shānzhā gān · thetea.app

I-Shanzha elomile (山楂干, shānzhā gān) izithelo zaseShayina ezisikiwe zaba iziyingi futhi zomisiwe, okuyizithelo ezisenyakatho yeShayina osekunesikhathi eside ziphekwa ngamanzi ashisayo njengesiphuzo sasendlini esimuncu. Naphezu kokuthi ngesiRashiya nangesiShayina (代用茶) kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “itiye,” akuhlobene netiye langempela elivela eqabungeni le-Camellia sinensis: alikho neze iqabunga letiye kulo; kukhulunywa nge-infusion yezithelo. Ohlelweni lwesiShayina lweziphuzo, imikhiqizo enjalo idlula njenge-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — “izithako zetiye,” okusho ukuthi ama-infusions ezitshalo adliwayo. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuvuna yizifundazwe zaseShandong, Hebei, Liaoning, neHenan, lapho i-shanzha itshalwa khona ngobuningi emasimini ezimboni. Emasikweni ansuku zonke, isithelo saziwa kakhulu njengesisekelo sesibiliboco sasebusika i-冰糖葫芦 (bīngtáng húlu) — amajikijolo afakwe ushukela agxishwe othini, kodwa esimweni esomile sesithathe indawo eqinile phakathi kwama-infusions asendlini amuncu “okuqeda ukoma” kanye “nangemva kokudla okusuthisayo.”

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: i-infusion yezitshalo (yezithelo), i-chamakazi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); ngokwesayensi yezitshalo akulona itiye.
Umthombo wezitshalo: i-shanzha enamaqabunga anezicucu ezijulile (Crataegus pinnatifida), ikakhulukazi uhlobo olunezithelo ezinkulu i-var. major, ngesiShayina i-山里红 (shānlǐhóng).
Umndeni: Rosaceae.
Isithako: izithelo ezivuthiwe, ezisikiwe zaba iziyingi eziphambanayo futhi zomisiwe.
Isifunda: enyakatho nasempumalanga-nyakatho yeShayina.

Kubalulekile ukusho ngokucacile: kulo mkhiqizo akukho i-Camellia sinensis futhi alikho neze iqabunga letiye. Lesi isithelo esomisiwe, esiphekwa njenge-chamakazi — uhlobo lwesiphuzo oluzimele, hhayi “okuthatha indawo” futhi akulona uhlobo lwetiye. Ngokwesiko lesiShayina, kuhlukaniswa phakathi kwe-北山楂 (běishānzhā, “i-shanzha yasenyakatho”) — i-Crataegus pinnatifida enezithelo ezinkulu, kanye ne-南山楂 (nánshānzhā, “i-shanzha yaseningizimu”) — i-Crataegus cuneata enezithelo ezincane (野山楂, yěshānzhā). Ku-山楂干, esetshenziselwa ama-infusions nezibiliboco, kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwasenyakatho, olunezithelo ezinkulu. I-Chinese Pharmacopoeia (中国药典, Zhōngguó Yàodiǎn) ibeka njengesithako se-山楂 izithelo ze-Crataegus pinnatifida kanye nohlobo lwayo lwe-var. major.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Isiko lokudla: i-shanzha iyisitshalo sezithelo sasendulo sasenyakatho yeShayina, okwenziwa ngaso ama-infusions, izibiliboco kanye nokugcinwa kokudla.
I-Materia Medica: ukusebenza “kokusiza ukugaya ukudla okusindayo” kwaphawulwa udokotela we-Yuan u-Zhu Danxi (朱丹溪, Zhū Dānxī) kanye no-Li Shizhen we-Ming encwadini i-«Bencao Gangmu» (本草纲目, Běncǎo Gāngmù).
Isithombe esiyisibonakaliso: i-冰糖葫芦 (bīngtáng húlu).

“Ubunjalo” bamasiko obubonakala kakhulu be-shanzha yi-冰糖葫芦, amajikijolo agxishwe othini lomoba embozwe nge-caramel eqinile, okuyisibiliboco sasemgwaqweni sakudala sasebusika enyakatho. Kunenganekwane edumile yesikhathi se-Ningizimu ye-Song: isancinza sombusi sagula, sahluleka ukudla, futhi umelaphi wasenkantolo kuthiwa weluleka ukuthi kuphekwe i-shanzha noshukela we-candy — kusukela lapho kwaqala khona ukuthandwa kwamajikijolo amuncu-amnandi agxishwe othini. Njengenganekwane yesintu, lokhu kuhle, kodwa kufanele kuthathwe ncamashi njenganekwane nje. I-Shanzha iyingxenye yohlu lwaseShayina olusemthethweni lwe-药食同源 (yàoshí tóngyuán) — izinto ezithathwa njengokudla kanye nesithako sokwelapha ngesikhathi esisodwa, okunquma isimo sayo esimbaxambili: imkhiqizo kanye “nomkhuba onenzuzo.”

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezithako:

Isitshalo: isihlahla esilahla amahlamvu noma isihlahla esikhulu sohlobo lwe-shanzha (Crataegus), ubude baso bufinyelela kumamitha amaningana, sinezihlanga ezinameva kanye nezimbali ezimhlophe zasentwasahlobo.
Isithelo: i-apula lamanga (isithelo esifana ne-pome), ububanzi obucishe bube yi-1.5–2.5 cm ohlotsheni olunezithelo ezinkulu, bubomvu obukhanyayo, buyinhlama eqinile kanye nezimbewu eziqinile ezimbalwa.
Izithako ezisetshenziswayo: iziyingi ezinobubanzi obucishe bube yi-1–2.5 cm kanye nobukhulu bamamilimitha ambalwa, esicini kubonakala inhlama ephaphathekile kanye nezidledle ezinezimbewu.

I-山楂干 yemkhiqizo iyizicucu eziphambanayo zesithelo. Emaqoqweni ashibhile, izimbewu zihlala zikhona (esicini sesiyingi zibonakala kahle), emaqoqweni akhethiwe izithako zivame ukususwa izimbewu (去核, qùhé). Umbala wezicucu ezomisiwe usuka konsundu-obomvu uye komnyama-ophuzi esikhumbeni futhi ukhanyise ngaphakathi; isikhumba sivame ukusonteka, ingaphezulu licwebezele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

IShandong: indawo engokomlando yase-Yizhou (沂州, Yízhōu, manje okuyisifunda sase-Linyi); kanye neQingzhou / Yidu (青州 / 益都, Qīngzhōu / Yìdū) nohlobo lwe-益都红 (Yìdūhóng) yaziwa kabanzi.
IHebei: indawo yase-Xingtai (邢台, Xíngtái), kuhlanganisa nesifunda saseNeiqiu (内丘, Nèiqiū); isifundazwe sisonke singomunye wabakhiqizi abaphambili.
ILiaoning: inyakatho-mpumalanga enesimo sezulu esipholile, yaziwa ngohlobo lwe-辽红 (Liáohóng).
IHenan: izifunda ezingaphansi kwezintaba nezinezintaba enyakatho yesifundazwe.

I-Shanzha iyisitshalo sasendaweni epholile, iyakwazi ukumelana namakhaza futhi ayizwiseli enhlabathini, ikhula kahle emithambekeni nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezintaba. Kungalesi sizathu ukuthi amasimu ayo asakazeka enyakatho nasempumalanga-nyakatho yezwe. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezaziwayo kukhona ezinamazithelo amakhulu i-大金星 (dàjīnxīng), i-敞口 (chǎngkǒu), kanye ne-益都红 ne-辽红 esezishiwo. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ziyahluka ngosayizi wesithelo, inani le-asidi noshukela, kanye nokuqina kwenyama, okuthinta kokubili ukunambitheka kwe-infusion kanye nokufaneleka kwayo kulobuya noma loluya mkhiqizo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuvuna: ekwindla, njengoba izithelo zivuthwa ngokugcwele.
Ukulungiselela: ukuhlukanisa ngosayizi, ukugeza, ngezinye izikhathi ukususa iziqu namakhalisi.
Ukusika: izithelo zisikwa zibe iziyingi eziphambanayo (nezimbewu noma ngemva kokuzisusa).
Ukomisa: elangeni (晒干, shàigān) noma ezomisweni ngomoya oshisayo (烘干, hōnggān).
Ukuqedela: ukuhlukanisa ngosayizi nangombala, ukulahla izicucu ezibolile nezimnyama, ukupakisha.

Isici esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe ukususa amanzi ngokushesha nangokulinganayo: isithako esingomile kahle sikhuntelwa kalula futhi siyasimama, esomile ngokweqile siyabhucuka. Ukomiswa kwezimboni ngomoya oshisayo kunikeza umphumela ozinzile kanye nombala, ukoma kwelanga kunikeza ukubukeka “okwasekhaya” okunombala ongalingani. Ngokuvamile kulesi sigaba sokomisa lapho kuvela khona isilingo sokusebenzisa ukufuthwa ngesibabuli (bheka isigaba esimayelana nokuqanjwa okungafanele), yingakho umkhiqizi oqotho ahlonishwa ngesithako esinethoni ebomvu emnyama engokwemvelo engenaphunga lamakhemikhali.

6. Izimpawu Zesikhumba Somzimba Eziphathelene Nokunambitha:

Ukubukeka kwangaphandle: iziyingi ezinombala onsundu-obomvu, inhlama ekhanyayo nezimbewu ezibonakalayo (uma zingasuswanga).
Iphunga: elomile, elimuncu-izithelo, elinamathoni alula “afana ne-compote.”
Ukunambitheka kwesithako: kumuncu ngokugqamile, kunokuhwamuka okulingene kanye nobumnandi obuncane.
I-infusion: isuka koluhlaza okophuzi onjenge-amber kuya konsundu-obomvu, isobala, imunca ngokusobala.

Isici esiyinhloko se-organic siyinhlangano ephezulu. Inikeza ukunambitheka okuvuselelayo, “okuqabulayo,” kodwa ku-infusion enamandla kungase kube bukhali futhi kubenamandla. Ngakho-ke i-shanzha ivame ukulinganiswa nesithako esimnandi futhi ayinakekelwa ngci.

7. Ukuqanjwa Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-asidi e-organic: ikakhulukazi i-citric ne-malic; ngokuhlanganiswa kwakha ubumuncu besici futhi akha ingxenye ebonakalayo yesisindo esomile.
UVithamini C: i-shanzha ingesinye sezithelo ezicebe kakhulu nge-ascorbic acid, nakuba ekomisweni ingxenye yevithamini iyalahleka.
Ama-Flavonoid: i-hyperoside, i-quercetin, i-vitexin, i-rutin, nokunye.
Ama-Procyanidin: ama-oligomeric proanthocyanidins, abhekene nokhwamuka.
I-Pectin: okumunyethwe okuphezulu kuyisizathu sokuthi i-decoction ye-shanzha ijiye kalula.
Ama-asidi e-Triterpene: i-ursolic acid, i-oleanolic acid.
Okunye: ushukela olula (i-fructose, i-glucose), ama-carotenoid, amaminerali.

Ubuningi be-pectin buchaza ukuthi kungani i-shanzha ingenziwa ibe ama-jeli aqinile kanye ne-pastille ngaphandle kokufaka izijiyisi: lapho inhlama emuncu enoshukela ibiliswa, isisindo siyajiye ngokwaso.

8. Iimpawu Zenzuzo:

Ngokwesiko laseShayina lasekhaya: i-shanzha ihlotshaniswa nomqondo we-消食化积 (xiāoshí huàjī) — “ukusiza ukugaya ukudla” ngemva kokudla okunamafutha kwenyama, futhi kanye nombono we-活血 (huóxuè, “ukunyakazisa igazi”).
Lokho isayensi ekufundayo: okukhishwe ku-Crataegus kuyacwaningwa maqondana nomsebenzi wesistimu yenhliziyo nemithambo kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-lipids; idatha ayicacile futhi ibhekise kumalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe, hhayi i-infusion yasekhaya eyenziwe ngeziyingi.

Lapha kunesixwayiso esiqondile esidingekayo: i-shanzha elomile ingumkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi umuthi. Noma yiziphi izithembiso zempilo futhi ikakhulukazi zokwelapha ezenziwa abathengisi zingaphandle kwendawo ye-athikili ye-encyclopedia futhi akufanele zithathwe njengesincomo sezokwelapha. Ezixwayisweni ezaziwa kabanzi, kufanele kubizwe ezimbalwa ezingathathi hlangothi: ngenxa ye-asidi ephezulu, isiphuzo ngokuvamile asinathwa ngaphambi kokudla futhi asinakelwa ngamandla ngokweqile; abantu abane-asidi ephezulu esiswini, i-gastritis noma izilonda zesistim sokusakaza ukudla ngokwendabuko bayalwa ukuthi balinganisele; phakathi nokukhulelwa emasikweni asendlini aseShayina, i-shanzha ngokuvamile iphathwa ngokucophelela; lapho uphuza imithi njalo, kuhle ukukhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kwayo nodokotela. Lezi izinkombandlela ezijwayelekile, hhayi ubuningi obunqunyiwe futhi akulona izinqumo zokwelapha.

9. Ukuthela:

Isilinganiso: cishe iziyingi ezingu-5–8 (cishe amagremu angu-6–10) emanzini angu-300–500 ml.
Izinga lokushisa: 90–100 °C; amanzi abilayo amukelekile futhi alunge ngisho.
Isitsha: i-teapot yengilazi, i-thermos noma ibhodwe elincane lokubilisa.
Ukugcina: imizuzu emi-5–10; lapho kubiliswa emlilweni omncane — imizuzu emi-10–15.
Ama-Infusions amaningi: isithako simelana nokuphakwa izikhathi ezingu-2–3, ubumnuncu buyehla kusuka ekuphakweni kuya ekuphakweni.
Ukuhlinzekwa kubandayo: ehlobo, i-infusion iyabandiswa, uma kuthandwa nekhephu.

Ngenxa yobumnuncu obuphezulu, ukunambitheka cishe njalo kuthanjiswa: indlela yakudala ukufaka ushukela omncane we-candy (冰糖, bīngtáng) noma uju (uju lufakwa ku-infusion eseyipholile kancane). I-Shanzha ihlangana kahle neqholo le-mandarin elomile (陈皮, chénpí), i-licorice (甘草, gāncǎo), i-chrysanthemum (菊花, júhuā), iqabunga le-lotus (荷叶, héyè) noma i-cassia (决明子, juémíngzǐ). Iseluleko esisebenzayo silula: qala ngokugxila okuncane bese wengeza iziyingi uma kudingeka — kulula ukulungisa i-infusion emuncu enoshukela omningi futhi ephekwe ngokweqile kunaleyo engaphekwa ngokwanele.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama, kude namaphunga angaphandle.
Isiqukathi: esivaleke ngci, esivalwa kangcono singangeni moya; umswakama uyisitha esiyinhloko.
Ubungozi: isikhunta lapho ibamanzi, inundu yokudla nezimpethu, ukuphela kombala nokuba mnyama kancane kancane.
Impilo yeshelufu: ngokuvamile icishe ibe yizinyanga ezingu-12–24 uma igcinwe kahle.

Endaweni enomswakama neshisayo, isikhwama sisetshenziswa kalula efrijini noma efrijini ebanda kakhulu, kufanele sivaleke singangeni moya ukuze isithako singathathi umswakama namaphunga. Izicucu ezigcwele umswakama, ezinamathelane noma ezinesikhunta akufanele zisetshenziswe.

11. Inani kanye Nokuqanjwa Okungafanele:

Isilinganiso esilindelekile: cishe ama-yuan angu-30/ngekhilogremu njengenani elilinganayo; inani eliqondile lincike ohlotsheni, ukuhlanzwa kwezimbewu kanye nekhwalithi yokomisa.
Isithako sangempela: iziyingi ezifanayo ezinombala omnyama-obomvu ongokwemvelo, ezomile, ezinamaphunga ahlanzekile amuncu-izithelo, angenawo “umkhondo” wamakhemikhali.
Okufakwa esikhundleni sokunye futhi konakaliswe: ukuhlukaniswa kabusha kwe-shanzha yasendle encane, amaqoqo amadala nasehlale isikhathi eside, ukuhlanganiswa kwezicucu ezimnyama nezibolile.

Kukhona amathiphu amabili afanele ukunakwa. Owokuqala ukufuthwa ngesibabuli (硫磺熏蒸, liúhuáng xūnzhēng) ukugcina umbala ogqamile nokuvikela isikhunta nezinambuzane: isithako esinjalo sibukeka sibomvu ngokugqamile okungemvelo, futhi sipha iphunga elihlabayo, elimuncu-okonakalisiwe ngesibabuli, elishayana emphinjeni. Owesibili ukufakwa kombala: umbala olinganayo ngokungemvelo, “obomvu njenge-confectionery” kufanele ukuxwaye. Lapho ukhetha, kuhle ukubheka ubunjalo bombala, ukoma kanye nokungabibikho kwephunga lamakhemikhali angaphandle, futhi ukhumbule ukuthi izicucu ezinoshukela, okulula ukuzidla kanye “nama-chips” e-shanzha aseyimikhiqizo ye-confectionery enoshukela, hhayi isithelo esomile se-infusion.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Shanzha isetshenziselwa ukwenza uhlu lonke lwamaswidi asenyakatho: i-山楂糕 (shānzhā gāo, i-jeli eqinile, e-Beijing yaziwa njenge-金糕, jīngāo), i-山楂片 (shānzhā piàn, ama-pastille amuncu-amnandi), i-果丹皮 (guǒdānpí, “isikhumba” sesithelo esigoqiwe), futhi-ke, i-冰糖葫芦.
Idecoction ye-shanzha ijiye ibe yi-jeli ngaphandle kokufaka izijiyisi — ngenxa ye-pectin yayo uqobo.
I-shanzha yaseYurophu (ngokwesibonelo, i-Crataegus monogyna) ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga ihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nama-infusions “wenhliziyo,” kanti isiko lesiShayina ligxile ekugayeni ukudla nasemaswidini amuncu-amnandi.
Entwasahlobo, amasimu e-shanzha aqhakaza kakhulu futhi amahle ngombala omhlophe, okwenza isihlahla sibe futhi nesokuhlobisa.
Igama elithi 山里红 (shānlǐhóng) ngokwezwi nezwi lisho “okubomvu okuvela ezintabeni” futhi libhekisa ncamashi ohlotsheni lwengadi olunezithelo ezinkulu.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Shanzha elomile iyisibonelo esihle sokuthi isithelo esivamile siba uhlobo lwesiphuzo oluzimele, lungazenzisi ngetiye. Alinawo amaqabunga e-Camellia sinensis futhi lingaphansi kwesigaba se-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá), kodwa ngemva kwalo kunesayensi yezolimo yenyakatho yeShayina, izinhlobo ezaziwayo, ubuchwepheshe bokomisa obuthuthukisiwe kanye nochungechunge lonke lwezibiliboco ezithandwa kusukela ebuntwaneni ne-冰糖葫芦 ihamba phambili. Ubumnuncu obuphezulu buyisici salo esiyingqayizivele: sinquma kokubili ukunambitheka okuqabulayo kwe-infusion, kanye neseluleko esiyinhloko sokuthela — ukuthela kungabi namandla futhi kulinganise noshukela.

Uma sikhuluma ngayo ngokwethembeka — njenge-infusion emnandi emuncu yesithelo kanye nomkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi njengomuthi — i-shanzha elomile iyifanela ngempela indawo eshalofini eduze kwezixube ze-herbal kanye nama-infusions ezimbali. Kwanele ukukhetha isithako esinombala wemvelo esingenaphunga lesibabuli, ukusigcina somile futhi ungenzi ngokweqile ngamandla — uzothola isiphuzo esilula, esaziwayo se-kitchen yasenyakatho.

the teas described here are available from teamotea