Shuǐmǎn Chá

Shuǐmǎn Chá iyitiye eliyingqayizivele lasezintabeni eziphakeme zesiqhingi esishisayo iHainan, elikhiqizwa enhliziyweni yezintaba zase‑Wuzhishan kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwasendle olunamaqabunga amakhulu, olwafuywa ngabantu baseLi (黎族). Leli elinye lamatiye amadala nahlonishwa kakhulu eHainan: ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaQing laliyingxenye yemihlatshelo eyayifakwa enkantolo, futhi namuhla selibe wuphawu lokuvuselelwa kwetiye emahlathini ashisayo eChina. Likhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili: luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokubomvu; oluhlaza luphawuleka “ngokulungiswa kathathu” emlilweni wezinkuni, kanti olubomvu lungobumnandi bezinyosi kanye nokuqina okumangalisayo.

1. Uhlobo Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Kakhulukazi itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) — elingagayiswanga; kuphinde kukhiqizwe itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — eligayiswe ngokuphelele. Uhlobo oluluhlaza luyindlela yendabuko futhi yilona oluvelele.
• Isigaba: Itiye lesifunda elinomlando esiqhingini saseHainan; itiye elikhethekile lasezintabeni ezishisayo (热带高山茶). Layingxenye yemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo yedolobha iWuzhishan.
• Imvelaphi: I‑China, isifundazwe saseHainan (海南省), idolobha iWuzhishan (五指山市), isigodi saseShuiman (水满乡). Igama elithi “Shuiman” (水满) ngolimi lwabantu baseLi lisho “okwasendulo, okungcwele, okuphakeme kakhulu” — okuyinkomba yesikhundla esihlonishwayo sale ndawo emlandweni wabantu baseLi.
• Izixhumanisi ze‑jiyomethri: cishe 109°30′ E, 18°50′ N (isigodi saseShuiman, phansi kwentaba i‑Wuzhishan).
• Amanye amagama: Wuzhishan Chá (五指山茶) — “itiye laseNtabeni Yamazinyo amahlanu”; Wuzhishan Yě Chá (五指山野茶) — “itiye lasendle laseWuzhishan”; Lí Chá (黎茶, Líchá) — “itiye labantu baseLi”; Shuiman Dàyè Chá (水满大叶茶) — “itiye elinamaqabunga amakhulu laseShuiman”.
• Isimo sokuvikelwa: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo lokuma kwezwe (国家农产品地理标志). Uhlobo lwaseHainan olunamaqabunga amakhulu (海南大叶种) lufakwe ohlwini lwezinhlobo zezwe ngaphansi kwenombolo GS13016—1985. Ngo‑2024 ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokukhiqiza bukwa‑ke babhaliswa ohlwini lwamagugu angabonakali.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Ngokwamasiko:

• Umlando:

Umlando wetiye laseShuiman usukela emandulo kubantu baseLi — esinye sezizwe ezindala kakhulu eChina, esahlala esiqhingini saseHainan eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu edlule. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu baseLi babephakathi kwabantu bokuqala abathola futhi basebenzisa izihlahla zetiye zasendle emahlathini ashisayo — ekuqaleni njengomuthi. Inganekwane yendawo ikhuluma ngensizwa engumzingeli (“Lego”), eyagula ngesikhathi izingela enyameni yasentabeni, futhi yelashwa ngomhluzo wamaqabunga esihlahla setiye sasendle, owaphekwa ngumkayo (“Limei”). Kusukela lapho, abantu baseLi baqala ukuhlonipha la maqabunga njengalawo “ayisimangaliso” (神叶, shényè).

Ngokomunye umlando, ngo‑748 (ngonyaka wesikhombisa wokubusa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo sikaTianbao), indela elikhulu lamaBuddha uJianzhen (鉴真), eyayisendleleni eya eJapane, yaphihlika umkhumbi ngasosebeni oluseningizimu yeHainan. Abahambi naye babehlushwa isifo sohudo kanye nokukhathala okukhulu; inyanga yaseLi yaseShuiman yaletha amaqabunga etiye lasendle, kwathi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zokuphuza umhluzo bonke basinda. Abahamba naye bamemeza: “Ngempela, iqabunga eliyisimangaliso laseShuiman.” (真可谓水满神叶也).

Ukubhalwa kokuqala okuthembekile kusukela enkathini yobukhosi bakwaMing: encwadini ethi “Qiongtai Zhi” (《琼台志》, “Umlando WaseQiongtai”, 1521) kuthiwa itiye elidume kakhulu esiqhingini likhula eShuiman yaseWuzhishan; izihlahla “zikhulu, ziwubude bomuntu,” kanti itiye “linomoya ohlanzekile futhi ocacile” (气味清醇). Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaQing, i‑“Ding’an Xianzhi” (《定安县志》) iqukethe isilinganiso esithokozisayo: “Iphunga nokunambitheka [kwetiye laseShuiman] kungcono kakhulu kuzo zonke izintaba zabantu baseLi” (气味香美，冠诸黎山), futhi iphawula ukuthi itiye selidume kudala, kodwa ukulithola kunzima kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sakwaQing, i‑Shuiman Chá yayingaphakathi kwemihlatshelo eyayiyiswa enkantolo.

Ngo‑1882, isazi sezitshalo nethunywa levangeli laseMelika uBenjamin Henry (香便文, Xiāng Biànwén) ngesikhathi sohambo lwezinsuku ezingama‑45 eHainan lathola izihlahla zetiye zasendle emahlathini asezintabeni, lazichaza njengezomdabu futhi laqopha ukuthi abantu baseLi bawaqoqa futhi bawomise amaqabunga ukuze bawathengise ngegama elithi “Li Chá” (黎茶).

Ngo‑1958 kwasungulwa isikhungo setiye saseWuzhishan (五指山茶场) — isiqalo senguquko kusukela ekuqoqweni kwasendle kuya ekutshalweni. Ngeminyaka yawo‑1980, itiye elibomvu elithi “Jinding” (金鼎牌红碎茶), elakhiqizwa ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zaseShuiman ngobuchwepheshe be‑CTC, lathunyelwa eBrithani futhi lahlonishwa kakhulu. Ngemva kokuwohloka ngeminyaka yawo‑1990, imboni yetiye yaseWuzhishan yavuselelwa ngamandla: ngo‑2022 indawo engadini yetiye yafinyelela kuma‑mu ayi‑8 500 (cishe amahektare angama‑567), ngo‑2023 — ngaphezu kwe‑mu eyi‑12 000 (amahektare angama‑800). Kwaqhamuka izinkampani ezifana ne‑“Yexian” (椰仙), i‑“Yinxiang Shuiman” (印象水满) nezinye.

• Igama:

“Shuǐ” (水) — “amanzi”; “mǎn” (满) — ngolimi lwaseLi lisho “okwasendulo, okuphakeme kakhulu”. Igama eliphelele elithi “Shuǐmǎn Chá” lihunyushwa ngokuthi “itiye laseNdawo Yasendulo”. Uhlamvu lwesiShayina 满 ngolimi olujwayelekile lusho “gcwele”, kodwa kulo mongo ukubizwa ngezwi lwesiLi. Isigodi saseShuiman sitholakala ngqo phansi kwentaba iWuzhishan — iqhuqhuva eliphakeme kakhulu eHainan (ama‑1 867 m), futhi igama liveza isikhundla esingcwele sale ndawo kubantu baseLi.

• Ukubaluleka ngokwamasiko:

I‑Shuǐmǎn Chá iyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko laseLi: kusukela ekusetshenzisweni njengomuthi (ukuhlafunwa kwamaqabunga amasha lapho kunenkinga yesisu — okuwumkhuba oqhubekayo nanamuhla) kuya etiyeni lasentwasahlobo lomcimbi wesintu u‑Sanyuesan (三月三, “Usuku Lwesithathu Lwenyanga Yesithathu”). Ngo‑2022, idolobhana laseMaona (毛纳村) esigodini saseShuiman lavakashelwa nguMongameli we‑PRC uXi Jinping, owahlola ukukhiqizwa kwetiye kanye nendawo yokuluka izindwangu zoboya bakaLi (黎锦); lolu hambo lwaba wumfutho omkhulu entuthukweni yemboni yetiye yaseWuzhishan. Ihlathi elishisayo laseHainan, lapho kukhula khona izihlahla zetiye zasendle, liyingxenye yeHainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (海南热带雨林国家公园) — elinye lamapaki kazwelonke okuqala amahlanu eChina, asungulwa ngo‑2021.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswayo:

• Uhlobo / Isithelo: Hainán Dàyè Zhǒng (海南大叶种) — uhlobo olunamaqabunga amakhulu lwe‑Camellia sinensis, olwafuywa kusuka ezihlahleni zasendle zamahlathi ashisayo aseWuzhishan. Lwamukelwa njengohlobo lukazwelonke ngo‑1985 (GS13016—1985). Ngokwesimo, luyisihlahla (乔木型, qiáomù xíng); ubude bezibonelo zasendle bufinyelela kumamitha angu‑11–12, kanti ezinye izihlahla zasendulo zingaphezu kwamamitha angu‑12 nobubanzi besiqu obungaphezu kwemitha elilodwa. Amaqabunga makhulu, ayindilinga, aminyene futhi anenyama. Okuqukethwe amapholifenoli — ≥28%, i‑caffeine — cishe 6%. Lolu hlobo luyakwazi ukumelana nezimo ezinzima futhi, ngokocwaningo, lubonisa ukumuncwa okuncane kwezinsimbi ezinzima (i‑arsenic, i‑cadmium, i‑mercury) emhlabathini. Kuze kube manje, uhlobo lwaseHainan olunamaqabunga amakhulu alukaze luhlukaniswe ngokuphelele — “umumo walo wofuzo” uhlala useduze kakhulu nowomdala wasendle.
• Ukuvunwa: Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, itiye lingavunwa izinyanga eziyi‑10 ngonyaka. Ukuvunwa kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (uDisemba — uJanuwari) kungokokuqala kunazo zonke eChina; leli tiye libizwa ngokuthi “itiye lokuqala lentwasahlobo laseChina” (华夏第一早春茶). Ukuvunwa okuyinhloko kwentwasahlobo kungoFebhuwari—Ephreli.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Izinga eliphezulu (特级) — amahlumela amsulwa noma ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa (全芽或一芽一叶); Izinga lokuqala (一级) — ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶); Izinga lesibili (二级) — ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili (一芽二叶), liphinde lisetshenziswe njengokokusetshenziswa kwetiye elisemaphaketheni.
• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Amahlumela kufanele aphelele, angalimeleki. Emazingeni aphezulu, ukuvunwa kwenziwa ngesandla.

4. I‑Terroir Nezici Zokutshalwa:

I‑Shuǐmǎn Chá ikhula endaweni eyingqayizivele yezintaba ezishisayo — okuwukuphela kwendawo yetiye enjalo eChina.

• Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izitshalo eziyinhloko — kusukela kumamitha angama‑300 kuya kwangu‑800 ngaphezu kolwandle; ingxenye esemqoka — cishe amamitha angama‑600. Izihlahla zasendle zitholakala kuze kube ngamamitha angu‑1 400.

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu sasezindaweni ezishisayo. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngonyaka lingama‑22,4 °C; umehluko wokushisa ngaphakathi kosuku — ngaphezu kuka‑12 °C (okuphakeme ngendlela engavamile ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi okuhle kakhulu etiyeni). Imvula yonyaka — 2 200–2 400 mm. Izinsuku ezinenkungu — ezingaphezu kuka‑200 ngonyaka; ingxenye yokukhanya okusakazekile — ngaphezu kuka‑75%. Isikhathi esingenasithwathwa sihlala unyaka wonke. Ubude besikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga obuphakathi ngonyaka — cishe amahora angu‑2 000.

• Umhlabathi: Ubomvu obuncane obumuncu be‑laterite (微酸性红壤, wēi suānxìng hóng rǎng), owakhiwe emlotheni wentaba‑mlilo. pH 4,5–6,0. Okuqukethwe izinto eziphilayo — ≥15 g/kg. Umhlabathi unezakhi eziningi eziyisisekelo: i‑cobalt (Co) ne‑molybdenum (Mo) — ngamazinga aphakeme ngezikhathi ezingu‑138–300 kunamazinga ajwayelekile omhlaba; i‑zinc ne‑selenium — ngezinga eliphakeme. Amanzi asetshenziswayo awemithombo yezintaba anekilasi lokuqala lokuqina (izinga likazwelonke Ⅰ).

• Imvelo: Izingadi zetiye zihlakazwe phakathi kwehlathi elishisayo lemvula (热带雨林); ukumboza kwehlathi — 89,13%. Izibulala‑zinambuzane zamakhemikhali azisetshenziswa; ukulawula izinambuzane kwenziwa ngokwemvelo (amachaphazelo amancane, izicishamlilo kanye nezinye izilwanyana ezinamalunga amaningi ezidlayo). Indawo iyingxenye yendawo yokuvikela yeHainan Tropical Rainforest National Park.

• Indawo esemqoka: Idolobhana laseMaona (毛纳村) nelaseXincun (新村) esigodini saseShuiman kunikela ngezinga eliphakeme kuze kube ngama‑90%.

5. Ubuciko Bokukhiqiza:

I‑Shuǐmǎn Chá ikhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko — oluhlaza nolubomvu.

Itiye eliluhlaza (水满绿茶):

Ubuciko bendabuko nobusemqoka, obusekelwe endleleni eyingqayizivele “yokulungiswa kathathu” (三次杀青, sān cì shāqīng) — okuyigugu labakhiqizi betiye baseLi.

• Ukunwetshwa (摊放, tān fàng): Amaqabunga amasha anwetshwa ukuze alahlekelwe umswakama wokuqala nokuthuthukisa iphunga.
• Ukulungiswa kokuqala (第一次杀青, dì yī cì shāqīng): Epanini lensimbi emlilweni wezinkuni (铁锅炭火). Kusetshenziswa umgomo othi “buka itiye — yenza itiye” (看茶做茶, kàn chá zuò chá): imingcele yokucubungula ilungiswa “ngeso” kuye ngesimo seqabunga.
• Ukusonga kokuqala (第一次揉捻, dì yī cì róuniǎn): Ukusonga ngesandla kubhasikidi yoqalo (竹筐手工). Ukuphula izindonga zamangqamuzana ukuze kuqalwe ukukhishwa kwejusi.
• Imijikelezo ephindaphindwayo (第二、三次杀青揉捻): Ukugaywa nokusongwa kuphindwa kabili — isewonke imijikelezo emithathu. Umjikelezo ngamunye olandelayo uqinisa ukwakheka futhi uqinise isici esivelele “somsi” wemlilo wezinkuni (柴火香, cháihuǒ xiāng). Ngempela “ukulungiswa kathathu” (三次杀青法) — lolu uphawu olukhethekile lobuciko: luvumela ukugcinwa kwephunga lemilio yezinkuni ngaphandle kokusha.
• Ukomiswa ngamalahle (炭火烘干, tànhuǒ hōnggān): Ukomisa kokugcina kanye nokukhipha iphunga (提香, tíxiāng) — ukushisisa kancane ngamalahle kuze kome ngokuphelele.

Itiye elibomvu (水满红茶):

• Ukubuna elangeni (日光萎凋, rìguāng wěidiāo): Amaqabunga amasha anwetshwa ngaphandle elangeni ukuze alahlekelwe umswakama futhi aqale ukufinyiliswa.
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ngesandla noma ngomshini.
• Ukufinyiliswa (发酵, fājiào): Amahora angu‑4–6 ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo.
• Ukushisisa nokomisa (烘焙提香, hōngbèi tíxiāng): Ukuqinisa ukufinyiliswa nokwakha iphunga lezinyosi.

6. Izici Zezinzwa:

Itiye eliluhlaza:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izinhlamvu zetiye eziminyene, ezinkulu, ezisongeke kahle (条索肥壮紧结). Umbala — uluhlaza okotshani obumnyama.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihlanzekile, eliphakeme, elihlala njalo, elinothi lwe‑castnut (ukuvunwa kwentwasahlobo) kanye nesici esivelele “somsi weziko lezinkuni” (柴火香).
• Iphunga lomhluzo: Elihlala njalo, nobukhulu obuhlanzekile obusha (清香) kanye nomsindo we‑castnut. Iphunga lenkomishi ebandayo (冷杯留香) lihlala ngaphezu kwemizuzu engu‑8.
• Ukunambitheka: Okucebile nokugcwele (浓醇, nóng chún), okubangelwa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamapholifenoli. Ubusha (鲜爽) obuvela kuma‑amino acid bulingana kahle ukunambitheka okumunyu. Ubumnandi obubuyayo (回甘) — bucacile. Ukuxubha okuncane (涩感) kulinganiselwe, kodwa ububanzi bokunambitheka buyihluka.
• Umbala womhluzo: Ophuzi‑luhlaza, okhanyayo futhi ocacile (黄绿明亮).
• Izinsalela zetiye ephansi: Ezithambile, ezilinganayo, ziyizimbali eziphelele (嫩匀成朵), zombala ophuzi‑luhlaza, eziphilayo.

Itiye elibomvu:

• Ukubukeka: Okumnyama, okunoboya obusagolide (乌润显金毫).
• Iphunga: Ubumnandi bezinyosi obucacile (蜜香) enamathoni ezimbali nezithelo.
• Ukunambitheka: Okupholile, okugcwele, nobumnandi obude.
• Umbala womhluzo: Obomvu khanya onomphetho osagolide (红艳透金圈).
• Izinsalela eziphansi: Ezibomvu ngokugqamile, eziphilayo.

7. Isakhi Sezamakhemikhali:

I‑Shuǐmǎn Chá ingelinye lamatiye aluhlaza “anamapholifenoli” amaningi eChina, ngenxa yohlobo olunamaqabunga amakhulu nesimo sezulu esishisayo.

• Amapholifenoli (茶多酚): 38–42% — izinga eliphakeme ngokweqile, eleqa kakhulu amatiye amaningi aluhlaza aseChina (ajwayelekile angu‑20–30%). Izingxenye eziyinhloko — ama‑catechin (EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC).
• Ama‑amino acid (氨基酸): Okuqukethwe kulingana nokuphezulu kwamapholifenoli; i‑L‑theanine inika ubusha nomphumela “wokwehlisa” ukucindezeleka.
• Ama‑alkaloid: I‑caffeine — cishe 6% (izinga eliphakeme, elijwayelekile ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu). I‑theobromine, i‑theophylline — ngamanani ajwayelekile.
• Amaminerali: I‑cobalt (Co), i‑molybdenum (Mo) — ngamazinga aphakeme izikhathi eziningana kunawokuphakathi (izikhathi ezingu‑138–300). I‑cobalt ibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwegazi (ingxenye ye‑vithamini B₁₂); i‑molybdenum iyi‑cofactor yama‑enzyme amaningi angama‑antioxidant. I‑zinc, i‑selenium — ngamanani aphakeme.
• Amavithamini: I‑vithamini C, amavithamini eqembu B, i‑vithamini E — ngamanani ajwayelekile etiyeni eliluhlaza.
• Amafutha abalulekile: Iphrofayili ye‑castnut enomsi yohlobo oluluhlaza yakhiwa yi‑pyrazines ne‑furfural eyenziwa ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kathathu emlilweni wezinkuni.
• Isici esivelele: Okuqukethwe okuseqophelweni eliphezulu kwamapholifenoli kuhlangene nezakhi eziyingqayizivele zeminerali kwenza i‑Shuǐmǎn Chá ibe into ethandwayo ocwaningweni lwezokudla.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Amandla amakhulu okulwa ne‑oxidation: Amapholifenoli asezingeni lama‑38–42% anikeza elinye lamandla aphezulu kakhulu okuvikela kumatiye aluhlaza.
• Ukusekela ukwakheka kwegazi: I‑cobalt (Co), etholakala ngamazinga aphezulu kakhulu, iyingxenye ye‑vithamini B₁₂ futhi ibamba iqhaza ekukhiqizweni kwamangqamuzana abomvu.
• Umthelela wokuvuselela: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe‑caffeine (kuze kube ngu‑6%) kunikeza ukuvuselelwa okucacile. Ukuhlanganiswa ne‑L‑theanine kunciphisa umphumela we‑caffeine, kunikeze ukuphakama okulingene.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kokulwa namagciwane: Emithini yesintu yaseLi, amaqabunga amasha etiye ayehlafunwa ngezinkinga zamathumbu nomkhuhlane — okuwumkhuba osuneminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ama‑tannin nama‑catechin anomthelela oqinisekisiwe wokuvimbela amagciwane.
• Ukusekela ukugayeka: Ama‑catechin akhuthaza ukushiswa kwamafutha.
• Uhlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamapholifenoli kuhlobene nokwehliswa kwamazinga e‑LDL‑cholesterol nokugcinwa kobunwebu bemikhumbi.
• Umthelela wokwehlisa umkhuhlane nokuqabula (清热解毒): Ezindaweni ezishisayo, itiye lisetshenziswa ngokwendabuko ukuqeda ukoma nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba okuphathelene nokushisa.
• Amandla okukhulisa amasosha omzimba: I‑selenium ne‑zinc zisekela umsebenzi wezokuvikela.

9. Indlela Yokwenza Itiye:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: Itiye eliluhlaza — 80–85 °C (abiliswe bese upholise cishe imizuzwana engu‑90). Itiye elibomvu — 90–95 °C.
• Inani letiye: amagremu angu‑3 ku‑150 ml (isilinganiso esingu‑1:50).
• Izitsha: Ingilazi engalukhuni (玻璃杯) — ukuze ubuke “umdanso” wamaqabunga amakhulu; i‑gaiwan emhlophe yobumba (盖碗) — ukuze kugxiliswe iphunga nokuhlola izendlalelo ezilandelanayo.
• Inqubo (itiye eliluhlaza):

1. Ukushisisa izitsha ngamanzi ashisayo, ukuchitha.
2. Ukufaka itiye.
3. Ukuchitha kokuqala — imizuzwana engu‑5, ukuchitha ngokushesha (ukugeza).
4. Ukuchitha kwesibili — imizuzwana engu‑10; okulandelayo ngakunye — ngokwengeza imizuzwana engu‑10.
5. Itiye eliluhlaza likwazi ukumela ukuchithwa okuphelele okungu‑3; elibomvu — okungaphezu kuka‑6.

• Isici esikhethekile: Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamapholifenoli, umhluzo uthatha amandla ngokushesha; ungawushi isikhathi eside — uma ushiywe ngokweqile ungase ube munyu kakhulu.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Itiye eliluhlaza: Ukupakishwa okungenangena nokungangeni ukukhanya; kugcinwe esiqandisini ku‑0–5 °C. Isikhathi — izinyanga eziyi‑12.
• Itiye elibomvu: Ukupakishwa okungenangena ezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile, kude nokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Isikhathi — kufikela ezinyangeni ezingama‑36.
• Izitha zetiye: Ukukhanya, umswakama, ukushisa, amaphunga angaphandle, umoya‑mpilo.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zokukhohlisa:

• Izinkomba zentengo (imakethe yangaphakathi yaseChina, 2023–2024):

  • Izinga eliphakeme (特级): ama‑yuan angu‑800–1000 nge‑jin (500 g) — amahlumela amsulwa noma ihlumela + iqabunga elilodwa, iphunga le‑castnut elicacile.
  • Izinga lokuqala (一级): ama‑yuan angu‑300–500 nge‑jin — itiye elihlakazekile, umhluzo ophuzi‑luhlaza noma obomvu ogqamile, ukunambitheka okusha nokuhle.
  • Izinga lesibili (二级): kusuka kuma‑yuan angu‑160 nge‑jin — izinto zokusetshenziswa kwetiye elisemaphaketheni.
  • Itiye lasendle (野生茶) — libiza kakhulu kunalelo elitshaliwe; izintengo ziyahlukahluka.

• Indlela yokugwema amanga:

  • Hlola isimo seqabunga: I‑Shuǐmǎn Chá yangempela (eluhlaza) — izinhlamvu zetiye ezinkulu, ezinkulu, ezisongeke kahle; elibomvu — limnyama linoboya obusagolide. Izinto ezenziwe ezinamaqabunga amancane zihluke kakhulu.
  • Hlola iphunga: I‑Shuǐmǎn eliluhlaza langempela linesici esibonakalayo “somsi weziko lezinkuni”; elibomvu — linobumnandi bezinyosi. Ukungabi khona kwalawo manothi kuyisibonakaliso sokufakwa esikhundleni.
  • Hlola umhluzo: Oluhlaza — ophuzi‑luhlaza, ocacile; obomvu — obomvu ogqamile onomphetho osagolide.
  • Naka imvelaphi: Khetha imikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo lwaseWuzhishan. Ama‑brand athembekile yi‑“Yexian” (椰仙), i‑“Yinxiang Shuiman” (印象水满) kanye nemikhiqizo yamashopu ethile etiye edolobhaneni laseMaona.
  • Intengo: “Itiye lasendle laseWuzhishan” elishibhile ngokusolisayo cishe elingelona iqiniso: umthamo wokuqoqwa kwasendle ulinganiselwe kakhulu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• “Itiye Lokuqala Lentwasahlobo laseChina”: Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, ukuvunwa kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo eShuiman kuqala ngoDisemba‑Janyuwari — izinyanga ezi‑1–3 ngaphambi kwanoma iyiphi enye indawo yetiye eChina. Leli itiye lokuqala lentwasahlobo kuzwelonke.

• Ukuvakasha kukaMongameli: Ngo‑Ephreli 2022, i‑Maona yavakashelwa ngu‑Xi Jinping, ehlola ishopu yetiye yomndeni wakwa‑Wang Bohe (王柏和) nomkakhe u‑Wang Jurui (王菊茹). Lolu hambo lwaba yisisusa sokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezokuvakasha kwetiye nemboni yetiye yesifunda.

• Izihlahla ezinkulu zasendle: Emahlathini aseWuzhishan kutholwe izihlahla zetiye zasendle eziphakeme ngaphezu kwamamitha angu‑12 ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kwemitha elilodwa kanye neminyaka engamakhulu amaningana. Ngo‑2024 kwabalwa izihlahla zasendle ezingaphezu kuka‑3 600, kuhlanganise nezingaphezu kuka‑200 ezineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu — futhi lolu hlelo luyaqhubeka.

• Abantu baseLi “nokuhlafunwa kwetiye”: Emithini yesintu yaseLi, amaqabunga amasha esihlahla setiye ayehlafunwa ngezinkinga zesisu, umkhuhlane nohudo — lo mkhuba usenamuhla. Lokhu, mhlawumbe, kungenye yezindlela ezindala kakhulu zokusebenzisa itiye emhlabeni.

• Izihlahla zetiye“ezihlanza”: Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi uhlobo lwaseHainan olunamaqabunga amakhulu alumuncwa kakhulu ekuhlaza izinsimbi ezinobuthi (i‑arsenic, i‑cadmium, i‑mercury) emhlabathini — okuyisici esingavamile esenza lube ngolunye lwezinhlobo zetiye “ezihlanzekile” kakhulu.

13. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza:

• Báishā Lǜchá (白沙绿茶, Báishā Lǜchá): Itiye lesibili elidume kakhulu eHainan eliluhlaza, elitshalwa emgodini we‑meteorite esifundeni saseBaisha. Zombili ziyizitshalo ezishisayo, zivela ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu. Kodwa i‑Baisha ilula kakhudlwana, igxile ebumnandini (imihlaba yomgodi inikeza iphrofayili ekhethekile yemaminerali); i‑Shuiman inamandla kakhulu, inokugcwala okucacile kwamapholifenoli nephunga lomsi oluvela ekulungisweni kathathu ngamalahle.

• Amatiye aluhlaza aseYunnan anamaqabunga amakhulu (滇绿, Diān Lǜ): Okuyisisekelo okuvamile — Camellia sinensis var. assamica, kodwa uhlobo lwaseHainan olunamaqabunga amakhulu ludiza oluhlukile, olwahlukanisiwe esiqhingini izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Amatiye aluhlaza aseYunnan (isib. ishaqing laseLincang) anothi lezimbali elicacile; elaseShuiman — linomlando omdala, linomsi wezinkuni kanye nezakhi zeminerali ezishisayo.

• Lóngjǐng (龙井, Lóngjǐng): Iphambene ngokuphelele ngokwezinhlobo: amaqabunga amancane vs. amaqabunga amakhulu, isimo esicaba vs. ukusongeka okuqinile, iphunga le‑castnut noluhlaza okotshani vs. iphunga le‑castnut elinomsi. Amapholifenoli e‑Longjing — 20–25%, kanti e‑Shuiman — 38–42%. Uma i‑Longjing “iyisilika,” i‑Shuiman “ingumoya wasentabeni.”

• Qióngzhōng Bái Mǎ Jùn Hóng (琼中白马骏红): Itiye elibomvu laseHainan elivela eQiongzhong, indawo engumakhelwane. Zombili zisebenzisa uhlobo olunamaqabunga amakhulu, zombili ziphawuleka ngephunga lezinyosi. Kodwa i‑Bai Ma Jun Hong ingelibomvu kuphela; i‑Shuiman ikhiqizwa kokubili okuluhlaza nokubomvu, futhi oluhlaza luhlala luvelele.

Ekuphetheni

I‑Shuǐmǎn Chá liyitiye elizalwe lapho kuhlangana khona imvelo yasendle namasiko asendulo abantu. Izihlahla zetiye zasendle emahlathini ashisayo aseWuzhishan, isiko elinezinkulungwane zeminyaka labantu baseLi, ubuciko obuyingqayizivele “bokulungiswa kathathu” emlilweni wezinkuni, okuqukethwe okuphawulekayo kwamapholifenoli kanye nezakhi ezisemqoka zeminerali — konke lokhu kwenza i‑Shuǐmǎn Chá libe ngelinye lamatiye aluhlaza angavamile eChina. Alifani nalamanye amatiye asempumalanga eChina asezingeni eliphakeme, noma awe‑shaqing amancane aphephuka aseYunnan — linomlingiswa walo, onzima futhi ophanayo, njengehlathi elishisayo ngaphansi kweNtaba Yamazinyo Amahlanu. Leli tiye lelabo abazisa amandla, ukujula, nomuzwa wobumsulwa obungokwemvelo enkomishini ngayinye.