ISunglu Cha

ISunglu Cha (松萝茶, Sōngluó chá) iyitiyela eliluhlaza lomlando elivela eNtabeni iSongluoshan esifundeni saseXiuning esifundazweni sase-Anhui, elinendawo ekhethekile emlandweni wetshalo lomhlaba wonke: yilapho, ngenkathi yoMbuso WaseMing, indela yobuBudha eyayibizwa ngokuthi “u-Dafang Heshang” (大方和尚, Dàfāng Héshàng – “Indela uDafang”) yasungula ubuchwepheshe bokusongela okushisayo embizeni (炒青, chǎoqīng), yathatha indawo yendlela yasendulo yogibayo (蒸青, zhēngqīng). Lokhu okwasungulwa kwaqala uguquko ekukhiqizweni kwetiyela futhi kwaba yisisekelo sawo wonke amatiyela aluhlaza asongelwe kamuva aseChina – kusukela kuLung Jing kuya kuBiluochun. ISunglu Cha – impela “umkhulu” wamatiyela aluhlaza asongelwe.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nendawo:

• Uhlobo: Itiyela eliluhlaza (elingagayuliwe). Liyingxenye yamatiyela aluhlaza asongelwe (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá) – ngokomlando okuwuhlobo lokuqala lwamatiyela aluhlaza asongelwe eChina.

• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo ovikelwe Ngokwezindawo Ezikhethekile Zikazwelonke (国家地理标志保护产品, 2012). Itiyela lomlando lobukhosi (贡茶) loMbuso WaseQing. Ngo-2024 lihlanganiswe ohlwini lokuphromotha kwezindawo ezikhethekile lohlelo “Ibhande Nomgwaqo Owodwa”.

• Indawo Yokudabuka: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), isifunda saseXiuning (休宁县, Xiūníng Xiàn). Indawo enezimpawu zendawo ihlanganisa amadolobhana nezindawo zasemaphandleni eziyi-21 zesifunda, okuhlanganisa i-Haiyang (海阳镇), i-Wan’an (万安镇) ne-Qijunshan (齐云山镇).

• Inhliziyo yendawo: INtaba iSongluoshan (松萝山, Sōngluó Shān) – indawo yehlathi lokuqala ekuphakameni okungamamitha angama-600–700, endaweni yezinto ezakhiwe ngesikhathi seqhwa (冰碛岩地貌).

• Izixhumanisi Zendawo: Cishe 29°46′ enyakatho, 118°12′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: ISunglu Cha ingelinye lamatiyela ambalwa umlando wawo uhlobene nokusungulwa kobuchwepheshe okwaguqula konke ukukhiqizwa kwetiyela eChina.

  Ngesikhathi sikaHongzhi (弘治, 1488–1505) woMbuso WaseMing, indela yobuBudha uDafang (大方, Dàfāng), eyayihlala eNtabeni iSongluoshan, yaklama indlela yokusongela amaqabunga etiyela amasha ngokushisa okuphezulu embizeni yensimbi – i-chaoqing (炒青). Ngaphambi kwalokho amakhulu eminyaka eChina kwakugcwele indlela yogibayo (蒸青, zhēngqīng), ebiyifa kusukela emibusweni yaseTang neSong. Ukusongela kwaba intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe: kwaveza iphunga elizinze, ukulondolozeka okungcono kanye nenhlobonhlobo ethe xaxa yokunambitheka. Kusukela eNtabeni iSongluo ubuchwepheshe be-“chaoqing” basabalala kuso sonke isifundazwe sase-Anhui, bese kuthi kulo lonke iChina, baba yisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kukaLung Jing, i-Biluochun, i-Mao Feng namanye amatiyela ezinkulungwane.

  Umbhali wakwaMing uFeng Shike (冯时可, Féng Shíkě) encwadini ethi “AmaNothi Ngetiyela” (茶录, Chálù) waphawula: “Eminyakeni eyedlule esifundeni saseHuizhou kwakungekho itiyela; muva nje kwavela i-sunglo – futhi yaba yinto ethandwa kakhulu” (徽郡向无茶，近出松萝茶最为时尚). Imbongi uZheng Banqiao (郑板桥, Zhèng Bǎnqiáo) yanikela itiyela inkondlo: “Incwadi yetiyela entsha – ngiphunga i-Sunglu” (一壶新茗泡松萝).

  Esikhathini soMbuso WaseQing iSunglu Cha yaba “igun-cha” (贡茶) – itiyela lobukhosi. Ngo-1745 itiyela lathathwa lanqamula ulwandle ngomkhumbi wezentengiselwano waseSweden “IGöteborg” (哥德堡号, Gēdébǎo Hào) – lokhu okokuqala okuqoshwe emibhalweni ngokuvela kwetiyela eliluhlaza laseChina eYurophu.

  Ngo-2012 iSunglu Cha yathola ukuvikelwa njengendawo kazwelonke ekhethekile. Ngo-2024 yahlanganiswa ohlwini lokuphromotha kwezindawo ezikhethekile lohlelo “Ibhande Nomgwaqo Owodwa” – ukubuya okuyingcaca emkhakheni wamazwe ngamazwe.

• Igama:

  • “Sunglu” (松萝) – “Imisunduzi Yophayini” (noma “Uphayini Nomfulwelwe”): incazelo yobunkondlo yendawo yentaba, egcwele ophayini nezitshalo ezithandelayo.
  • “Cha” (茶) – “itiyela”.

• Ukubaluleka Kwamasiko: ISunglu Cha “iyindawo lapho umlando wehlukana khona” emlandweni wetiyela lomhlaba: ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe bokusongela eNtabeni iSunglu kwahlukanisa umlando wetiyela “ngaphambi” (inkathi yogibayo) “nangemva” (inkathi yokusongela). Ngaphandle kweSunglu Cha bekungeke kube khona u-Lung Jing, i-Biluochun, i-Mao Feng – yonke le nhlobonhlobo yesimanje yamatiyela aluhlaza aseChina. Leli tiyele liwu bukazi obuphilayo bokuthi ukusungula kwendela eyodwa ethafeni elifulele lase-Anhui kwayishintsha kanjani inkumbiselo yempucuko yonke.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusebenza:

• Izinhlobo / I-Cultivar: I-cultivar eyinhloko – iSunglu Zhong (松萝种, Sōngluó Zhǒng) – uhlobo lwendawo lwamaqabunga amancane Camellia sinensis var. sinensis olukhuliswa ngembewu. Lubonakala ngamaqabunga amakhulu, anesisu, amagatsha aqinile noboya obuningi. Ngokwengeziwe kusetshenziswa i-Zhuqi (槠叶齐, Zhūyèqí) ne-Huangshan Dayezhong (黄山大叶种) – izinhlobo ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namakhulu, ezifaneleka kahle ukukhiqiza itiyela eliluhlaza elisongelwe.

• Ukuvunwa: Ukuvunwa kwentwasahlobo. Ezingeni eliphakeme (特级) – imiqumbe egcwele noma umqumbe owodwa neqabunga elilodwa. Elezinga lokuqala – umqumbe owodwa namacembe amabili esigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka. Elezinga lesibili – umqumbe owodwa namacembe amabili avulekile.

• Izidingo Zezinto Zokusebenza: Amagatsha athambile, afanayo, amasha futhi angenamonakalo. Ukugaywa kwenziwa ngosuku lokuvunwa.

4. Indawo Nezici Zokutshalwa Kwayo:

• Ukuphakama Kokutshalwa: Amamitha angama-600–800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Inhliziyo – indawo yehlathi lokuqala eNtabeni iSongluoshan.

• Isimo Sezulu: Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lonyaka – 16–18°C, inani lemvula lonyaka – 1500–2000 mm, umswakama ovamile – ngaphezu kuka-78%. Ukuhwalalisa unyaka wonke nokukhanya okuhlakazekile. Uhlaza oluminyene lungaphezu kuka-60%.

• Umhlabathi: Isici esiyingqayizivele – inhlabathi eyakhiwe emfucumfucwini yesikhathi seqhwa (冰碛岩, bīngjī yán). Le nhlabathi “enesihlabathi esimnyama” (乌沙土, wūshā tǔ) ine-pH engu-4.5–6.5, icebile nge-selenium (硒, xī) nezinye izakhi eziyivelakancane. Okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo – akukho ngaphansi kuka-1.0%. Umhlabathi wesikhathi seqhwa uyivelakancane kwezokwakheka komhlaba, unikeza itiyela iphrofayili ekhethekile yezimbiwa.

• Uhlelo Lwemvelo: INtaba iSongluoshan izungezwe ihlathi lokuqala. Izivande zetiyela zakhiwe ohlelweni lwemvelo lwasehlathini, ngaphandle kokungcoliswa yizimboni.

5. Ubungcweti Bokukhiqiza:

Ubungcweti beSunglu Cha liyifa eliqondile lokusungulwa kwendela uDafang. Okuyisisekelo ukuphuza okushisayo okuphezulu (杀青) ngo-220–280°C, okuphakeme kakhulu kunamatiyela amaningi aluhlaza esimanje. Lesi yisici esivelele “sophawu” lwesikole se-sunglu.

• Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎi zhāi): Ukuvunwa kwentwasahlobo ngesandla kwamagatsha athambile.

• Ukuhlukanisa nokumisa (摊放 — tānfàng): Izinto zokusebenza zihlukaniswa ezitsheni zendabuko zoqalo ukuze zomiswe isikhashana.

• “Ukubulala uhlaza” / Ukulungisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Ukusongela okushisayo okuphezulu ngo-220–280°C – isigaba esiyinhloko, “esilungisa” iphunga (锁香, suǒxiāng). Yilesi zinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu elakha iphunga elijulile, “elishisiwe” elihambisana neSunglu Cha.

• Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ukwakha amaqabunga etiyela, ukukhipha ijusi yamaseli.

• Ukusongela komkhiqizo osembikeni omanzi (滚/炒湿胚 — gǔn / chǎo shī pēi): Ukusongela okwengeziwe ukuze kuhlanganiswe isakhiwo.

• Ukuhlunga nokuhlukanisa (分筛摊晾 — fēnshāi tānliáng): Ukwahlukanisa izigaba nokupholisa okumaphakathi.

• Ukomisa okokugcina (足干 — zúgān): Ukufinyelela esimweni esizinzile.

• Ukuveza iphunga (提香 — tíxiāng): Ukufudumeza okokugcina ngo-110–120°C ngomlilo ophansi – “ukudonsela” uboya obumhlophe phezulu nokulungisa iphunga.

6. Izici Zokuhlola:

• Ukwakheka ngeso kwamaqabunga omile: Amagatsha aqinile, asongwe ngokuphelele (条索紧卷匀壮), anemibala eluhlaza okotshani ngokumnyama nokucwebezela okunamafutha (绿润油亮). Ezingeni eliphakeme – uboya obuningi obusagolide (金毫显露). Isimo – esijwayelekile “esimise okwenkontilela” (条索形), ngaphandle kwesicaba noma okwakheka njengegranuli. Izinhlobonhlobo: esimise okwenkontilela (条形), esimise okwenaliti (针形), esisongwe (卷曲形).

• Iphunga lamaqabunga omile: Eliphakeme, elizinze, “elishisiwe” (高爽香, gāoshuǎng xiāng). Iphunga eliyingqayizivele leSunglu Cha le-olivu (橄榄香, gǎnlǎn xiāng) – “umsi” ongavamile wokusongela okushisayo okuphezulu, okusikhumbuza iphunga lama-olivu. Iphunga le-orchid (兰花香) libonakala ezinhlotsheni ezinjengenaliti.

• Iphunga lomkhiqizo ophuzwayo: Eligcwele, elijulile, elinokuphakama kwephunga le-olivu. Amaphunga e-orchid ne-castane. Iphunga elisele enkomishini engenalutho (冷杯留香) lihlala ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-30 – lokhu kuthathwa njengophawu lwezinga.

• Ukunambitheka: Okuqinile nokugcwele (浓厚, nónghòu) – okuqukethwe yi-poly phenol okungama-≥25% kunikeza “umzimba” onamandla. Okumtoti futhi okuthambile (甘醇, gānchún) – ubumnandi obugqamile obubuyayo. Ukuzwa okuncane kokuphola (微带清凉感) – kuhlotshaniswa nokuba khona kwe-selenium emhlabathini.

• Umbala womkhiqizo ophuzwayo: Oluhlaza okotshani ngokugqamile, ohlanzekile futhi osobala (鲜绿明亮). Ezinhlotsheni ezisongwe – ugcwele kakhudlwana.

• Ithemba leityela (iqabunga eliphushiwe): Amagatsha athambile, anwebekayo, anombala oluhlaza olinganayo. Iqabunga liphelele, lingenamonakalo.

7. Ukwakheka Ngamakhemikhali:

Umhlabathi wesikhathi seqhwa, ocebile nge-selenium, nokusongela okushisayo okuphezulu kwakha iphrofayili eyingqayizivele:

• Ama-Poly phenol (ama-Catechin): Okuqukethwe – ama-≥25% wesisindo esomile – ngaphezu kwesilinganiso samatiyela aluhlaza. Kunikeza amandla amakhulu okulwa nokucindezelwa yi-oxidation nesakhiwo esibambekayo sokunambitheka.

• Ama-Amino acid (okuhlanganisa i-L-theanine): Okuqukethwe okwanele ukwakha ubumnandi nokuthamba, ukulinganisa okuphakeme kwama-poly phenol.

• Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine – okuqukethwe okubalulekile. Kunikeza umphumela ogqamile wokuvuselela amandla.

• Ama-Theaflavin (茶黄素, chá huángsù): Akhona ngamanani abonakalayo – asiza ukulawula izinga le-cholesterol.

• I-Selenium (硒, xī): Okuqukethwe okuphezulu – umphumela wokukhula emhlabathini wesikhathi seqhwa oqukethe i-selenium. I-Selenium iyi-antioxidant enamandla nokuqinisa amasosha omzimba.

• Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C, amavithamini eqembu B.

• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-Magnesium, i-Zinc, i-Manganese, i-Iron, i-Fluorine, i-Selenium.

8. Izinto Ezinempilo:

• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya (消食): Ama-Poly phenol akhuthaza ukuhlukaniseka kwamafutha ngokusebenza ngempumelelo, ngokusho kocwaningo, okuphindwe kabili kunetiyela eliluhlaza elimaphakathi.

• Ukulawula iphrofayili ye-lipid (去肥腻): Ama-Theaflavin acindezela ukwakhiwa kwe-cholesterol.

• Ukusekela uhlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi (降三高): Ama-Catechin aqinisa ukugoqeka kwemithambo yegazi, asiza ukulinganisela umfutho wegazi nezinga likashukela egazini.

• Umphumela wokulwa nokucindezelwa yi-oxidation: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-poly phenol ne-selenium kunikeza ukuvikeleka okunamandla ekucindezelekeni yi-oxidation.

• Umphumela wokuvuselela amandla: I-Caffeine inikeza amandla nokuqaphela.

• Kubalulekile: izakhiwo ezibaluliwe zisekelwe emininingweni etholakala emphakathini futhi azikho izincomo zezokwelapha.

9. Ukuphuza:

• Izinga Lokushisa Lamanzi: 80–90°C (amanzi abilayo, apholiswe ~imizuzu emi-2).

• Inani Letiyela: Amagremu ama-3 ku-150 ml wamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:50).

• Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan yobumba elimhlophe.

• Inqubo:

  1. Fudumeza isitsha ngamanzi ashisayo, uwalahle.
  2. Fakela itiyela, uthele amanzi ngo-1/3, unyakazise – “vula iphunga” (摇香).
  3. Gcwalisa amanzi afinyelele ku-7/10 wethamo.
  4. Phuza imizuzu emi-1–2.
  5. Itiyela likwazi ukumela ukuphuzwa okugcwele okungu-3.

• Qaphela: ISunglu Cha esanda kuthengwa kuvame ukutshalwa okungenani inyanga – ngalesi sikhathi kuphuma ukunambitheka “komlilo” okuvela ekusongelweni okushisayo okuphezulu, kanti iphunga le-olivu eliyingcaca liba thambile futhi lidleleke kangcono. Iphunga elisele enkomishini engenalutho (冷杯留香) ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-30 – uphawu lobuqiniso nezinga.

10. Ukugcina:

• Gcina esitsheni esivaleke kahle, endaweni enokumnyama, eyomile futhi epholile.
• Izinga lokushisa elifanele – 0–5°C (efrijini), ekupakisheni okuvalekile.
• Isikhathi sokugcina – kufika ezinyangeni eziyi-12–18 uma kuhlangatshezwana nezimo.
• Ngemva kokuvula – sebenzisa ezinyangeni ezi-1–2.

11. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa:

ISunglu Cha iyitiyela elikhiqizwa kancane elivela emadolobhaneni angu-21 esifunda saseXiuning. Inhliziyo yendawo – indawo encane yehlathi lokuqala eNtabeni iSongluoshan – ephinde ikhawulele ivolumu yezahlukaniso ezingcono.

Iziqondiso zamanani: izinga eliphakeme (特级) – kusuka ku-800 yuan nge-jin (500 g) nangaphezulu; izinga lokuqala nelesibili – elitholakala kalula kakhulu.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe abanophawu lwendawo yezwe esifundeni saseXiuning.
  • Hlola iphunga: iphunga le-olivu eliyingcaca – “uphawu” lwenkampani lweSunglu Cha. Ukungabikho kwethoni ye-olivu kanye nokuba khona kwephunga “le-caramel” – uphawu lwezinga eliphansi.
  • Hlola “inkomishi ebandayo”: iphunga elisele enkomishini engenalutho kufanele lihlale ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-30. Ukuphefumuleka okusheshayo – kuyimbangela yokungabaza.
  • Hlola ukwakheka ngeso: amagatsha aqinile, asongwe ngokuphelele nokucwebezela okunamafutha. Iqabunga elinyukubala, elifiphele – uphawu lokukhwabanisa.
  • Bheka intengo: intengo ephansi ngendlela okumangalisayo – uphawu oluqinisekile lokukhwabanisa.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Indela uDafang yaseNtabeni iSongluoshan – umsunguli wobuchwepheshe “i-chaoqing” (炒青, ukusongela uhlaza embizeni). Lokhu kusungulwa ngenkathi yoMbuso WaseMing kwaba intuthuko ebaluleke kunazo zonke kwezobuchwepheshe emlandweni wokukhiqiza itiyela ngemva kokuvela kwalo, kwaqala wonke amatiyela aluhlaza asongelwe esimanje eChina.

• Ngo-1745 iSunglu Cha yathwalwa yanqamula olwandle amabili ngomkhumbi wezentengiselwano waseSweden “IGöteborg” (哥德堡号) – lokhu okokuqala okuqoshwe emibhalweni ngokuvela kohlobo olukhethekile lwetiye eliluhlaza laseChina eYurophu. Umkhumbi wacwila ogwini lwaseSweden, kodwa ingxenye yempahla yasindiswa – futhi itiyela lafika kubathengi baseYurophu.

• Imbongi uZheng Banqiao (郑板桥, 1693–1766) – omunye “Weziyingwazi Eziyisishiyagalombili ZaseYangzhou”, umdwebi womlando nombhali – wahlabelela iSunglu Cha ezinkondlweni: “Incwadi yetiyela entsha – ngiphunga i-Sunglu” (一壶新茗泡松萝).

• Umhlaba wesikhathi seqhwa (冰碛岩) weNtaba iSongluoshan uyindida kwezokwakheka komhlaba eneminyaka eyizigidi zezinkulungwane ubudala. I-Selenium, equkethwe yile mhlabathi, ngokwemvelo icebisa iqabunga letiyela, okuvezwa ukuzwa okuyingcaca kokuphola ekunambithekeni.

• Ukuhlanganiswa kweSunglu Cha ohlwini “lwebhande Nomgwaqo Owodwa” ngo-2024 ukubuya okuyingcaca kwetiyela emizileni yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe owayekade elilandela ngayo ngekhulu le-18.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Ama-Tea Aluhlaza Angokomlando E-Anhui Province:

• Huangshan Mao Feng (黄山毛峰): Itiyela elomisiwe (烘青) elinesimo “soqhoqhoqho wesidlunkulu”. I-Mao Feng – ithambile futhi inezimbali; iSunglu Cha – iqine kakhulu, inephunga le-olivu eliqinile kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-poly phenol.

• Liu’an Gua Pian (六安瓜片): “Izinhlamvithi zomhlwente” eziyisicaba ezivela emaqabungeni ahlanzekile angenamiqumbe. I-Gua Pian – inotshani; iSunglu Cha – “ishisiwe” futhi inezimbiwa.

• Yongxi Huo Qing (涌溪火青): Itiyela eliyigobolondo lesifunda saseJingxian. I-Huo Qing – iyigranuli, inomvubelo yebhilikoza; iSunglu Cha – isongwe, inephunga le-olivu.

• Tongcheng Xiao Hua (桐城小花): Kusuka esifundeni saseTongcheng. I-lula, enezimbali, intekenteke. ISunglu Cha – inamandla futhi igcwele kakhulu.

Ekuphetheni:

ISunglu Cha iyitiyela eliyivarhulo, itiyela elinoguquko. Lapho indela uDafang eNtabeni iSongluoshan okokuqala ephonsa amaqabunga etiyela amasha embizeni eshisayo esikhundleni sokuwagiba ngendlela yasendulo, akagcinanga ngokwakha ukunambitheka okusha – washintsha umzila wempucuko wonke. Ngaphandle kwalesi senzo bekungeke kube khona nephunga le-castane likaLung Jing, izivunguvungu zezithelo ze-Biluochun, amagobolondo esagolide e-Yongxi Huo Qing. Namuhla iSunglu Cha – eqinile, ene-olivu, enezimbiwa, enokuphola kwe-selenium kanye nomsindo wangemva kwemizuzu engama-30 enkomishini engenalutho – akuyona nje into ephuzwayo, kodwa inhlonipho ekusungulweni, esikweleta kukho ukunambitheka kwalo lonke itiyela eliluhlaza laseChina.