wéishān máojiān

Emndenini yamatiye aphuzi (黄茶), i-Weishan Maojian ibambe indawo ekhethekile: uwukuphela kommeleli wesigaba, owengeza eklasikhi yokuvuthwa mèn huáng (闷黄) ukuvuthwa ngaphansi kwentuthu kaphayini (松烟熏). Kusuka lapha — iphunga elaziwayo ‘lentuthu kaphayini’ (松烟香) elinesisekelo esithambile, esinoshukela, okungekho kwelinye itiye eliphuzi laseChina elinalo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: itiye eliphuzi (黄茶).
• Isigaba: 黄小茶 (huáng xiǎo chá) — itiye eliphuzi elinamaqabunga amancane. Esigabeni sokuhlukanisa amathathu amatiye aphuzi ngobuncane bezinto ezingavuthiwe — 黄芽茶 (huáng yá chá, ngama-buds kuphela), 黄小茶 (huáng xiǎo chá, ngamahlumela anamaqabunga amancane), 黄大茶 (huáng dà chá, ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, ezimahhadlahhadla) — limi phakathi nendawo.
• Imvelaphi: izintaba zase-Weishan (沩山), isifunda sase-Ningxiang (宁乡), isifundazwe sase-Hunan (湖南).
• Igama lomlando: 沩江白毛尖 (wéijiāng bái máojiān) — ‘izihloko ezimhlophe ezinoboya ezisuka emfuleni u-Wei’. Kuleli gama kufihlwe izimpawu ezimbili zezinto ezingavuthiwe: uboya obuningi obusiliva (毫) emahlumeleni amancane kanye nokuma kweqabunga eliqediwe elinjengezihloko ezicijile (毛尖).
• Indawo emjikelezweni ‘ophuzi’ wase-Hunan: isifundazwe esifanayo sanikeza umhlaba itiye eliphuzi elidume kakhulu ezweni — i-Junshan Yinzhen esiqhingini sase-Junshan eLwandle i-Dongting, — kanye ne-Beigang Maojian yesifunda sase-Yueyang. I-Weishan Maojian ingeyalowomjikelezo ofanayo, nokho ihlala iyona ehluke kakhulu kuzo.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Ukubhenywa kukaphayini kwe-Weishan kufanele kubhekwe njengesiko lasekhaya lobungcweti lokucutshungulwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe zasezintabeni, hhayi njengokwenza isitayela kwakamuva nje.
• Igama lomlando 沩江白毛尖 liqinisa ukuxhumana kwetiye nomfula nentaba ethile, kanti iphrofayili enentuthu ngokwayo — ihlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yasezintabeni.
• Emkhakheni jikelele wamatiye aphuzi ase-Hunan, lapho kuholwa khona ‘izihlabani zama-bud’ ezifana ne-Junshan Yinzhen, i-Weishan Maojian igcina indawo ‘yophuzi olunentuthu’ — umlingiswa wesifunda owaziwayo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Ifomethi yokuvuna: iqabunga elilodwa ne-bud noma i-bud elinamaqabunga amabili (1芽1~2叶).
• Lokhu akuseyona into esezingeni eliphezulu ‘ye-bud’ ehlanzekile njenge-Junshan Yinzhen, kodwa futhi akuyona into engavuthiwe emahhadlahhadla yamatiye anamaqabunga amakhulu: indlela emaphakathi, enikeza umzimba womthinjalo ukuminyana, kanti i-bud — loboboya, obufundeka egameni ‘izihloko ezimhlophe ezinoboya’.
• Amahlumela amancane anoboya obuningi obusiliva; iqabunga elomile eliqediwe — ‘izihloko’ ezicijile ezinoboya.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Ezikhethekile Zokutshala:

• Indawo enezintaba yase-Weishan enenkungu evamile nokukhanya okuhlakazekile idala izimo lapho ama-buds namaqabunga okuqala ekhula kancane, eqongelela izinhlanganisela zephunga elimnandi futhi egcina isakhiwo esithambile, — okuyisona nto edingekayo kulobu buchwepheshe obunzima betiye eliphuzi.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• 闷黄 (mèn huáng, ‘ukuvuthwa kuze kuphuzi’): isinyathelo esihlanganisa wonke amatiye aphuzi. Ngemuva kokuqinisa uhlaza, iqabunga letiye elimanzi, elisafudumele liyagoqwa futhi ligcinwe ngaphansi kwesembozo, lapho ezimeni zokushisa okusalile kanye nomswakama kwenzeka khona i-oxidation ethambile, engeyona eye-fermentative. Yilokhu okuqeda ukuguqula amahlamvu aluhlaza abe aphuzi futhi kunciphise ubukhali ‘obuluhlaza’, kunikeze ubumnene nobumnandi obuyisici salesigaba. Ngaphandle kwe-mèn huáng itiye lihlala liluhlaza; lesi sinyathelo — siwumngcele phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili.
• 松烟熏 (sōng yān xūn) — ukubhenywa ngophayini: okuhlukile kwe-Weishan Maojian ukuthi ekuvuthweni kwengezwe ukubhenywa ngaphansi kwentuthu kaphayini ovuthayo. Iqabunga elibhenyiwe limunca izinhlanganisela ezinamuncu eziguquguqukayo zentuthu kaphayini, futhi etiyeni eliqediwe ngaphezu kobumnene obuphuzi kuvela inothi elicacile lentuthu.
• Ukuhambisana netiye elimnyama: ngokobuchwepheshe lokhu kuhlobanisa itiye nendlela yase-Fujian — ukubhenywa ngophayini kwetiye elimnyama i-Zheng shan xiao zhong (正山小种, i-Lapsang Souchong), — kodwa lapho intuthu yengamela phezu kweqabunga elimnyama eline-oxidized ngokuphelele, kanti lapha — engaphezulu kweqabunga eliphuzi, elivuthiwe. Inhlanganisela ye-mèn huáng nentuthu kaphayini ebuchwephesheni obubodwa ayisatholakali kwenye itiye eliphuzi laseChina, okuyikho okwenza i-Weishan Maojian ibe ukuphela kwayo ngohlobo lwayo.
• Ukulandelana kwemisebenzi: ukuqinisa uhlaza (杀青) ukumisa ama-enzyme → ukuvuthwa mèn huáng ‘ukuphuzisa’ → ukomisa kanye nokubhenywa ngaphansi kwentuthu kaphayini → ukomisa kokugcina. Izinga nobude besikhathi sokubhenywa kunquma ukuthi i-accent yentuthu izwakala ngamandla kangakanani ebhecheni elithile: kusukela ekuseni okucashile kuye kwithoni enegcina enamuncu ezwakalayo.

6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa Ngezitho:

• Iqabunga elomile: ‘izihloko’ ezicijile ezinoboya obusiliva.
• Iphunga: kugqame 松烟香 — ithoni enegcina enamuncu, yokhuni nentuthu kaphayini ovuthayo, ngaphansi kwayo kusoleka ubumnandi obuthambile beqabunga eliphuzi elivuthiwe.
• Ukunambitheka: 醇甜 (chún tián) — okulingene, okugcwele futhi okunoshukela, ngaphandle kobukrakra obuluhlaza; inothi lentuthu ayifihli, kodwa yakha ubumnene lobu.
• Umthinjalo: ophuzi osagolide, ohlanzekile; ematiyeni aphuzi ezinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile — kuwumbandela oyinhloko wezinzwa ‘umthinjalo ophuzi, iqabunga eliphuzi’ (黄汤黄叶).
• Ku-Weishan Maojian kuphrofayili eyisisekelo kwengezwa ingxenye yentuthu ephoqelekile, ngaphandle kwayo itiye lilahlekelwa ubunikazi balo bezinga.

9. Ukuphisa:

Izincomo zilandela umqondo ojwayelekile wamatiye aphuzi ezinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile:

• Amanzi: hhayi amanzi abilayo agculayo — cishe 80 – 85 °C, ukuze kungashiswa ama-buds anoboya futhi kungavezwa intuthu kakhulu kube sekulinyazwa ubumnandi.
• Isitsha: i-gaiwan ye-porcelain noma ingilazi; ingilazi ivumela ukubuka ukunyakaza kwezihloko ezinoboya emanzini.
• Isilinganiso nesikhathi: ukufaka okulingene, izithululo zokuqala ezimfushane ngokunwetshwa kancane kancane; ithoni yentuthu ekuphiseni kokuqala iqhamuke kakhulu, ekuthululweni okuphakathi inikeze indawo esisekelweni esiphuzi esimnandi.
• Itiye limelana nokuthululwa okuningana okulandelanayo, lapho intuthu ihlehla, kanti ubumnandi nobunzima bomzimba kuya kucaca kakhulu.

11. Intengo Nezingxube:

Indlela yokuhlukanisa i-Weishan Maojian yangempela:

• Iphunga lentuthu ngaphezu kwakho konke. Uphawu oluphambili lokuhlonza — intuthu kaphayini ecacile (松烟香). Uma enkomishini ingekho, awubheki i-Weishan Maojian eyiqiniso.
• Ophuzi, hhayi omnyama. Intuthu ihlobanisa itiye ne-Zheng shan xiao zhong, kodwa i-Weishan Maojian — liphuzi: umthinjalo uphuzi osagolide, ukunambitheka kumnandi futhi kuvuthiwe, ngaphandle kwe-oxidation ephelele yetiye elimnyama.
• Ubumnandi bokuvuthwa ngaphansi kwentuthu. Ngokungafani netiye eliluhlaza, i-Weishan Maojian ayinabo ubukhali ‘obuluhlaza’: isinyathelo se-mèn huáng sinikeza ubumnandi be-chún tián. Uma ngaphansi kwentuthu kufihlwe inothi elibukhali eliluhlaza — ukuvuthwa bekungaphelele noma itiye likhukhuleka liye ngasohlangothini oluluhlaza.
• ‘Izihloko’ ezinoboya. Iqabunga elomile — ama-buds anoboya acijile namaqabunga amancane efomethi engu-1芽1~2叶, anoboya obusiliva, okufakazela igama ‘izihloko ezimhlophe ezinoboya’.
• Isifunda. Itiye eliyiqiniso livela e-Weishan esifundeni sase-Ningxiang esifundazweni sase-Hunan; ukuba yingxenye yalendawo yase-Hunan kuyingxenye yobunikazi bezinga.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Indawo ohlelweni lwamatiye aphuzi. Kwirejista yamatiye aphuzi ase-China i-Weishan Maojian iqukethe umugqa phakathi ‘kwabaphuzi abanamaqabunga amancane’ base-Hunan eduze ne-Beigang Maojian, kanti ‘amatiye amathathu aphuzi anama-bud adumile’ — yi-Junshan Yinzhen, i-Mengding Huang Ya, ne-Huoshan Huang Ya.
• Umbandela wobulungu esigabeni. Ubulungu ku-黄茶 bunqunywa ngokuyinhloko ngokukhona kwesinyathelo se-mèn huáng: ngalolu phawu itiye lihlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni kweliluhlaza.
• Okuwukuphela kwalo ngohlobo lwayo. I-Weishan Maojian — yisimo esiyivelakancane, lapho imininingwane eyodwa yobuchwepheshe yenza itiye libe ukuphela kwalo esigabeni salo. Inhlanganisela yokuvuthwa okuphuzi nentuthu kaphayini ayiphindeki kwenye indawo, futhi yile nhlanganisela, hhayi nje indawo, eyenza leli tiye lihluke phakathi kwamatiye aphuzi ase-China.