Itiye Eli-Phuzi laseTiantai

I-Tiantai Huangcha ingelinye lamatiye amangalisa kakhulu eShayina yesimanje: amaqabunga awo asagolide-ophuzi ngokwemvelo, hhayi ngenxa yokucubungula. Akulona itiye eliphuzi elijwayelekile elinesigaba se-mènhuáng (闷黄), kodwa yilokho okuthiwa “itiye eliphuzi lomhlobo” (品种黄茶, pǐnzhǒng huángchá) — itiye elivela emcultivani owodwa oguqukile onombala ophuzi wemvelo, ocutshungulwe ngobuchwepheshe betiye elihlaza. Ukuhlonza kwalo okuyinhloko umgomo othi “okuthathu okuluhlaza, okuhlanganiswe nokuthathu okuphuzi” (三绿透三黄, sān lǜ tòu sān huáng): iqabunga elomile, ukumiswa kanye nengaphansi letiye kuhlanganisa amathoni aluhlaza nalawo asagolide. Itiye lizalelwa entabeni engcwele i-Tiantai — umsuka wokulinywa kwetiye eShayina, lapho ngokomlando, imbewu yetiye yasakazekela eJaphani, eKorea nakuwo wonke eShayina.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: Ngokomthetho — itiye elihlaza (elingabilisiwe), elikhiqizwa emcultivani onamaqabunga aphuzi. Igama lezentengiselwano elithi “huáng chá” (黄茶, “itiye eliphuzi”) alikhulumi ngohlobo lokucubungula, kodwa limayelana nombala wemvelo wezinto ezingavuthiwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi kungadidaniswa namatiye aphuzi ajwayelekile (Junshan Yinzhen, Mengding Huang Ya, njll.), ubuchwepheshe bawo obudinga isigaba “sokuvuthwa” (闷黄, mèn huáng). I-Tiantai Huangcha yenziwa ngaphandle kwalesi sigaba — ngokwendlela “ukwandlalwa → ukulungiswa → ukubunjwa → ukomiswa”, okuyindlela yamatiye aluhlaza. Izinga le-oxidation lincane (ngaphansi kuka-5%).
Isigaba: Itiye lesifunda elinendabuko evikelekile. Uphawu loHwebo Lwezwe Lwezimpawu Zendawo (国家地理标志证明商标, Guójiā dìlǐ biāozhì zhèngmíng shāngbiāo). Ifakwe eqenjini lokuqala “lezikhumbuzo ezikhethekile zaseZhejiang” (浙江特色伴手礼). Ngo-2022, umcultivani u-Zhonghuang 1 (中黄1号) waphumula ekuhlolweni kweNdawo Yokubonisa Yokujwayelekile Kwezolimo Kazwelonke.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe i-Zhejiang (浙江省, Zhèjiāng Shěng), isifunda saseTaizhou (台州市, Táizhōu Shì), isiyingi saseTiantai (天台县, Tiāntái Xiàn).
Izixhumanisi Zendawo: 29°05′ N, 121°01′ E (ingxenye emaphakathi yesiyingi saseTiantai).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

Umlando: Umlando wetiye leNtaba i-Tiantai (天台山, Tiāntái Shān) uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-1800 futhi uhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nesiko lezenkolo. Ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Eastern Han, umlandeli weDao u-Ge Xuan (葛玄, Gě Xuán, 164–244 AD) watshala ingadi yetiye ngaseMgedeni i-Guiyun-dong (归云洞) ePhuzwini i-Huading (华顶, Huádǐng), okwadala ngokombono wabacwaningi abaningi, elinye lamapulazi okuqala okwenziwa etiye eShayina. Kuze kube namuhla, ePaki YeHlathi Likazwelonke i-Huading kusekhona “Ingadi Yetiye KaGe Xian” (葛仙茗圃, Gě Xiān Míng Pǔ) — uphawu lokulinywa kwetiye kwakudala. Ngenkathi i-Northern and Southern Dynasties, imbongi u-Xie Lingyun (谢灵运, Xiè Língyùn) yathutha imbewu yetiye laseTiantai yayisa eMonastery i-Lingyin-si (灵隐寺) e-Hangzhou, okwathi ngokwakwa-Su Shi (苏轼, Sū Shì), lapho kuvela khona i-Longjing odumile. Lokhu kufakazelwa “Umlando Ophelele Wokulinywa Kwetiye” (《茶业通史》, Cháyè Tōngshǐ): “Itiye ladluliselwa lisuka eTiantai laya eQingyuan lase liqhubekela eFujian.”

Ithonya lamazwe omhlaba leTiantai nalo limangalisa ngendlela efanayo. Ngo-805, umoni waseJapan u-Saichō (最澄, Saichō) waletha imbewu yetiye laseTiantai eJapan wayitshala ngasezansi kweNtaba i-Hiei (比叡山) — lena ingadi ithathwa njengepulazi elidala kunawo wonke etiye eJapan. Ngesikhathi se-Tang, isithunywa saseKorea u-Kim Daeryeon (金大廉, Jīn Dàlián) samukela njengesipho imbewu yetiye laseTiantai sayitshala eNtabeni i-Jirisan — kwaqala kanjalo ukulinywa kwetiye eKorea. Ngesikhathi se-Song, umbhikici weZen waseJapan u-Eisai (荣西, Yōsai/Eisai) wathatha imbewu yaseTiantai wabe esebhala incwadi ethi “Ngokuzuzisa Kokuphuza Itiye Empilweni” (《吃茶养生记》, Kissa Yōjōki), okwaqala isiko letiye laseJapan.

Kodwa-ke, umlando weTiantai Huangcha — itiye elivela emcultivani onamaqabunga aphuzi — uqala kamuva kakhulu. Ngo-1998 emahlathini emvelo ezihlahla zetiye esiyingini i-Tiantai kwatholakala ukuguquka okuphuzi okuzenzakalelayo — izihlahla ezinamahlumela aphuzi ngokugqamile. Umsebenzi wokukhetha wenziwa ngokubambisana yi-Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), inkampani i-Tiantai Jiuzhe (天台九遮茶叶公司) kanye ne-Tiantai Forestry Special Technology Extension Station (天台县林业特产技术推广站). Esiqhingini seminyaka engu-15 (ukuhlola ngabunye, ukusakazeka nge-clone, izivivinyo zomhlobo) kwenziwa umhlobo, okuqale kwathiwa ngu-“Tiantai Huang” (天台黄). Ngo-2013 wamukelwa yi-Zhejiang Provincial Forest Cultivar Registration Committee njengomhlobo omusha. Ngo-2017 waphumula ukuphasiswa ngokugcwele ngaphansi kwegama elisemthethweni elithi “Zhonghuang 1” (中黄1号, Zhōnghuáng 1 Hào). Ngo-2019, i-Tiantai Huangcha yethulwa e-International Horticultural Exhibition eBeijing (北京世界园艺博览会). Kuze kube manje, lomcultivani usakazeke endaweni engaphezu kuka-100,000 mu (~6,667 ha) kulo lonke elaseChina — eZhejiang, eSichuan, eGuizhou nasezinye izifundazwe.
Igama:
- “Tiantai” (天台) — igama lesiyingi kanye nentaba engcwele, ngokomqondo lisho “Ithala Lasezulwini / Indawo Yezulwini”. INtaba i-Tiantai ingenye yezintaba eziyishumi ezinkulu zaseChina, umsuka wesikole seBuddhist i-Tiantai-zong (天台宗) kanye nesikole seDaoist i-Nanzong (南宗).
- “Huang” (黄) — “ophuzi”. Kukhomba umbala wemvelo wamahlumela amancane omcultivani, hhayi uhlobo lokucubungula.
- “Cha” (茶) — “itiye”. Ngakho-ke, igama eliphelele lisho “Itiye Eli-Phuzi [laseNtabeni] i-Tiantai” — ngokugcizelela umbala oyingqayizivele wemvelo wezinto zemvelo.
Ukubaluleka KweSiko: I-Tiantai Huangcha isiphenduke uphawu olukhulu lokulinywa kwetiye laseTiantai lwesimanje kanye nophawu lokuvuselelwa kwamasiko etiye esifundeni. Isiyingi i-Tiantai sinamapulazi etiye asezintabeni angu-10.3 wezinkulungwane zama-mu (cishe amahektare angu-687) futhi sakhe isistimu yemigqa emine omkhiqizo: itiye elihlaza, ophuzi, obomvu, nomhlophe. I-Tiantai Huangcha ithatha indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwabo — lena iwumholi womugqa “ophuzi”, oxhumene ngokusondele namagugu etiye amadala ka-Ge Xuan kanye nefomula yobuBuddhist ethi “itiye neChan — kunambitheka okufanayo” (茶禅一味, chá chán yī wèi), okuvela lapha kanye.

3. Incazelo YeZitshalo kanye NeZinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Uhlobo: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.
Umhlobo / Cultivar: I-Zhonghuang 1 (中黄1号, Zhōnghuáng 1 Hào), ngaphambilini yayaziwa ngokuthi “Tiantai Huang” (天台黄). Lokhu wukuguquka okuphuzi kwemvelo (okuntuleka kwe-chlorophyll), okwahlukaniswa kubantu bendawo bezihlahla zetiye esiyingini i-Tiantai. Isici esibalulekile sezitshalo umbala ophuzi ogqamile wamahlumela amancane: amahlumela amasha entwasahlobo anombala ophuzi wamahansi (鹅黄色, é huáng sè), ehlobo nasekwindla aphuzi ngokufiphele. Amaqabunga avuthiwe engxenyeni engezansi nengaphakathi yomqhele — ahlaza. Ngisho nezithombo eziyi-cuttings ezinonyaka owodwa zigcina umbala ophuzi. I-trichomes (izinwele ezincane) emahlumeleni zincane. Ubuningi bokuphuphuma kwamahlumela buphezulu, ikhono lokugcina ubumnene (持嫩性, chí nèn xìng) lihle. Ngokuphambene neningi lama-cultivar aphuzi namhlophe aguqukile, i-Zhonghuang 1 inamandla aphezulu okumelana namakhaza nesomiso, acishe afane nalawo amtiye avamile anamaqabunga aluhlaza, okuyinto echaza ukusakazeka kwawo okubanzi.
Ukuvuna: Ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo (Mashi — Ephreli), lapho umbala ophuzi umkhulu kakhulu. Ngamaqoqo asezingeni eliphakeme — ukuvuna ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (ngaphambi kwe-Qingming, 清明, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli). Ukuvuna kwasehlobo nasekwindla kungenzeka, kodwa umbala wamahlumela ufiphele, futhi iphrofayili yama-amino acids iba buthaka.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokwezinga le-T/ZNZ 055-2021 (“Tiantai Huangcha”): ibanga eliphakeme (特级) — ikakhulukazi ihlumela elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa, kuvunyelwe ukuvuleka kweqabunga lesibili kufinyelela ku-30%; ubude bembewu abukho ngaphezu kuka-3.5 cm. Izinto ezingavuthiwe kumele ziphelele, zintsha, futhi zifane.
Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Amahlumela avuniwe amasha alethwa efekthri ngobhasikidi boqalo ngomonakalo omncane womshini. Akukho ukushisa ngokweqile noma ukubuna ngesikhathi sohambo. Izinto ezingaphansi kwebanga lokuqala noma ezinezimpawu zokonakala azisetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-Tiantai Huangcha.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Isifunda: Isiyingi i-Tiantai sisempumalanga yesifundazwe i-Zhejiang, lapho kuhlangana khona izifunda ezine zamadolobha — i-Taizhou, i-Ningbo, i-Shaoxing ne-Jinhua. Indawo — “izintaba eziyisishiyagalombili, uhhafu wamanzi, uhhafu wensimu” (八山半水分半田): ama-81% endawo athathwa izintaba eziphansi namagquma, ama-19% yizigodi zemifula kanye namathala. Uhlelo lwezintaba i-Tiantai — ngolunye lwamaketanga amakhulu ezintaba eZhejiang, olusuka eningizimu-ntshonalanga luye enyakatho-mpumalanga; indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke iPhuzu i-Huading (华顶山, 1 098–1 138 m, ngokwemithombo ehlukene). Isigodi esimaphakathi soMfula i-Shifeng-xi (始丰溪) siphansi ngamamitha angu-50–250.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Amapulazi etiye asezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka kumamitha angu-100 kuya kwangu-600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Izinto ezingavuthiwe eziyigugu kakhulu — zivela emasimini asezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angu-300–600, lapho kuvela khona “umlingiswa wezintaba”: ukuba nenkungu kaningi, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nosuku nobusuku, nokukhanya okuhlakazekile.
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon yasemazingeni aphakathi, enezimpawu zomcengezi wesigodi. Izikhathi ezine ezicacile. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi ngu-16.5–17.1°C. Isilinganiso sonyaka semvula — cishe i-1 350 mm, ingxenye enkulu ngesikhathi se-meiyu (梅雨, inkathi yezimvula ezinamaplamu, Ephreli — Juni) kanye nezimvula zeziphepho (Julayi — Okthoba). Umswakama ohambelana nonyaka omaphakathi — 80%. Inani lamaphakathi lezinsuku ezinokungu ngonyaka — 19, okwenza kube nokukhanya okuhlakazekile okuhle etiyeni. Ilanga elibonwayo — cishe amahora angu-1 875 ngonyaka. Inkathi engenasithwathwa — cishe izinsuku ezingu-232.
Umhlabathi: Kuningi umhlabathi obomvu (红壤, hóng rǎng) no-ophuzi-obomvu (黄红壤) ezindaweni ezinamagquma neziphansi zezintaba, umhlabathi ophuzi (黄壤, huáng rǎng) ezindaweni eziphakeme nezintaba. Ukusabela okune-acid (pH 4,5–6,5), ukugeleza kwamanzi okuhle, ukunotha ngezinto eziphilayo. Amatshe angumzali — ikakhulukazi intaba-mlilo ye-Mesozoic (i-Jurassic ne-Cretaceous), okuyinto enikeza ukuhlukahluka kwamaminerali.
Izolimo: Ngokwezinga, ukwakha amapulazi e-Tiantai Huangcha, kukhethwa izindawo ezinomtshekelela ongafiki ku-25°, ukujula kwe-profile yomhlabathi okungenani okungu-50 cm. Ukusithela okunconyiwe — 20–30% (imigqa yehlathi ohlangothini lomoya). Ukulwela ukulima ngendlela evumelana nemvelo: umquba wemvelo, ukuhlakula ngesandla, ukulawulwa kwezilokazane ngezindlela zebhayoloji. Umkhiqizo kumele uhlangabezane nezindinganiso “Zokudla Okuluhlaza” (绿色食品, NY/T 391).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe be-Tiantai Huangcha buhluke ngokuyisisekelo kumatiye aphuzi ajwayelekile (Junshan Yinzhen, Huoshan Huangya, njll.): abukho isigaba se-menhuang (闷黄, “ukuvuthwa”), okuyisona esinqumayo esigabeni samatiye aphuzi ngokwezigaba eziyisithupha zombala. Umbala ophuzi wetiye ulethwa ngokukhethekile umbala wemvelo womcultivani u-Zhonghuang 1. Ukucubungula kuhlose ukugcina ubumnene, ukunotha kwama-amino acid kanye nephunga elikhethekile le-khusi.

Ukwandlalwa / Tan-qing (摊青 — tānqīng): Amahlumela avuniwe amasha andlalwa ngokulinganayo egumbini elihlanzekile, elinomoya omuhle ngoswaka olungaphezulu kuka-3 cm. Isikhathi — ukusuka emahoreni angu-4 kuya kwangu-12 (hhayi ngaphezu kwama-20). Inhloso — ukulinganisa umswakama, ukuqala kokuhlakazeka kwephunga lotshani, nokulungiselela ukulungiswa. Ngezikhathi ezithile amaqabunga aphendulwa ngokucophelela ukuze abune ngokulinganayo.
Ukulungiswa okuluhlaza / Shaqing (杀青 — shāqīng): Isigaba esibalulekile: ukucutshungulwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kungasebenzi kahle ama-enzyme (oxidase), ukumisa i-oxidation kanye nokwakha isisekelo sephunga. Izinga lokushisa — liphezulu, ukucutshungulwa kuyashesha. Inhloso — ukucekela phansi umsebenzi we-enzyme, kuyilapho kugcinwa umbala ophuzi ogqamile kanye nokwakheka okuthambile.
Ukubunjwa / Zuoxing (做形 — zuòxíng): Amaqabunga ashisayo anikezwa ukwakheka okuyisici — ngokuvamile, isicaba noma esisongekile kancane, okuyinto egqamisa ukuhlangana nokufana kwamahlumela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenzeka ukukhululwa okuyingxenye kwejusi lwamaseli, okuqinisa amandla okunambitheka.
Ukomiswa / Honggan (烘干 — hōnggān): Isigaba sokugcina — ukwehlisa umswakama ufinyelele ezingeni elijwayelekile (≤6.0% ngokwezinga). Izinga lokushisa lipholile, ukomiswa kumnene, ukuze kugcinwe iphunga elicolekile futhi kungalinyazwa amanothi ekhusi. Kulesi sigaba, kugcina kwakheka iphunga le-khusi eliyisici (栗香, lì xiāng) — iphunga lekhusi elibhakiwe.

6. Izimpawu Zezitho Zomzimba:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amahlumela ahlangene, enziwe kahle anombala osagolide-ophuzi ogqamile, okuhlanganiswe namathoni aluhlaza. Iqabunga lilingene, liyafana ngosayizi, licwebezela kancane. Ubulembu buncane. Ibanga eliphakeme (特级) — iningi lamahlumela aphelele, angavuleki aneqabunga elilodwa.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elisha, elihlanzekile, elinenothi lekhusi elicacile (熟板栗香, shú bǎnlì xiāng) — okuwuphawu lwaleli tiye. Kungaba khona amathoni amancane ezimbali ngasemuva.
Iphunga lokumiswa: Eliphezulu, eligqamile neliqhubekayo. Kunothi yekhusi emnene, engezwe isithunzi sezimbali-zinyosi. Iphunga lizinzile futhi lihlala ngisho nasenkomishini engenalutho (盖香, gàixiāng). Ngokwabahlaziyi abangochwepheshe, iphunga lekhusi (栗香) le-Tiantai Huangcha liyinto ukuthi iyini iphunga “le-orchid” kwi-Tie Guanyin — umaka omkhulu wekhwalithi.
Ukunambitheka: Okusha (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), okuthambile (醇和, chúnhé), okunamajusi agqamile nokugcwala komzimba. Ubumnandi obumnene ekuqaleni budlulela ngokushesha ekunambithekeni okuhlala isikhathi eside, okulinganayo — i-huigan (回甘, huígān). Akukho kubaba futhi nokhahlo, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid nezinga eliphansi le-polyphenol. Isilinganiso se-phenol-amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ) singu-2.3 kuphela — lena inkomba ephansi ngokwedlulele, ekhombisa “ubuntu” obugqamile kanye “nokusha” kokunambitheka.
Umbala wokumiswa: Uhlaza ngobumnene, obala, futhi okhazimula osagolide-ophuzi (嫩绿清澈, nènlǜ qīngchè). Ekuphindaphindeni, ushintshela ophuzi-oluhlaza ofudumele.
Ingaphansi letiye (iqabunga elenziwe itiye): Amaqabunga avuleka ngokuphelele, ebonisa amahlumela aphelele, amnene anombala ophuzi ogqamile (嫩黄鲜亮, nèn huáng xiān liàng). Ukufana nobuhle bengaphansi letiye — uphawu olubalulekile lwekhwalithi.
Isici esivamile: “Okuthathu okuluhlaza, okuhlanganiswe nokuthathu okuphuzi” (三绿透三黄) — iqabunga elomile lihlaza linokugqama osagolide; ukumiswa kuhlaza ngomthunzi ophuzi; ingaphansi letiye lihlaza kugcwele okuphuzi kakhulu.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Iphrofayili yamakhemikhali ephilayo ye-Tiantai Huangcha ihlukile futhi ibangelwa izici zofuzo zomcultivani u-Zhonghuang 1. Imininingwane yatholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezitshalo yi-Tea Research Institute ye-CAAS (TRICAAS) futhi yaqinisekiswa yi-Tea Quality Testing Center yoMnyango Wezolimo we-PRC.

Ama-Amino Acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): Okuqukethwe — 7.1% wezinto ezomile (isivuno sentwasahlobo, izinga elijwayelekile “ihlumela namaqabunga amabili”). Lokhu kuphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-4–5 kunamatiye ahlaza avamile esifundeni (okuvamile kuyi-1.5–3.0%). Kugcwele i-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸, L-chá ānjīsuān) — i-amino acid enesibopho sokunambitheka okumnandi, “ukusha” okugqamile (鲜, xiān) kanye nomphumela omuhle wokuthulisa. Izinga eliphakeme ngokwedlulele lama-amino acid — yisona sici esiyinhloko samakhemikhali ephilayo saleli tiye.
Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): Okuqukethwe — 13.3%, okuphansi kunamatiye ahlaza ajwayelekile (18–30%). Izingxenye eziyinhloko — ama-catechin: i-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), i-epicatechin gallate (ECG), i-epicatechin (EC). Okuphansi kakhulu kwama-polyphenol kuchaza ubumnene bokunambitheka nokungabikho kokubaba okuphawulekayo nobuhlungu.
Isilinganiso se-Phenol-Amino Acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ): 2.3 — inkomba ephansi ngokwedlulele. Ukuqhathanisa: kumcultivani u-Fuding Dabai — cishe 3.7, ku-Huang Jin Ya — cishe 2.7. Isilinganiso esiphansi sisho ubukhulu obugqamile “bokusha” “nobumnandi” ngaphezu kokubaba.
Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn) — 3.3%, i-theobromine, i-theophylline. Izinga le-caffeine lijwayelekile kwi-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.
Ukukhishwa Kwamanzi (水浸出物, shuǐ jìnchū wù): 43.3% — inkomba ephezulu, ekhombisa ukuminyana nokugcwala kokumiswa.
Ama-Pigment: Okuphakeme kwama-carotenoid — i-lutein (叶黄素, yè huángsù), i-cryptoxanthin (隐黄素), i-β-carotene. Yizona ezinikeza amahlumela kanye netiye elisetshenzisiwe umbala wawo osagolide-ophuzi oyisici. Okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll kunciphile uma kuqhathaniswa nemiti enamacembe aluhlaza, okuwuphawu lofuzo lokuguquka.
Ama-Vitamin: I-Vitamin C (i-ascorbic acid) — igcinwa ngenxa yokulungiswa okusheshayo; ama-Vitamin eqembu B (B₁, B₂); i-Vitamin E (ama-tocopherol).
Amaminerali: I-Potassium (K), i-Magnesium (Mg), i-Manganese (Mn), i-Zinc (Zn), i-Fluorine (F), i-Selenium (Se). Iphrofayili yamaminerali ibangelwa umhlabathi wentaba-mlilo wesifunda.

8. Izakhiwo Ezizuzisayo:

Ukusekelwa Kwemisebenzi Yengqondo: Izinga eliphakeme ngokwedlulele le-L-theanine (i-amino acid ewela umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho) lisiza ekuthuthukiseni ukugxilisa ingqondo, inkumbulo kanye nesimo “sokuphapha okuzolile” — inhlanganisela ne-caffeine inikeza ukukhuthaza okumnene, okuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.
Ukuvikeleka Kwe-Antioxidant: Ama-Catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG) asusa ngempumelelo ama-free radical. Ama-Carotenoid engeza amandla e-antioxidant.
Ukuqinisa Okumnene: Ukuqukethwe okuphakathi kwe-caffeine kuhlanganiswe ne-L-theanine ephezulu kunikeza amandla ngaphandle kokuphakama okubukhali — isiphuzo sasemini esihle emsebenzini wengqondo.
Ukusekelwa Kombono: Izinga eliphezulu le-lutein ne-β-carotene lisiza ekuvikeleni i-retina yeso emonakalweni we-photo-oxidative.
Umthelela Omuhle Ohlelweni Lokugaya Ukudla: Ukuqukethwe okuphansi kwama-polyphenol kwenza itiye libe lihle esiswini — alinabudlova kunamanye amatiye ahlaza. Lifanele abantu abanesisu esibucayi.
Ukuphumula Nokwehlisa Ukucindezeleka: I-L-theanine ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-alpha ebuchosheni, okusiza ekufinyeleleni isimo sokuphumula nokugxila.
Ukusekelwa Kwemithambo Yegazi: Ama-Catechin nama-flavonoid asiza ekuguquguqukeni kwemithambo yegazi kanye nokwenza ngcono umfutho wegazi ngokusetshenziswa njalo.
Njengokunye ukuphuza noma iliphi itiye, kubalulekile ukucabangela ubucayi bomuntu ngamunye kwi-caffeine.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 75–85°C. Emabangeni aphakeme (izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile ngokukhethekile) — 75–80°C. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingase “lishise” amahlumela amnene futhi libangele ukubaba, okungafanele kube khona kulolu hlobo lwetiye.
Isilinganiso setiye: 2–3 g ku-100 ml wamanzi (indlela ye-gongfu) noma 3–5 g ku-200–250 ml (indlela yaseYurophu). Uma kwenziwa engilazini yegilazi — 3 g ku-200 ml.
Izitsha:
- I-gaiwan yeporcelain (盖碗, gàiwǎn): Ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu. I-porcelain emhlophe ayimunca amaphunga, igqamisa inothi yekhusi emnene futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ubabaze umbala osagolide wokumiswa.
- Ingilazi / ithiphu yegilazi: Inketho enhle kakhulu yokuzithokozisa okubukwayo — ungabuka ukuthi amahlumela asagolide avuleka kanjani emanzini, enza umphumela “wamaqabunga asinayo” (茶舞, chá wǔ).
- Ithiphu ye-porcelain: Ifanele ukwenza inani elikhulu.
- Ithiphu yase-Yixing yobumba olu-zisha akunconywa — ubumba olunembobo lumunca amanothi amancane, futhi ukugcina ukushisa okuphezulu kungase kushise ngokweqile izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa izitsha ngamanzi ashisayo (hlambulula i-gaiwan / ingilazi bese ukhipha amanzi).
2. Thela itiye elomile, uphefumule iphunga leqabunga elifudumele — inothi lekhusi isivele iyabonakala.
3. Ukuhlambulula (akudingeki e-Tiantai Huangcha yebanga eliphakeme — itiye lihlanzekile, alinathuli; uma uthanda — ukuhlanza okusheshayo imizuzwana emi-3–5).
4. Ukuhlanza kokuqala: thela amanzi anezinga lokushisa elingu-75–80°C, uyeke imizuzwana engu-30–45 (i-gongfu) noma imizuzu engu-1.5–2 (indlela yaseYurophu).
5. Ukuhlanza okulandelayo: yandisa kancane isikhathi — imizuzwana engu-40, 50, 60 nokuqhubeka.
6. Itiye limelana nokuhlanza oku-4–6 uma kusetshenziswa indlela ye-gongfu, kugcinisa ubumnandi bekhusi nobusha.

10. Ukugcina:

I-Tiantai Huangcha, ngokobuchwepheshe bekatiye elihlaza, izwela ekukhanyeni, umswakama, ukushisa kanye namaphunga angaphandle.
Isitsha: Esivaleka ngokuphelele, esingaboniyo — amaphakethe e-aluminium anesibopho, izitini zensimbi noma ukupakishwa kwe-vacuum.
Izinga lokushisa: Okuhle kakhulu — 0–5°C (esiqandisini), kufakwe uphawu oluqinile lokuvimbela ukumunca amaphunga. Kuvumelekile ukugcina ku-5–10°C endaweni eyomile, emnyama.
Isikhathi sokugcina: Ukuze kube nokusha okukhulu, kunconywa ukuthi uphuze phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-6–12 ngemuva kokukhiqizwa. Ngemuva kokuvula iphakethe — phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-2–3.
Izitha zetiye: Ukukhanya (kubhubhisa i-chlorophyll nama-carotenoid, kubangele ukulahleka kombala oyisici), umswakama (kubangela i-oxidation nokukhula kwesikhunta), izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (kushelela ukuncipha kwama-amino acid nokulahleka kwephunga), amaphunga angaphandle (iqabunga letiye liyinto enamandla yokumunca).

11. Intengo Kanye Nezinto Zomgunqa:

Izinga lentengo: Ephakathi ukuya phezulu kumatiye ahlaza aseZhejiang. Intengo incike enkathini yonyaka (ngaphambi kwe-Qingming entwasahlobo — ibiza kakhulu), ebangeni (高级 vs. 一级), epulazini elithile kanye nokuba yiqiniso kwemvelaphi. Ubungqayizivele bomcultivani kanye nomkhiqizo wesifunda kunyusa intengo uma kuqhathaniswa namatiye ahlaza avamile aseZhejiang.
Ukwazi ukugwema izinto zomgunqa:
- Ukuthenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe: Thenga itiye kubakhiqizi abagunyaziwe abavela esiyingini i-Tiantai, uqaphelisa ukumakwa kophawu lwendawo.
- Ukuhlola ukubukeka: I-Tiantai Huangcha yangempela inombala osagolide-ophuzi oyisici onomthunzi oluhlaza. Umbala ophuzi olinganayo, oshaywe ngokomgunqa — uphawu olusolisayo.
- Ukuhlola iphunga: Iphunga lekhusi langempela (栗香) — liyimvelo, lizinzile futhi lihlanzekile. Ukufakwa kwephunga ngokomgunqa kunikeza iphunga elibukhali, elisheshe linyamalale.
- Ukuhlola ukumiswa: Ukumiswa okusobala okuluhlaza okotshani okuphuzi ngomthunzi wemvelo osagolide. Ukumiswa okunethuba noma okukhanya ngokungemvelo — kuyisizathu sokungabaza.
- Ukuqaphela intengo: Intengo ephansi ngokusolisayo ingase ikhombise ukufakwa kwezinto zangempela ezivela kwezinye izifunda (i-Zhonghuang 1 itshalwa ezifundazweni eziningi, kodwa “i-Tiantai Huangcha” — isuka esiyingini i-Tiantai kuphela) noma ukusetshenziswa kwetiye elihlaza elijwayelekile, eliqamba amanga ukuthi liwumhlobo ophuzi.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

I-Tiantai Huangcha — ayilo itiye eliphuzi ngokomqondo ojwayelekile wezigaba eziyisithupha zombala. Leli “yitiye eliphuzi lomhlobo” (品种黄茶) — itiye elihlaza elivela emcultivani onamacembe aphuzi. Ukudideka phakathi “kwetiye eliphuzi elenziwe” (工艺黄茶, itiye eliphuzi langempela eline-menhuang) kanye “netiye eliphuzi lomhlobo” (品种黄茶, itiye elihlaza elivela emcultivani ophuzi) — kungenye yamaphutha avame kakhulu ngisho naphakathi konjiniyela bamatiye baseShayina. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, kwaxwayiswa, ikakhulukazi, yi-China Tea Science Society (中国茶叶学会).
Emiqhudelwaneni yokunambitha ehlolwayo ye-Tea Quality Testing Center yoMnyango Wezolimo we-PRC (ngokwezinga GB/T 23776-2009), i-Zhonghuang 1 yathola amaphuzu aphakathi nendawo angu-93.2 eminyakeni emithathu yokuhlolwa — okuphakeme kunomhlobo ojwayelekile kazwelonke i-Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白, amaphuzu angu-92.5) nomhlobo wesifundazwe i-Huang Jin Ya (黄金芽, amaphuzu angu-92.4).
Ngokocwaningo lomlando kanye nencwadi ethi “Umlando Ophelele Wokulinywa Kwetiye”, yimvelo yetiye laseTiantai okwangokhokho be-Longjing, amapulazi etiye aseJapan, aseKorea kanye nokulinywa kwetiye lwaseFujian. INtaba i-Tiantai — ngomunye wabazongenela kakhulu ukuqokwa “njengomsuka wokulinywa kwetiye okungokwesiko” eMpumalanga China.
I-Tiantai — yisona sigodi sodwa eChina lapho kukhona khona izikhungo ezimbili zemfundo ephakeme yezenkolo ngesikhathi esisodwa: izikole zeBuddhist nezeDaoist. Itiye kanye nomkhuba wokomoya lapha akuhlukaniseki sekuyizinkulungwane ezimbili zeminyaka.
Ngeminyaka yawo-2020, umcultivani u-Zhonghuang 1 usakazeke kulo lonke elaseChina endaweni engaphezu kuka-100,000 mu (~6,667 ha) — eZhejiang, eSichuan, eGuizhou nasezinye izifundazwe. Kodwa-ke, uphawu lwendawo “i-Tiantai Huangcha” luvikela itiye kuphela elikhiqizwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesiyingi i-Tiantai.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye “aphuzi”:

I-Junshan Yinzhen (君山银针, Jūnshān Yínzhēn): Itiye eliphuzi elijwayelekile elivela eHunan elinesigaba esiyimpoqo se-menhuang. Isimo esinjengenaliti (amahlumela kuphela). Ukunambitheka — kumnene, kunoshukela, kunamanothi ozinyosi. Ukumiswa — kuphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Umehluko omkhulu kwi-Tiantai Huangcha — ubukhona “bokuvuthwa” kubuchwepheshe kanye nokungabikho kombala wemvelo ophuzi ezintweni.
I-Huang Jin Ya (黄金芽, Huángjīn Yá, “Ihlumela Legolide”): Omunye umcultivani oguqukile onamacembe aphuzi, futhi ocutshungulwe njengekhambi elihlaza. Itholakala esiyingini i-Yuyao (余姚), eZhejiang, ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Okuqukethwe ngama-amino acid kuphansi kancane kunaku-Zhonghuang 1, futhi isilinganiso se-phenol-amino acid siphezulu (2.7 vs. 2.3). Amaphuzu okuncintisana — 92.4 (aphansi kunaku-Zhonghuang 1).
I-Mengding Huang Ya (蒙顶黄芽, Méngdǐng Huáng Yá): Itiye eliphuzi elijwayelekile elivela eSichuan elinomlando wakudala kakhulu (i-Tang Dynasty). Ukukhiqiza kuhlanganisa “ukuvuthwa” okuphindaphindiwe. Ukunambitheka — okwezinyosi, okuyindilinga, okungenabukrakra. Umehluko omkhulu — lona yitiye eliphuzi “lenqubo” langempela, hhayi “umhlobo”.
I-Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶, Ānjí Bái Chá): Isimo esifanayo “segama vs. iqiniso” — ibizwa ngokuthi “itiye elimhlophe”, kodwa ikhiqizwa njengomhlaza, ivela emcultivani oguqukile onamaqabunga amhlophe. Okuqukethwe ngama-amino acid nakho kuphakeme (kufinyelela ku-6.5%), kodwa indlela yokusebenza ihlukile: ukuguquka okumhlophe (ukuntuleka kwe-chlorophyll emazingeni okushisa aphansi) vs. ukuguquka okuphuzi (okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-carotenoid) kwi-Tiantai Huangcha.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Tiantai Huangcha — isibonelo esigqamile sendlela ukuguquka kwemvelo kwesihlahla setiye okungazala ngayo isigaba esisha ngokuphelele solwazi lokunambitheka. Leli yitiye eliyindida: ophuzi ngegama nangombala, aluhlaza ngokobuchwepheshe, futhi ngokohlamvu — akulona lelo naleliya, kodwa into yesithathu: isiphuzo esimnene ngokumangalisayo, esisha nesinoshukela ngephunga lekhusi, elingenakudidaniswa nanoma yini. Ngemva kwaleli qabunga elisagolide, kunomlando wetiye weminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili wentaba engcwele, umsebenzi weminyaka engu-15 wabakhethi kanye nomfuziselo oyingqayizivele, owanikeza umhlaba wetiye umhlobo okuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwama-amino acid. Linikeze amanzi athambile, izinga lokushisa elihloniphayo kanye ne-gaiwan ye-porcelain — futhi i-Tiantai Huangcha izophendula ngokumiswa obala osagolide-oluhlaza, ngephunga lekhusi elicocekile, ukunambitheka okushelelayo, kanye nokunambitheka okuza emva kwesikhathi okuhlala isikhathi eside nokucacile, lapho kuzwakala khona umnyenyezo wezinkungu zaseTiantai.