Tanyang Gongfu · new.thetea.app

I-Tanyang Gongfu iyithiye elibomvu elidala nelidume kakhulu “kumathathu amakhulu amagongfu abomvu aseFujian” (闽红三大工夫, Mǐnhóng sān dà gōngfū), kanye ne-Bailin Gongfu (白琳工夫) ne-Zhenghe Gongfu (政和工夫). Leli thiye, eladalwa esigodini sasezintabeni saseTanyang ngaphansi kweNtaba iBaiyunshan, laba yinganekwane emakethe yomhlaba yetiye ekhulwini le-19, futhi nanamuhla lisenguphawu lwesifunda saseFu’an esifundazweni iFujian.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nomsuka:

Uhlobo: Ithiyo elibomvu laseChina (红茶, hóngchá), eline-oxidized ephelele.
Isigaba: I-Gongfu-hongcha (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá) — isitayela sakudala sokwenziwa ngobuciko kwethiye elibomvu. Elinye “lamagongfu amathathu amakhulu abomvu aseFujian” (闽红三大工夫).
Indawo: I-China, isifundazwe i-Fujian (福建省, Fújiàn Shěng), idolobha i-Fu’an (福安市, Fú’ān Shì), ilokishi i-Shekou (社口镇, Shèkǒu Zhèn), isigodi sase-Tanyang (坦洋村, Tǎnyáng Cūn). Ingqikithi yesifunda somkhiqizo itholakala eduze kwe-Guiling Ridge (归岭) ngaphansi kweNtaba iBaiyunshan (白云山), kanti indawo engokomlando yokuqoqwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa yayihlanganisa izifunda eziyisikhombisa noma eziyisishiyagalombili — kusukela esifundazweni i-Zhenghe enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya esifundazweni i-Xiapu eningizimu-mpumalanga, ibanga elingamakhulu amaningi e-li.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 27°05′ N, 119°39′ E (isigodi saseTanyang, ilokishi iShekou, idolobha iFu’an).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: I-Fu’an ingesinye sezifunda zetiye ezindala kunazo zonke eFujian: ukukhiqizwa kwezinkomo kubhalwe khona kusukela ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaTang (唐朝), kanti ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaSong (宋朝) lesi sifunda sase sibalwe phakathi kwezifunda eziphambili zetiye esifundazweni. Nokho, ithiye elibomvu laqhamuka lapha ngemva kwesikhathi eside. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaMing kuya ekuqaleni kwe-Qing, izingcweti zendawo zazenza i-“Guixiang-cha” (桂香茶) — ithiye elinuka kamnandi elisuselwa ohlotsheni lwendawo lwe-“caicha” (菜茶). Ignuquko yenzeka ngo-1851 (unyaka wokuqala wokubusa kuka-Xianfeng, 咸丰元年), ngesikhathi umhwebi wethiye wase-Jianning eletha e-Tanyang ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ithiye elibomvu obuvela esifundazweni i-Chong’an (kumanje i-Wuyishan). Isakhamuzi sakule sigodi uHu Fusi (胡福四, owaziwa nangokuthi uHu Jinsi, 胡进四), umsunguli wendlu yetiye i-“Wanxinglong” (万兴隆), waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe obusha — ukubuna okungokwemvelo, ukusonga ngesandla, u- fermentation endlini kanye nokugazinga ngamalahle — ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zendawo ze-“Tanyang caicha”. Umphumela wadlula le ebikulindelwe: ithiye elibomvu elisontekile kahle elinephunga elifanekisiwe le-longani kanye nokunambitheka okuhlanzekile okumnandi kwathola ukuqashelwa ngokushesha ngabathengi bakwamanye amazwe.

Kusukela ngo-1881 kuya ku-1936 (kusukela ku-Guangxu 光绪 kuya ku-Minguo 民国), ukuthunyelwa kwethiye le-Tanyang Gongfu ngonyaka kwakuqhubeka ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi zama-dan; ngonyaka ophawulekayo ka-1898 inani lafinyelela kumathani angaphezu kuka-2 100. Emzini wase-Muyang (穆阳), owawunwebeka ikhilomitha elilodwa, kwakusebenza ngasikhathi sinye izindlu zokuhweba zetiye ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha ezazinabasebenzi abaqashwe abayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ithiye lalithunyelwa nge-Guangzhou liya e-Netherlands, e-Great Britain, e-Japan nasemazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, liletha ngonyaka isiliva elingaphezu kwesigidi sama-yuan. Isaga sendawo sangaleso sikhathi sasithi: “Izwe liyachuma — ithiye lishintshaniswa ngegolide; izikebhe zimi e-Longfeng Bridge — isiliva likalwa ngezinsimbi” (国家大兴，茶换黄金，船泊龙凤桥，白银用斗量).

Ngo-1915 i-Tanyang Gongfu yathola indondo yegolide embukisweni wamazwe ngamazwe we-Panama-Pacific (巴拿马万国博览会) — kanye nesiphuzo sikazwelonke esidakayo i-Maotai — okuqinisekisa ukuthi ithiye likwizinga lemikhiqizo yomhlaba. Ngo-1934, ngokusisekelweni kwemboni yetiye yase-Fu’an, kwasungulwa isikole sokuqala sobuchwepheshe betiye e-Fujian, futhi ngaphansi kukaHulumeni Wokwakha WesiFundazwe sase-Fujian kwasungulwa isiteshi sokuthuthukisa itiye e-Shekou (kumanje i-Fujian Tea Research Institute), lapho umqondisi waso wokuqala u-Zhang Tianfu (张天福) wasungula umshini wokusonga itiye oyinhlobo engu-“9·18” — owokuqala e-China owaklanywa ngunjiniyela wase-China.

Ngemva kokuqala kweMpi Yesibili YamaJaphani NamaShayina, izindlela zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zavalwa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwawa kakhulu. Ngeminyaka yawo-1950 ukuvuselela imboni kwakhiwa izimboni zikahulumeni zokucubungula ekuqaleni e-Tanyang nase-Shuimen, kanye ne-Fu’an Tea Factory; kwaqalwa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini nokukhethwa kohlobo lwezitshalo oluphucukile — i-Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白茶), i-Fu’an Dabai (福安大白茶), i-Fuyun (福云). Ngo-1960, umkhiqizo wafinyelela kumathani angu-2 500 — okuyirekhodi lomlando. Nokho, kamuva, ngenkathi uhulumeni elungisa uhlu lwetiye, lesi sifunda sagudlulelwa ekukhiqizweni kwethiye eliluhlaza (“ukuguqulwa okusuka kokubomvu kuya kokuluhlaza”, 由红改绿), futhi ukukhiqizwa kwe-Tanyang Gongfu kwacishe kwaphela nya.

Ukuvuselelwa kwalolu phawu kwaqala ngo-2006, ngesikhathi uhulumeni wedolobha iFu’an esungula icebo “lobunye obuhlanu” (五个一), elihlanganisa nokwakhiwa kophawu olulodwa lomphakathi i-“Tanyang Gongfu”. Ngo-2009 ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bangena eLuhlu Lwamagugu Angabonakali Esifundazweni i-Fujian, kwathi ngo-2021 bangena eLuhlu Lwesihlanu Lukazwelonke Lwamagugu Angabonakali e-People’s Republic of China (遗产编号: Ⅷ-149). Leli thiye liphinde lathola ukuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo one- geographical indication (地理标志保护产品).
Igama: “Tanyang” (坦洋) — igama lendawo, igama lesigodi okuvela kulo leli thiye, esisendaweni engaphansi kweNtaba iBaiyunshan. Leli gama lesigodi ngokwalona lisichaza kahle isimo sendawo: “tan” (坦) — “ithe denge, ivulekile”, “yang” (洋) — “ibanzi, enwebekayo”, okukhombisa isimo sesigodi esiseduze nomfula wasezintabeni. “Gong fu” (工夫) — ngokomqondo “ubuciko”, “ukusebenza ngokucophelela” — yigama lesitayela lendabuko lokukhiqizwa kwethiye elibomvu lapho isigaba ngasinye sidinga izinga eliphezulu lobuciko bezandla, ukucophelela kanye nokuchitha isikhathi esiningi. Ngale ndlela, igama eliphelele lisho “ithiye elibomvu elenziwe ngobuciko elivela esigodini saseTanyang”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Tanyang Gongfu ayilona nje ithiye, kepha iwuphawu lwesiko lwase-Fu’an kanye nalo lonke elaseMpumalanga ye-Fujian (闽东, Mǐndōng). Isigodi saseTanyang sigcine amagugu okwakha enkathi yokuchuma kwezohwebo zetiye: izindlu ezindala zokuhlala, ibhuloho elinophahla, imibhoshongo yokubuka, izindlu zokukhulekela zomndeni wakwaShi noHu — konke ngesitayela se-Qing yakamuva. Isakhiwo sangaphambili sendlu yokuhweba yetiye i-“Fengtailong” (丰泰隆), esasungulwa nguShi Guangling (施光凌) — omunye wamaphayona okukhiqiza — ngokwamanje sisebenza njengomnyuziyamu womlando we-Tanyang Gongfu. I-Fu’an inesihloko esithi “INhloko-dolobha Yethiye Elibomvu LaseChina” (中国红茶之都) kanye “neNdawo Yokuzalwa Kwethiye LaseChina” (中国茶叶之乡), kanti amasimu etiye edolobha adlula ama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu (cishe amahektha angu-20 000).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Izinto zokusetshenziswa zendabuko yi-“Tanyang caicha” (坦洋菜茶) — inani labantu bendawo elincane lamacembe elihlukile Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng), elijwayelane nezimo zezintaba zase-Fu’an amakhulu eminyaka. Le nani labantu libonakala ngamahlumela amancane athambile anoboya obonakalayo kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezinukayo, okwakha “iphunga lase-longani” lwakudala (桂圆香). Ekukhiqizeni kwanamuhla kusetshenziswa ngokuhlangene ama-cultivar akhethiwe: i-Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白茶), i-Fu’an Dabai (福安大白茶), i-Fuyun 6 (福云6号) kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezinuka kakhulu, ezinikeza ingxenye ephezulu yama-tip ensundu.
Ukuvunwa: Isikhathi esiyinhloko — intwasahlobo (Mashi–Apreli), amaqembu angcono kakhulu avunwa ngaphambi nangemva nje komkhosi we-Qingming (清明). Ukuvuna ehlobo (Meyi–Juni) kunikeza amaqembu ajimile kodwa anuka kancane.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu — ihlumela elilodwa (单芽, dānyá) noma ihlumela elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè). Kumaqembu ajwayelekile — ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu (一芽二三叶, yī yá èr sān yè). Iqabunga kufanele libe lithambile, liphelele, lingenalimaza emishini.
Izidingo ezintweni zokusetshenziswa: Iqabunga elisha, eliphelele elingenazilinganiso ezinzima neminxa; ukubambezeleka okuncane phakathi kokuvunwa nokuqala ukubuna; ukufana kweqembu ngezinga lokuvuthwa kwamahlumela.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

Isigodi saseTanyang sitholakala ngaphansi kweNtaba iBaiyunshan (白云山, indawo ephakeme kakhulu — 1 449 m) elokishini iShekou enyakatho-ntshonalanga yedolobha iFu’an. Ikhrehle lezintaba lisebenza njengesihlangu semvelo, kanti umfudlana iQinghongxi (清虹溪) ugeleza unqamule esigodini usuka entshonalanga uya empumalanga, udala isimo sezulu esincanyana esinamafu ajwayelekile nobumswakama obuphezulu.

Ukuphakama kokutshala: Amasimu asemqoka atholakala ekuphakameni okungu-100–600 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni eliphakeme “Guiling hongcha” (归岭红茶) zivunwa emngceleni wezifunda i-Fu’an ne-Shouning ekuphakameni okucishe kube ngu-1 080 m — lesi sifunda esincane sithathwa njengomgogodla osemqoka womlando wekhwalithi engcono kakhulu.
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon; izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka cishe ngu-15,4 °C; imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka 1 600–1 800 mm; umswakama ophakeme ngu-78–85 %. Izintaba zivame ukumbozwa amafu kanye nenkungu, okusabalalisa ukukhanya kwelanga futhi kunomthelela ekuqongeleleni kwama-amino acid eqabungeni.
Inhlabathi: Kunenhlabathi ebomvu ene-acidic (红壤, hóng rǎng) kanye nephuzi-ebomvu, i-pH 4,5–6,5, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokudonsa kahle kwamanzi. Ukwakheka kwamaminerali enhlabathini kunikeza umunyiselo “ubumbano” olufanekisayo kanye nokunambitheka kwamaminerali kwangemuva.
Izindlela zokulima: Ngokwesiko — ukuvunwa ngesandla nokutshalwa ngendlela enobungani nemvelo. Emapulazini anamuhla, amazinga ezolimo okuphila kuyasetshenziswa; amasimu amaningi agunyaziwe ngaphansi kohlelo lokukhiqiza “okuluhlaza” (okuhlanzekile kwezemvelo).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Tanyang Gongfu ikhiqizwa ngohlelo lwakudala lwe-gongfu-hongcha, lapho ukucophelela kusigaba ngasinye kudlala indima enkulu — yilokhu kuchaza igama elithi “gongfu” egameni. Ngokomlando yonke imisebenzi yayenziwa ngesandla; namuhla kuhlanganiswa izindlela zesandla (ezingaphezulu kakhulu) nokuhanjiswa ngomshini (kumaqembu amaningi). Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa izigaba ezine eziyisisekelo zokucubungula kwasekuqaleni kanye nezigaba eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi zokucubungula kokugcina.

Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ukukhethwa ngesandla kwamahlumela amancane ngokuhambisana nezinga elifanekisayo lesigaba. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngezikhathi zasekuseni ngemva kokoma kwamazolo.
Ukubuna (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Iqabunga elivuniwe libekwa ngogqinsi oluncane emathileyini ohlanga noma ezitsheni ezikhethekile zokubuna. Inhloso — ukwehlisa amanzi kufinyelele ku-58–62 %, ukunikeza iqabunga ukuqina nokuqalisa izinqubo zokuqala ze-enzyme. Kusetshenziswa ukubuna okungokwemvelo (日光萎凋 — elangeni, noma 室内萎凋 — endlini) noma ngomshini (萎凋槽). Isikhathi siba amahora angu-8–16 kuye ngezimo. Kumaqembu aphezulu kakhulu e-Tanyang Gongfu, ukubuna okuhlanganisiwe okuthambile kuyakhethwa.
Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Iqabunga elibunile liyasongwa ukucekela phansi isakhiwo samaseli nokukhipha amanzi amaseli phezulu, okuqinisekisa i-oxidation efanayo. Ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezithambile, kusetshenziswa ukusonga okukodwa okuthatha cishe imizuzu engu-45 ngokucindezela okuncane; eqabungeni elikhudlwana — ukusonga okubili kuya kwezintathu ngokuhlukanisa izigaxa phakathi nendawo. Ukuhlukanisa izigaxa (解块 — jiěkuài) kumaqembu aphezulu kakhulu kwenziwa ngesandla ukuze kungalimali ukuma kweqabunga.
I-oxidation / ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — fājiào): Iqabunga elisontekile libekwa ngogqinsi olungu-8–10 cm ezindaweni ezikhethekile ezingeni lokushisa elingu-25–30 °C nobumswakama obungu-90–95 %. Ngenqubo ye-oxidation, ama-phenol aguqulwa abe yi-theaflavin ne-thearubigin, iqabunga lithola umbala obomvu ngokobhedu, kuvela iphunga elifanekisayo elimnandi-izithelo. Isikhathi siba amahora angu-3–5; uphawu lokuvuthwa — iphunga eligcwele izimbali nezithelo kanye nombala ofanayo obomvu ngokobhedu weqabunga.
Ukomisa (烘干 — hōnggān / 干燥 — gānzào): Ukomisa kwenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili. Esokuqala — ekushiseni okuphezulu ( cishe 120 °C) imizuzu engu-35–40 kuze kube ngumswakama ongu-~25 % — kuqinisa umphumela we-oxidation futhi kumisa izinqubo ze-enzyme. Ngemva kokupholisa nokulinganisa (摊凉 amahora angu-2–3) kwenziwa ukwomisa kwesibili ku-75–85 °C kuze kube ngumswakama ongu-~8 %. “Ukuphakamisa iphunga” kokugcina (提香 — tíxiāng) kwenziwa ku-80–85 °C kuze kube ngumswakama wokugcina ongu-~5 %, lapho itiye lapho licindezelwa liphuka libe yimpushana, bese isiqu siphuka ngehlokohloko.
Ukucubungula kokugcina (精制 — jīngzhì): I-“hongmao” eyomile (红毛茶) idlula ochungechungeni lwemisebenzi: ukuhluza-ukunyakazisa (抖筛 — dǒushāi), ukuhluza ngokuhlukanisa (撩筛 — liáoshāi), ukuthela ngomoya (扬簸 — yángbǒ), ukukhetha ngesandla (拣剔 — jiǎntī), ukugazinga kabusha (复火 — fùhuǒ), ukulinganisa iqembu (匀堆 — yúnduī) nokufakwa emabhokisini (装箱 — zhuāngxiāng). Le misebenzi eyisithupha kuya kweyishumi, echazwa ngefomula ethi “ukunyakazisa, ukuhlukanisa, ukukhipha, ukukhetha, ukuthela ngomoya, ukugeza” (抖、分、捞、选、簸、漂), yakha umgogodla wobuciko bezandla, obhalwe njengamagugu angabonakali.

6. Izici Zezwa:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imisonto emincane, esontekile ngokuqinile, eqondile (条索紧细匀直, tiáosuǒ jǐnxì yún zhí); umbala — omnyama ojulile nokucwebezela okunamafutha (乌黑油润); emaqenjini aphezulu kakhulu — ama-tip ansundu ngokwegolide noma amhlophe aqaphelekayo (金毫 / 白毫). Iqabunga lilingene, alinampushana noma imfucumfucu eqothukile, linesimo esicacile.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Lihlanzekile, lifudumele, linoshukela — kunamandla amanothi e-longani eyomisiwe (桂圆香, guìyuán xiāng), izithelo ezisomile nokuncane kwe-caramel. Emaqenjini angcono kakhulu kukhona iphunga lezimbali elincane elifanekisayo, elifana nomuthi we-cinnamon (桂花香).
Iphunga lengxube: Ligcwele, linezendlalelo eziningi — i-longani ebonakala ngokusobala iphenduka uju, izithelo ezomile (usuku, ikhurapa) kanye ne-caramel emnene. Engxubeni eshisayo ngezinye izikhathi kuvela iphunga elincane lezinkuni nesinongo. Iphunga aliguquki futhi lihlala kuze kube yizikhukhula zokugcina.
Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kuyindilinga futhi kujimile (醇厚, chúnhòu); ubumnandi obungokwemvelo (甜和, tiánhé) nobubanzi obunamanzi “afana namafutha”. Ubukrakra bumuncu futhi abugxambukeli, busheshe buguquke bube ukunambitheka okumnandi okuqhubekayo — “ukubuya kobumnandi” (回甘, huígān). Emaqenjini angcono kakhulu kune-“charm yomphimbo” (喉韵, hóuyùn) ecacile — umuzwa wokujula nokufudumala okusakazeka emphinjeni.
Umbala wengxube: Kusukela kokubomvu okugqamile oku-amber kuya kumbala oyigugu onomphetho onsundu ngokwegolide onqenqemeni lwenkomishi (金圈, jīnquān); umunyiselo usobala, uhlanzekile, unokucwebezela okuphilayo.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eligaziwe): Amaqabunga aqhakaza ngokufanayo, ethola umbala obomvu ngokobhedu nansundu ngokobhedu; ukuthungwa kunwebekayo, kuthambile; emaqenjini aphezulu kakhulu — amahlumela amancane aphelele anesakhiwo semicu ecacile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Phenolic: Ngenqubo ye-oxidation ephelele, ingxenye enkulu yama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG ne-EC) iguqulwa ibe yi-theaflavin (TF, 1–2 % wesisindo esomile) kanye ne-thearubigin (TR, 10–15 %). Ama-theaflavin anquma ukukhanya “nomphetho onsundu” wengxube, kanti ama-thearubigin — ukujula kombala “kanye nobumbano obufana nobumba”. Ingqikithi yama-phenol etiyeni eseliphelele icishe ibe ngu-10–15 % wesisindo esomile.
Ama-amino acid: Ingqikithi eyi-2–4 %, okuhlanganisa i-L-theanine (thianine) — ingxenye eyinhloko enesibopho sobumnene, ukunambitheka okumnandi kwangemuva kanye nomphumela ohlangene “wokuthula nokuvuselela” lapho ihlangene ne-caffeine.
Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine — 2–4 % wesisindo esomile (cishe 40–60 mg ngenkomishi engu-200 ml); i-theobromine ne-theophylline — ngamanani amancane.
Amavithamini: Iqembu B (B₁, B₂, B₃), uvithamini C (ucekelwa phansi ngokwengxenye ngesikhathi se-oxidation, kodwa usekhona ngamanani abonakalayo), uvithamini E.
Amaminerali: I-potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-fluoride, i-phosphorus; i-selenium — ngedosi encane kakhulu, okuvamile kumatiye abomvu aseFujian.
Amafutha abalulekile nezinhlanganisela eziphaphazelayo: Izingxenye ezingaphezu kwama-300 ezikhonjiwe, okuhlanganisa i-geraniol, i-linalool, i-phenylacetaldehyde, kanye nemikhiqizo ye-Maillard reaction, eyakheka ngesikhathi sokomisa nokufudumeza. Yile nhlanganisela kanye edala iphunga elifanekisayo le-longani ne-caramel.
Izici ezihlukile: Isilinganiso sama-theaflavin kuma-thearubigin (TF/TR) etiyeni le-Tanyang Gongfu elisezingeni elihle lithathwa njengelinye lamahle kakhulu phakathi kwama-gongfu-hongcha aseFujian, okuchaza ngasikhathi sinye umbala ogqamile, ukunambitheka okukhona kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

Ukuvuselela okumnene: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine inikeza ukuphakama okulinganayo kokuvuselela ngaphandle komphumela “wesiqongo” onamandla wekhofi — ukunaka nokugxila kukhuphuka kancane futhi kuhlala isikhathi eside.
Ukuvikela ama-antioxidant: Ama-theaflavin ne-thearubigin akhombisa umsebenzi ogqamile we-antioxidant, okunomthelela ekubhekaneni nama-radical akhululekile nasekwehliseni ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative.
Ukusekela ukugaya ukudla: Ithiye elibomvu elifudumele ngokwesiko liphuzwa ngemva kokudla; izinto ezimunca amanzi nama-phenol zishukumisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi wokugaya futhi zinothise ekusetshenzisweni kahle kokudla.
Ukuqina kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ukusetshenziswa okulinganayo okuvamile kwethiye elibomvu kuhlotshaniswa nokugcina ukunwebeka kwezindonga zemithambo nokulinganisa umfutho wegazi.
Umphumela wokufudumeza: Emithini yendabuko yaseShayina, ithiye elibomvu liyingxenye yeziphuzo ezinemvelo “efudumele” (温性, wēnxìng), okuyenza ibalulekile ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi esibandayo nakubantu abanesimo “esibandayo”.
Umphumela wokushintsha amasosha omzimba: Ama-phenol asetiyeni, ikakhulukazi uma ehlangene nama-amino acid, akhuthaza umsebenzi wamasosha omzimba.
Ukusekela ukuqonda: Inhlanganisela ye-L-theanine ne-caffeine ithuthukisa inkumbulo yokusebenza kanye nesivinini sokucubungula ulwazi, kuyilapho inciphisa izinga lokukhathazeka.
Ukuphumula ngokwezwa kanye nangokubona: Iphunga elifudumele, elimnandi le-longani kanye nokunambitheka okumnene kunomphumela wokupholisa ohlelweni lwezinzwa, okudala umuzwa wokunethezeka nokuvumelana.

9. Ukulungiselela:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C emaqenjini ajwayelekile; 85–90 °C emaqenjini aphezulu athambile anengxenye ephezulu yama-tip (ukugwema ukubaba nokwembula ubumnandi).
Inani lethiye: 4–6 g ku-100–120 ml (indlela ye-gongfu, 功夫泡法); 2–3 g ku-200–250 ml (ukuginiswa kwegidini noma enkomishini enkulu).
Isitsha: I-gaiwan yobumba (盖碗, 100–120 ml) — ukukhetha okuhle, okwembula iphunga ngaphandle kokulihlanekezela. Igidini yobumba — inguquko enhle. Emaqenjini ajimile, akhuluphele, igidini le-Yixing elenziwe ngobumba onsomi (紫砂壶) liyasebenza, elithambisa ifilimu futhi lengeza ukuyindilinga. I-chahai yengilazi (公道杯) ivumela ukuhlola “umphetho onsundu” wengxube.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa zonke izitsha ngamanzi abilayo bese unitha amanzi.
2. Thela itiye ku-gaiwan bese uhefuzela iphunga elomile, uvale isivalo kancane.
3. Ukuhlambulula (uma uthanda): thela amanzi, nithishe ngokushesha (imizuzwana engu-1–2) — lokhu “kuvusa” iqabunga. Emaqenjini athambile ukuhlambulula akudingekile.
4. Isikhukhula sokuqala: 5–10 s. Ingxube kufanele isivele igqamile futhi inephunga.
5. Isici sesibili kuya kweyesine: 8–12 s.
6. Emva kwalokho kancane kancane yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-3–5 ngesikhukhula ngasinye esilandelayo.
7. Umhlahlandlela: 6–10 izikhukhula eqenjini elisezingeni. Amaqembu ajimile, avuthiwe angakwazi ukumelana nangaphezulu.
8. Ngokuginiswa kwegidini enkulu/incomishi: thela 2–3 g wethiye ngamanzi angu-200–250 ml angu-90 °C, ginisa imizuzu engu-2–3.

10. Ukugcina:

Isitsha esivala umoya: ikani lensimbi elinesivalo esiqinile, isitsha setiye sobumba (chazan) noma isikhwama se-vacuum se-foil.
Ukuvikelwa ekukhanyeni, kumswakama, emaphungeni angaphandle nasekuguqukeni kwamaqa okushisa.
Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokugcina: 10–25 °C, indawo eyomile emnyama.
Amatiye abomvu wohlobo lwe-gongfu-hongcha abonakala kahle kakhulu phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12–24 ngemva kokukhiqizwa. Nokho, amaqembu ajimile e-Tanyang Gongfu angaba “yindilinga” uma egcinwe ngokucophelela iminyaka engu-2–3, ethola amanothi engeziwe ajulile okhuni nesinongo.
Gwema ukugcina eduze kwezinongo, ikhofi, amakha kanye neminye imithombo yamaphunga anamandla.
Itiye limunca umswakama — uma ligcinwa endaweni enomswakama, kunconywa ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe (ama-silica-gel ngaphakathi kwesitsha).

11. Intengo Nokukopela:

Intengo ye-Tanyang Gongfu iyahlukahluka kakhulu: amaqembu ajwayelekile atholakala ngezintengo eziphansi, kuyilapho amaqembu aphezulu kakhulu ezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-“caicha” zaseNtabeni iGuiling, futhi ikakhulukazi ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezinomkhawulo ze-“归岭红茶” ezivela ekuphakameni okungu-~1 080 m, angabiza ngokuphindaphindekayo. Izinto ezinomthelela enanini: ukuphakama kokutshala, i-cultivar (i-“caicha” yakudala ibaluleke kakhulu kunezinhlobo ezikhethiwe), izinga lokuvuna (ingxenye yama-tip), izinga lomsebenzi wesandla, ukuba khona kwemiklomelo kanye nesimo se-GI.

Indlela yokugwema amakopela:
1. Thenga kubathengisi abavunyiwe abanokulandelela kweqembu — kukhonjiswe unyaka, isizini, isifunda nomkhiqizi. Qaphela ukuba khona kwesibonakaliso se-geographical indication (地理标志产品保护).
2. Bala ukubukeka: i-Tanyang Gongfu yangempela kufanele ibe nokusonteka okulinganayo, okuconile ngaphandle kwempushana nezingcezu eziphukile; amaqembu aphezulu kakhulu — anama-tip ansundu ngokwegolide noma amhlophe aqaphelekayo.
3. Hlola iphunga: lihlanzekile, lingenakho ukunukansika kwamakhemikhali, okushisiwe noma okubabayo. Iphunga langempela — limnene, linoshukela ngezithelo, le-longani.
4. Bala ingxube: kufanele ivuleke, ibe nombala ogqamile obomvu-amber nonomphetho onsundu ngokwegolide. Ingxube enodaka noma efile iwuphawu lwezinga eliphansi noma lokuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe.
5. Ungakholelwa kalula amaqembu “awine” noma “awokuncintisana” ngezintengo eziphansi ngokukrokrisayo — cishe into embi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Tanyang Gongfu bufakwe eLuhlu Lwesihlanu Lukazwelonke Lwamagugu Angabonakali e-People’s Republic of China (2021) ngenombolo Ⅷ-149 — “Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ithiye elibomvu (ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza itiye le-Tanyang Gongfu)” (红茶制作技艺·坦洋工夫茶制作技艺).
Ngo-1962 izimbewu zezihlahla zetiye ezazivela e-Tanyang zathunyelwa edolobheni lase-Sikasso (eMali, e-Afrika) ukuze zitshalwe ngokuhlola — ngaleyo ndlela ithiye lase-Tanyang lasakazekela ngale kweChina futhi latshalwa ngempumelelo kwenye izwekazi.
Ebhekwa njengephakeme kakhulu ngekhwalithi yi-“Guiling hongcha” (归岭红茶) — ithiye elibomvu elivela eNtabeni iGuiling emngceleni wezifunda i-Fu’an ne-Shouning, livunwa ekuphakameni okucishe kube ngu-1 080 m. Ukukhiqizwa kwalo kunomkhawulo omkhulu, futhi ngokuya ngezici zokunambitheka ochwepheshe balibeka ezingeni le-Jinjunmei.
Ingcweti yetiye u-Zhang Tianfu (张天福, 1910–2017), obizwa ngo-“khkho wetiye laseChina”, wayelazisa kakhulu i-Tanyang Gongfu futhi washiya umbhalo othi: “I-Tanyang Gongfu — idume eChina naphesheya” (坦洋工夫，驰名中外).
Esigodini saseTanyang kusekhona “ama-tea silver notes” (茶银票) — izimali zawo siqu ezazikhishwa izindlu ezinkulu zokuhweba zetiye ngenkathi yokuchuma kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze zisetshenziselwe ukukhokhela abaphakeli nabasebenzi.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu:

I-Zhengshan Xiaozhong (正山小种, Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng): Umsunguli wawo wonke amatiye abomvu emhlabeni, avela esifundazweni i-Wuyishan. Yehluka ngobuchwepheshe bokushunqiswa ngezinkuni zikaphayini (ngesitayela sendabuko), okunikeza iphunga elinentuthu nelihlabayo — eliphambene nefilimu elimsulwa elinoshukela nezithelo le-Tanyang Gongfu. Umzimba unamandla kakhulu, “nobumnene obumnyama” obuphawulekayo; i-Tanyang imnene, ihloniphekile futhi “inezithelo” kakhulu.
I-Bailin Gongfu (白琳工夫, Báilín Gōngfū): Elesibili “lamagongfu amathathu amakhulu aseFujian”, esifundeni saseBailin (edolobheni iFuding). Ngokuvamile lilula kancane emzimbeni, linesici esikhulu sezimbali ephunga kanye nokuthungwa okuthambile. I-Tanyang ijimile kakhudlwana, inefilimu enkulu ye-longani.
I-Qimen Hong Cha (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá): “I-Qi Hong” evela esifundazweni i-Anhui — ngelinye lamatiye amakhulu ayishumi aseChina. Uphawu lwalo olufanekisayo — ibizwa ngokuthi “iphunga laseQimen” (祁门香), elichazwa njengoju-okhididi elinamanothi e-rose egcwele ushukela. Ingxube ilula futhi “inephunga” uma iqhathaniswa nefilimu egcwele futhi “efudumele” ye-longani ye-Tanyang Gongfu.
I-Dian Hong (滇红, Diānhóng): Ithiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan elivela ezinhlobonhlobo eziqhamuka emaqabungeni amakhulu e-assamica (C. sinensis var. assamica). Lijimile kakhulu futhi “linomzimba”, linama-tip agqamile asagolide, ukunambitheka kukashokoledi, ushukela oshisiwe nezinongo zepepper. I-Tanyang imuncane kakhulu, ihloniphekile futhi “ibushelelezi” ngokuthungwa.
I-Lichuan Hong (利川红, Lìchuān Hóng): Ithiye elibomvu lase-Hubei elinomkhuba ofanekisayo “wokungaboni nakufiphalisa okubandayo” (冷后浑). Ngokomzimba iqhathaniseka ne-Tanyang, kodwa inobumnandi obugqamile boju kanye namanothi “wamahlumela ezihlahla”, ihlukile ngokuqukethwe kwe-selenium. I-Tanyang — “inezithelo” kakhulu futhi “iyindilinga” ngefilimu.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Tanyang Gongfu iyithiye elinomlingiswa nomlando, elihlanganise ubuciko bezizukulwane eziyishumi zabenzi bethiye abavela esigodini sasezintabeni ngaphansi kweBaiyunshan. Iphunga lalo elifanekisayo le-longani eyomisiwe, ukunambitheka okumnandi okuyindilinga nokunambitheka okufudumele futhi okuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nomunyu oyigugu onobuhle onompetho onsundu kwenza leli thiye libe ukukhetha okuhle kokuphuza itiye okunganemejesi ngemva kokudla kwasemini noma ngesikhathi esithulile sakusihlwa. Kulabo abafuna indlela esuka kumatiye abomvu ajwayelekile ase-Yunnan noma e-Wuyishan kuya kokuqukethe okuncane futhi okunemininingwane, i-Tanyang Gongfu izoba ngumhlahlandlela omuhle oya ezweni lama-gongfu-hongcha aseFujian — izwe lapho isikhukhula ngasinye sembula umbala omusha “womsebenzi wobuciko”, owaqalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa edlule esigodini esincane osebeni lomfudlana wasezintabeni.