-”pasipoti yemibhalo” eyingqayizivele: inkondlo ka-Li Bai yaliguqula lisuka esiphuzweni semonasitili laya ekubeni yinto yobuciko yamasiko enomthelela emhlabeni wonke. I-Yuquansi ingelinye lamathempeli amadala kakhulu obuBuddha e-China (yasungulwa ngo-593), kanti uMthombo Wezinhlayiyana zayo (珍珠泉) uyindawo yemvelo edume kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokubilisa ngesitimu (蒸青) – “insalela ephilayo” yenkathi yeTang: yiyo le ndlela eyayisetshenziswa ngezikhathi zika-Li Bai no-Lu Yu, futhi kamuva yathunyelwa e-Japan, lapho yaba yisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-sencha ne-gyokuro.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Uhlobo / Cultivar: Yuquanshan Quntizhong (玉泉山群体种) – uhlobo lwendawo lwendabuko lweqabunga eliphakathi nendawo lwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ohlotsheni lwesihlahla. Iqabunga – liyi-elliptic, linenyama. Isikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo – kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuSeptemba. Ukumelana okuphezulu ezimweni ezingezinhle. Kubonakala ngokukwazi okwandisiwe kokumunca i-selenium emhlabathini (硒吸收率较高).
Ukuqoqwa: Okwasentwasahlobo – okuyinhloko. Ebangeni eliphakeme (特级) – ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa, “ihlumela linde kuneqabunga” (芽长于叶). Uboya – obuningi, obumhlophe. Ebangeni lokuqala – ihlumela elilodwa elinamacembe amabili noma amathathu. Kwelesibili – ihlumela elilodwa elinamacembe amathathu noma amane.
Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Amahlumela athandanayo, afanayo angenawo amahlamvu ansomi, awonakele ngenxa yezinambuzane nezifo. Ukucutshungulwa – ngosuku lokuqoqwa.

4. Indawo Kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical enomswakama we-monsoon. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi – 16.4°C, inani lemvula lonyaka – 1250 mm, umswakama ohlobene – ≥78%.
Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Amamitha angu-400–800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ingqikithi – umthambeko oseningizimu we-Yuquanshan.
Umhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤) kanye nenhlabathi enesihlabathi esibomvu (红砂岩风化沙质土), pH 4.5–6.5. Okuqukethwe yizinto eziphilayo – ≥1.5%.
Izici eziyingqayizivele: Amahosha ezintaba ahlala embozwe amafu nenkungu. Imithombo eminingi engaphansi komhlaba, okuhlanganisa nomthombo odumile i-Pearl Spring (珍珠泉) – amanzi ahlanzekile, anothe ngamaminerali. Amaphesenti angu-70 awamahlathi, kunezinhlobo zezihlahla ezingaphezu kuka-300 (kubandakanya i-laurel ne-lotus) zakha i-ecosystem eyingqayizivele “yehlathi eliphezulu elinamafu” (高山云雾).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Xianrenzhang Cha ingenye yamatiye aluhlaza ambalwa anamuhla aseChina asebenzisa ukufakwa ngesitimu (蒸青, zhēngqīng) – indlela lapho amacembe ephathwa ngesitimu esishisayo, hhayi ngokugazingwa ebhodweni. Lolu buchwepheshe – liyifa eliqondile lenkathi yeTang, izikhathi zika-Li Bai no-Lu Yu.

Ukufakwa ngesitimu (蒸汽杀青 — zhēngqì shāqīng): Ku-100°C, ubude besikhathi – amasekhondi angu-50–60. Isitimu senza ama-enzyme angasebenzi ngokushesha, kulondoloze umbala oluhlaza ogqamile (锁鲜保”三绿”) – “okuluhlaza okuthathu”: iqabunga elomile eliluhlaza, uketshezi oluluhlaza, isisekelo setiye esiluhlaza. Ukubilisa ngesitimu kunika “okuluhlaza okuthathu” – isici esingenakufinyelelwa ngokufakwa okugazingiwe.
Ukupholisa ngomoya (扇凉 — shànliáng): Ngemuva kokubilisa ngesitimu, amahlamvu apholiswa ngokushesha ngomoya.
Ukugazinga nokwakheka (炒青做形 — chǎoqīng zuòxíng): Izigaba ezintathu:
- Ukugazinga kokuqala (头青): “Ukunyakazisa nokusabalalisa” (抖散, dǒusàn) – ukwehlukanisa amahlamvu anamathelene.
- Ukugazinga kwesibili (二青): Ukushintshana “kokunyakazisa” “nokubila” (抖闷结合) – ukukhulisa iphunga.
- Ukwakheka (做形): Indlela ebalulekile – «抓按» (zhuā àn, “ukubamba nokucindezela”) – umakhi ubamba amahlamvu awacindezela odongeni lwebhodwe, akha isimo esiyisicaba esifana “nentende” (掌形, zhǎngxíng). Lonke lolu hlelo – lwenziwa ngesandla, ngokulawula okunembile kwezinga lokushisa ukuvimbela ukubomvu kweqabunga.
Ukomisa nokuqinisa isimo (烘干定型 — hōnggān dìngxíng): Ku-70°C kuze kube yilapho umswakama uba ≤5%.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic:

Isimo sangaphandle seqabunga elomile: Ama-tea-leaf ayizicaba, aqondile, alinganayo anesimo esifana “nentende” (掌形, zhǎngxíng – isimo sentende yomuntu evulekile). Umbala – uluhlaza okhanyayo njenge-emerald (翠绿). Uboya obuningi obuyisiliva (显毫). “Okuluhlaza okuthathu” (三绿, sān lǜ): iqabunga elomile eliluhlaza, uketshezi oluluhlaza, isisekelo setiye esiluhlaza – uphawu lokuhlonza lobuchwepheshe bokubilisa ngesitimu.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihlanzekile, elihle (清香雅淡, qīngxiāng yǎdàn). Inothi elincane “lelanga” (日晒气, rìshài qì) – iphunga elicashile elijwayelekile ematiyeni aluhlaza abiliswe ngesitimu.
Iphunga loketshezi: Elihlanzekile, elihlala isikhathi eside, elinobusha obumhlophe obuhle. Alinawo amanothi “okugazingiwe” – umphumela wokufakwa ngesitimu hhayi ukugazingwa.
Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokunamanzi (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), okunoshukela (甘, gān), okuqinile (醇厚, chúnhòu), nokubuyela koshukela okuphawulekayo (回甘, huígān). Ubumnandi buncane. Ukunambitheka “kuluhlaza” futhi “kuhlanzekile” kakhulu kunasekuphuzeni okugazingiwe – ngaphandle kwamanothi e-castnut noma amantongomane ajwayelekile ku-”炒青”.
Umbala woketshezi: Uluhlaza othambile, okhanyayo futhi osobala (嫩绿明亮) – uluhlaza kakhulu kunasekuphuzeni okugazingiwe, ngenxa yokulondolozwa okuphelele kwe-chlorophyll ngesikhathi sokubiliswa ngesitimu.
Isisekelo setiye: Amahlumela athandanayo, afanayo anombala oluhlaza ogqamile – okwesithathu “kweziluhlaza ezintathu”.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ubuchwepheshe bokubilisa ngesitimu (蒸青) bulondoloza ngokuphelele iphrofayili yemvelo yamakhemikhali weqabunga elisha:

I-Polyphenols (ama-catechin): Okuqukethwe okukhulu. Ukubilisa ngesitimu kulondoloza ama-catechin esimweni esingaxubhile kangako kunokugazingwa.
I-Amino acids (okuhlanganisa i-L-theanine): Okuqukethwe okwandisiwe – ukufakwa ngesitimu ku-100°C kunomusa kakhulu kuma-amino acid abuthaka ekushiseni kunokugazingwa ku-140–200°C.
I-Chlorophyll: Okuqukethwe okwandisiwe kakhulu – ukubilisa ngesitimu kulondoloza kakhulu ipigmenti eluhlaza. I-chlorophyll inquma umbala oluhlaza ogqamile woketshezi.
I-Flavonoids (黄酮类, huángtóng lèi): Okuqukethwe okwandisiwe. Ngokusho kwemiphumela yocwaningo, i-Xianrenzhang Cha inomsebenzi obonakalayo wokulwa namagciwane omkhuhlane kanye nama-streptococcus – umphumela uhlotshaniswa nama-flavonoid ne-chlorogenic acid (绿原酸, lǜyuánsuān).
I-Chlorogenic acid (绿原酸): Okuqukethwe okwandisiwe – i-anti-inflammatory kanye ne-antioxidant agent.
I-Alkaloids: I-caffeine – okuqukethwe okuphakathi.
Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C (ilondolozwe kakhulu ngenxa yokufakwa ngesitimu okuthambile).

8. Izakhiwo Ezinempilo:

Umsebenzi wokupholisa nokususa ubuthi (清热解毒): Izakhiwo zendabuko zetiye eliluhlaza elibiliswe ngesitimu.
Umsebenzi wokuvula imibhobho yokuphefumula (止嗽平喘): Imithi yendabuko ithi leli tiye linamandla okudambisa ukukhwehlela nokuphefumula kanzima.
Umsebenzi we-antioxidant: I-Polyphenols + ama-flavonoid + i-chlorogenic acid – i-complex ye-antioxidant ephindwe kathathu.
Ukulawulwa kwamazinga kashukela namafutha (降血糖血脂): I-Polyphenols ne-chlorogenic acid.
Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane: Ama-Flavonoid ne-chlorogenic acid acindezela kakhulu amagciwane omkhuhlane kanye nama-streptococcus.
Kubalulekile: izakhiwo ezibaluliwe zisekelwe olwazini olutholakala esidlangalaleni futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha.

9. Ukunambitha:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 85–90°C.
Inani le tiye: Amagremu angu-3 emanzini angu-150 ml (isilinganiso 1:50).
Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa izitsha, khipha amanzi.
2. Thela itiye.
3. Faka amanzi ngevolumu engu-1/3, “nambithe” itiye imizuzwana engama-30.
4. Gcwalisa kuze kube ngu-7/10 wevolumu. Ukuthululwa kokuqala – amasekhondi angu-20.
5. Ezingalandela – weneze ngamasekhondi angu-10. Itiye linganambitheka izikhathi ezi-3.
Qaphela: itiye elisanda kuthengwa linconywa ukuthi lilindwe amasonto angaba mabili ukwenza “ukuhamba kwephunga lomlilo”. Lapho uhlola itiye, qaphela ukungabikho kwesikhuntfu – khomba umehluko phakathi koboya bemvelo obumhlophe (白毫) nesikhuntfu (霉斑).

10. Ukugcina:

Gcina uvaliwe, endaweni emnyama, eyomile futhi epholile, kude namaphunga angaphandle.
Okuhle kakhulu – efrijini ku-0–5°C.
Isikhathi sokugcina – kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-12.
Ngemuva kokuvula – sebenzisa phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-1–2.

11. Intengo Nokwenziwa Okungemthetho:

I-Xianrenzhang Cha – itiye elikhiqizwa isilinganiso esinqunyiwe: ingqikithi – indawo yemonasitili i-Yuquansi nemizana eseduze. Amabanga amathathu (特级, 一级, 二级).

Ungakugwema kanjani ukwenziwa okungemthetho:
- Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile abanophawu lwesici sendawo sedolobha i-Dangyang.
- Bheka isimo: “intende” eyisicaba ejwayelekile – isimo esiyingqayizivele esingatholakali kwamanye amatiye. Ama-tea-leaf asontekile noma afana nezinaliti – hlobo oluhlukile lwetiye.
- Hlola “okuluhlaza okuthathu”: iqabunga eliluhlaza, uketshezi oluluhlaza, isisekelo esiluhlaza. Uketshezi oluphuzi – kuyisibonakaliso se tiye elingabiliswanga ngesitimu kodwa eligazingiwe.
- Bheka iphunga: elihlanzekile, elihle, ngaphandle kwamanothi “okugazingiwe”. Iphunga le-castnut noma likabhontshisi – hlobo oluhlukile lobuchwepheshe.
- Naka intengo: ephansi ngokusolisayo – isibonakaliso somgunyathi.

12. Amaqiniso Ajabulisayo:

Okuwukuphela kwetiye eliqanjwe mathupha ngu-Li Bai – imbongi enkulu yeTang, omunye “wabangcwele ababili” bezinkondlo zesiShayina (ehambisana no-Du Fu). Inkondlo ka-Li Bai ethi “答族侄僧中孚赠玉泉仙人掌茶序” – ingenye yemisebenzi yakuqala nedume kakhulu ngamatiye ezincwadini zomhlaba.
Umfundisi uZhongfu (中孚禅师) – akayena nje umeluleki weBuddha, kodwa uyisihlobo sika-Li Bai ngozalo luka-Li (族侄, “umshana ngozalo”). Ngakho-ke, umlando wale tiye futhi ungumlando wobudlelwane bomndeni phakathi kwezicukuthwane zesiShayina ngekhulu lesi-8.
Ubuchwepheshe bokubilisa ngesitimu (蒸青) – “insalela ephilayo” yenkathi yeTang. Yiyona ndlela eyayisetshenziswa ngezikhathi zika-Li Bai no-Lu Yu. E-Japan yathunyelwa ngekhulu le-12-13 futhi yaba yisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-sencha, i-gyokuro ne-matcha. E-China uqobo, ukugazinga (炒青) kwasusa ukubiliswa ngesitimu cishe yonke indawo – kodwa i-Xianrenzhang Cha yagcina le ndlela yasendulo.
U-Li Shizhen – umbhali we-Bencao Gangmu, umbhalo omkhulu wezokwelapha – wakhetha ngokukhethekile i-Xianrenzhang Cha “njenge tiye lombuso wakwa-Chu” (楚之茶).
I-Yuquansi ingelinye lamathempeli amadala kakhulu obuBuddha e-China (yasungulwa ngo-593), kanti uMthombo Wezinhlayiyana zayo (珍珠泉) uyindawo yemvelo lapho amabhamuza aphuma khona ngaphansi komhlaba, afana nezinhlayiyana.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza abiliswe ngesitimu (蒸青) kanye “namagama”:

I-Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): evela e-Hubei. Nayo ibiliswa ngesitimu (蒸青), futhi ingowase-Hubei. I-Yu Lu – imise okwenaliti, inomlingiswa “wase-Japan”; i-Xianrenzhang – iyisicaba, “ifana nentende”, inomoya we-Tang.
I-Sencha yase-Japan (煎茶, Sencha): Nayo ibiliswa ngesitimu (蒸し製). Kodwa i-sencha – inamanothi “asolwandle” futhi iqondiswe ku-”umami”; i-Xianrenzhang – “ihlanzekile” kakhulu futhi iyathandeka, inenothi “lelanga”.
I-Nanjing Yuhua Cha (南京雨花茶): Evela e-Nanjing – idolobha lapho u-Li Bai aliqamba khona itiye igama. I-Yuhua Cha – igazingiwe, imise okwenaliti; i-Xianrenzhang – ibiliswa ngesitimu, iyisicaba. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene, kodwa – ukuxhumana okufanayo ne-Nanjing.
I-Longjing (龙井): Nayo iyisicaba, kodwa – igazingiwe (炒青), inephunga eliqinile likabhontshisi ne-castnut. I-Longjing – “inesakhiwo” ne-”umami”; i-Xianrenzhang – “ihlanzekile” kakhulu, ayinawo amanothi okugazingiwe, ino-”kuhlaza okuthathu” kohlobo lokubilisa ngesitimu.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Xianrenzhang Cha – itiye elinikezwe ukungafi yimbongi enkulu kunazo zonke e-China. Ngenkathi ngo-760 u-Li Bai ethatha kumfundisi-mshana wakhe iqabunga eliluhlaza eliyisicaba, elifana nentende yomuntu ongaphakade wobudao, akazange nje aliqambe igama – walifaka itiye emkhakheni wezinkondlo zesiShayina. Emakhulwini ayishumi nambili eminyaka kamuva, “Intende Yomuntu Ongaphakade” isakhiqizwa emthambekeni ofanayo we-Yuquanshan, emthonjeni ofanayo we-Pearl Spring, ngobuchwepheshe obufanayo bokubilisa ngesitimu obabusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ze-”Canon Yetiye”. “Ukuhlaza okuthathu” kwaso – iqabunga eliluhlaza, uketshezi oluluhlaza, isisekelo esiluhlaza – akuyona nje impawu yokubukeka, kodwa ukuhlangana okubonakalayo nenkathi yeTang: isikhathi lapho itiye lalibiliswa ngesitimu, hhayi ukugazingwa, lapho izimbongi zaziqamba amagama amatiye, kanti abafundisi babewakha. Kulabo abafuna hhayi nje isiphuzo, kodwa ukuthinta umlando weminyaka eyinkulungwane – i-Xianrenzhang Cha, itiye elisuka entendeni yomuntu ongaphakade, lilindile enkomishini yalo ye-jade.