rénshēn piàn

Ama-slabs e-ginseng (人参片, rénshēn piàn) — yimpande ye-ginseng yangempela (Panax ginseng) esikwe kahle futhi yomisiwe, okuthi eShayina ithelwe ngamanzi ashisayo futhi iphuzwe njengembiliso, kuphinde kwengezwe nasemhluzweni othosisayo. Ake sicacise: loku akulona itiye ngomqondo wezitshalo — alikho ikhasi le-Camellia sinensis lapha, futhi isiphuzo ngokwaso singaphansi komkhakha wamatiye angawokubambelela noma ama-infusion ezitshalo (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). Impahla eyinhloko yalokhu itshalwa enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe, ezintabeni zase-Changbaishan (长白山, Chángbáishān) esifundazweni sase-Jilin (吉林, Jílín). Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ama-slabs afakwa ethermos noma engilazini, aphinde afakwe emathisheni nasemithiniyeni, kanti impande uqobo lwayo isalokhu ingophawu lwempilo nokuphila isikhathi eside emasikweni amaShayina izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Emakethe kwahlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko — i-ginseng ebomvu evuthiwe (老红人参片, lǎo hóng rénshēn piàn) ne-ginseng emhlophe (白人参片, bái rénshēn piàn), ezihluka ngendlela ecutshungulwa ngayo. Umkhiqizo kufanele wehlukaniswe ngokuqinile ne-ginseng oolong (人参乌龙, rénshēn wūlóng): lapho isisekelo yikhasi le-camellia, elinephunga elimnandi le-extract, kodwa lapha kuphekwa impande ngokwayo kuphela.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: i-infusion yezitshalo eziphuma empandeni eyomisiwe, into ebambelele esikhundleni setiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá).
• Izinhlobo Zezitshalo: i-ginseng yangempela (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), umndeni wakwa-Araliaceae.
• Ingxenye Esetshenziswayo: ikakhulukazi impande enentamo ye-rhizome.
• Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko: i-ginseng ebomvu (红参, hóngshēn) ne-ginseng emhlophe (白参, báishēn), eyaziwa nangokuthi impande eluhlaza eyomiswe elangeni (生晒参, shēngshàishēn).
• Imvelaphi Yempahla: enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, ikakhulukazi i-Jilin; kuphinde kube se-Liaoning (辽宁, Liáoníng) nase-Heilongjiang (黑龙江, Hēilóngjiāng).

Kubalulekile ukunemba lapha: i-Camellia sinensis ayikho emkhiqizweni, ngakho-ke akulona itiye ngomqondo oqinile. Ohlelweni lwezimpahla lwaseShayina, iziphuzo ezinjalo zifakwa kuhlu njenge-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — okungukuthi, ama-infusion empahla yezitshalo aphekwa esikhundleni setiye. Nokho, lomkhiqizo unesiko lawo lamakhulu eminyaka, indawo yawo kanye nobuchwepheshe bawo, futhi akulungile ukuwubheka njengento engeyona yangempela — uwuhlobo oluzimele. Ngokuhlukile, ake siphawule ukuthi uhlobo oluhlobene ngegama kodwa oluhlukile — i-ginseng yaseMelika (西洋参, xīyángshēn, Panax quinquefolius) — ithengiswa njengento eluhlaza ehlukile futhi ayifani ne-Panax ginseng.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Endulo: i-ginseng ivela esikweni lamaShayina iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili; kukhulunywa ngayo encwadini yamakhambi yakudala ethi Shennong Bencao Jing (神农本草经, Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng) njengekhambi lesigaba esiphezulu.
• Indawo Ngokomlando: endulo, i-ginseng yase-Shangdang (上党, Shàngdǎng, manje eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Shanxi) yayikhethekile; ngemva kokuncipha kwezitshalo zasendle lapho, indawo yokuvuna yathuthela enyakatho-mpumalanga — e-GuanDong (关东, Guāndōng).
• Ubukhosi bakwa-Qing: ababusi baseManchu babebheka i-Changbaishan njengendawo yokhokho futhi bamisa uhlelo lwezimvume zokuqoqa impande yasendle (参票, shēnpiào), bakhawulela lo msebenzi.

I-ginseng iyingxenye yokuphawuleka okuthiwa amagugu amathathu aseNyakatho-Mpumalanga (东北三宝, dōngběi sān bǎo) kanye noboya besable kanye notshani noma izimpondo (ngokuhlukahluka kwesisho). Impande yayiphiwa ngokwesiko njengophawu lwenhlonipho nesifiso sempilo enhle, futhi yayisetshenziswa emhluzweni othosisayo wamaholide. Phawula ukuthi mayelana ne-ginseng yomlando yase-Shangdang, abaphenyi abavumelani ngazwilinye: abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwaleli gama kwakungaba khona esinye isitshalo — impande yensimbi (党参, dǎngshēn, Codonopsis pilosula); udaba lusalokhu lunempikiswano.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla:

• Uhlobo Lwempilo: isitshalo esinezimbali esihlala iminyaka eminingi sibe nobude obucishe bube ngu-30 - 60 cm.
• Amaqabunga: ama-palmatiquement compound, aqoqwe ndawonye esiqwini esingenalutho esicongweni sesiqu.
• Izimbali Nezithelo: izimbali ezincane eziluhlaza-phuzi ezisakazweni; izithelo zingamadrupe afana namajikijolo abomvu ngokugqamile.
• Impande: inyama, imvamisa inezinhlangothi eziphumela eceleni nezimpande ezincane; ukwakheka kuvame ukufana nomfanekiso womuntu, okuyilapho igama elithi 人参 (rénshēn) livela khona — ngokwezwi nezwi okusho ukuthi impande yomuntu.
• Ubudala bempahla: impande yamasimu ivamise ukumbiwa onyakeni we-4 - 6; izitshalo zasendle zikhula amashumi eminyaka.

Igama lomkhakha Panax lisuselwa esiGrekini “panakeia” — okusho ukwelapha konke, okuyimpande efanayo negama elithi panacea. Inani lezimpahla linqunywa ubukhulu, ukuphelela, nokwakheka kwempande, futhi kuma-slabs — ubukhulu nokufana kwawo.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

• Indawo: imiqansa yamahlathi epholile yase-Changbaishan nezintaba ezizungezile zaseNyakatho-Mpumalanga.
• Umhlabathi Nokukhanya: imhlabathi ovundile, okhipha amanzi kahle, one-asidi encane; isitshalo sidinga umthunzi, ngakho amasimu ambozwa ngezintente noma atshalwa ngaphansi kombhede wehlathi.
• Izinhlobo Zokuvela: i-ginseng yasemapulazini (园参, yuánshēn); i-ginseng yasendle yasezintabeni (山参, shānshēn); i-ginseng engaphansi kwehlathi engeyona yangempela yasendle (林下参, línxiàshēn) kanye neginseng etshaliwe esezintabeni (移山参, yíshānshēn).
• Izindawo Ezibalulekile: isifunda sase-Fusong (抚松县, Fǔsōng xiàn) e-Jilin, esaziwa njengendawo yeginseng; kanye nezifunda ezingomakhelwane esifundazweni.

I-ginseng izwela kakhulu ekukhathaleni komhlabathi: endaweni eyodwa ayikwazi ukutshalwa kabusha iminyaka eminingi ilandelana, okwenza kudingeke ukuthi kuhlale kuvulwa amasimu amasha. Umehluko phakathi kwe-园参 ne-山参 ubalulekile enanini nasenganambithekeni: impande yasepulazini inkulu futhi inambitheka kancane, kanti impande yasendle incane, iminyene, inephunga elinamandla futhi ibiza kakhulu.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukuvuna: izimpande zimbiwa ekwindla, zihlanzwe umhlabathi, futhi zihlelwe.
• I-Ginseng Emhlophe (生晒参): izimpande ezigeziwe (ngezinye izikhathi zikhishwe ikhasi) zomiswa elangeni noma emoyeni ofudumele; umbala uhlala ukhanya — kusuka ku-cream-yellow kuya ku-brown ephaphathekile.
• I-Ginseng Ebomvu (红参): izimpande ezintsha ezikhethiwe ziyaphekwa ngesitimu amahora amaningana, bese zomiswa; ngenxa yokushisa, izicubu ziyacaca, zicwebezele njengengilazi, bese umbala uba yi-amber emnyama kuya ko-brown-bomvu.
• Ukusika: impande eyomile isikwa ibe izingcezu ezincane (切片, qiēpiàn) — lena yifomu le-人参片.
• Ukuhlunga: ngokobukhulu, ukwakheka, nokuphelela.

Ukwenza isitimu akuguquli nje umbala nokuminyana, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukonga: i-ginseng ebomvu ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ayonakali kalula kune-ginseng emhlophe. Ilebuli ethi “i-ginseng ebomvu evuthiwe” (老红, lǎo hóng) ivamise ukukhombisa impahla esezingeni eliphezulu noma esezingeni eliphakeme.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngokomzimba:

• Ama-slabs abomvu: ansundu-bomvu kuya ku-amber emnyama, acwebezelayo futhi acwebe njengengilazi, aqinile; iphunga lifudumele, linomunyu omnandi ncamashi; ukunambitheka kubaba futhi kunokunambitheka okumnandi ngemva (回甘, huígān).
• Ama-slabs amhlophe: aphuzi-mhlophe kuya ko-brown ophaphathekile, awacaci kangako; iphunga lisha, linjengotshani nempande; ukunambitheka kumnene, ukubaba kuncane.
• I-infusion: ephuzi ngokukhanyayo kuya ku-amber, icwebile; ekunambithekeni — kubaba kancane futhi kunokubuyela okumnandi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ginsenosides (人参皂苷, rénshēn zàogān): ama-saponin e-triterpene — iqembu lezinhlanganisela eziphawulekayo kulo mkhakha; sekukhonjwe amashumi amaningana azo (Rb1, Rg1, Re, Rd, nezinye).
• Imikhiqizo Yesitimu: lapho kucutshungulwa i-ginseng ebomvu, kwakheka ama-ginsenoside ayivelakancane (isib, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2), acishe angabikho empandeni entsha.
• Ama-polysaccharide e-ginseng: iqembu elihlukile elikhona eliphenywayo.
• Okunye: ama-amino acid nama-peptides, ama-polyacetylene, amafutha ayingcikitshi, ama-sterol, kanye namavithamini namaminerali.

Ukwakheka kuncike kakhulu ohlotsheni (obomvu noma omhlophe), imvelaphi (eyasemapulazini noma yasendle), ubudala bempande, nendlela yokucubungula, ngakho-ke azikho izinombolo ezilinganiselwe ezifanayo zokuqukethwe kwezinto ezisebenzayo.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Okuvame ukucatshangwa esikweni: emasikweni asekhaya nawemithi aseShayina, i-ginseng ithathwa njengendlela yakudala yokugcwalisa kakhulu i-qi yasekuqaleni, futhi ixhumene nokubuyisa amandla nomfutho ojwayelekile; ohlelweni lwendabuko lwabantu, ifakwa esigabeni esiphezulu sezinto ezithosisayo.
• Okuphenywa isayensi: uphenyo lwesimanje lugxile kuma-ginsenoside nama-polysaccharide; i-ginseng ivame ukuchazwa ezincwadini njenge-adaptogen, nokho lena yisici sophenyo hhayi inkomba yezokwelapha eqinisekisiwe.

Kufanele kucaciswe ngokuqondile: ama-slabs e-ginseng angumkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi umuthi, futhi akukho zethembiso zokwelapha okufanele zenziwe; izimangalo zezempilo ezithengiswayo ziwela ngaphandle kwemibandela ye-encyclopedia. Ezixwayisweni ezijwayelekile ezaziwayo, ngezwi elingathathi hlangothi sibala ukulinganisela ekusebenziseni; ukuqapha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa; ukusebenzisana okungenzeka nemithi ethile, kuhlanganisa nama-anticoagulant; kanye nokuthi uma umfutho wegazi uphakeme, isimo sengqondo sivukile, noma uqwasha, ukusabela kungahamba ngomunye umuntu. Ezimeni eziyimpikiswano, ukubonisana nochwepheshe kuyalulekwa; imithamo ethile nezincomo azinikezwanga lapha.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

• Isilinganiso: cishe ama-3 - 5 g ama-slabs (ama-2 - 4 izingcezu) ku-200 - 300 ml wamanzi.
• Amanzi: ashisayo, 90 - 100 °C — impande eqinile idinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
• Izitsha: ingilazi, i-gaiwan, i-thermos, noma i-teapot encane; ukubilisa emlilweni omncane kuyavunyelwa.
• Isikhathi nokuchithwa: i-infusion yokuqala — imizuzu embalwa; impande ikwazi ukumelana nokuchithwa okuningi, imvamisa okungu-5 - 10.

Indlela ekahle yasekhaya — i-thermos infusion (焖泡, mènpào): ama-slabs athelwa ngamanzi abilayo, avalwe, futhi ashiywe imizuzu eyi-15 - 30 noma ngaphezulu, aphinde anezezwe amanzi phakathi nosuku. Ukuze kube nokunambitheka okunamandla, impande iyabiliswa imizuzu engama-20 - 40. Ama-slabs athambile ngemva kokuphuza ajwayele ukuhlafunwa. Ngokwesiko lasekhaya, i-ginseng ivamise ukuhlanganiswa nama-goji berries, izithelo ezibomvu ezomisiwe, noma uju — lolu udaba lokunambitheka, hhayi umphumela wokwelapha. I-infusion ijwayele ukuphuzwa ishisa; inguqulo ebandayo ingenzeka, kodwa ukuyiphaka ibandayo akuyona into ejwayelekile kulokhu okuluhlaza. Kubantu abazwelayo emthonjeni othosisayo, kunengqondo ukugwema i-infusion eqinile kusihlwa.

10. Ukugcina:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama esitsheni esivalwe kahle.
• Izitha eziyinhloko: umswakama, isikhutha, nezinambuzane — i-ginseng isengozini yalokhu.
• Ukugcina isikhathi eside: ama-slabs avame ukugcinwa efrijini noma endaweni yefriza; i-ginseng ebomvu igcinwa kangcono kune-ginseng emhlophe ngenxa yesitimu.
• Ukuhlola: hlola ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi ayimanzi yini, ayilahlekelwa yiphunga, kanye nezimpawu zezilokazane.

Uma kugcinwe kahle, ama-slabs agcina ikhwalithi cishe iminyaka emi-2 - 3; ukuvela kwephunga elibi, ukunamathela, noma izibungu kuyisizathu sokulahla le mpahla.

11. Intengo Nokwenziwa Okungemthetho:

• Amazinga entengo: ama-slabs asemapulazini (园参) — inani elicishe libe ngamakhulu ama-yuan ngekhilogremu; i-ginseng ebomvu evuthiwe yekhwalithi ephezulu ibiza kakhulu; i-ginseng yasendle yasezintabeni (山参) ibiza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa futhi ithengiswa ngekhilogremu noma ngamagremu.
• Ukwahluka: inkomba yomphakeli kule nto ayinqunyiwe — intengo incike kakhulu ohlotsheni, ubudala, imvelaphi, nokuphelela kwempande.

Okufanele kubhekwe empahleni yangempela: kwi-ginseng ebomvu — ukwakheka okucwebezelayo njengengilazi, ukuminyana, umbala ofanayo onsundu-bomvu, nephunga elifudumele eliphawulekayo; kweyomhlophe — ukwakheka kwempande okulungile, imibimbi emincane eyindilinga, nephunga lempande elisha. Impande yasendle ephelele ihlolwa ngezici ezinhlanu (五形, wǔ xíng): intamo ye-rhizome enezibazi ezinjengendebe (芦碗, lú wǎn), imibimbi eqinile esontekile ehlombe, ukuma komzimba, isimo sesikhumba, kanye nezimpande ezincane ezinamathupha ayindilinga. Ezicucwini, lezi zici ziyalahleka, ngakho i-ginseng yasendle ithengwa iyimpande ephelele ukuze kube nokwethembeka.

Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokwenza umgunyathi: ukuveza impande yasemapulazini njengeyasendle; ukuyifaka esikhundleni ngezinye izimpande — i-platycodon grandiflorus (桔梗, jiégěng), futhi okunobuthi obaziwayo i-poke (商陆, shānglù) kanye nempande yase-Huashan (华山参, huàshānshēn); ukwahlukanisa ngezinga nge-ginseng yaseMelika; ukwenza isindo ngoshukela (糖参, tángshēn); nokuthengisa impande osekukhishwe kuyo ama-ginsenoside kakade. I-ginseng yasendle eshibhile ngendlela esolisayo icishe ihlale ikhombisa umgunyathi, ngakho ke kuthembeke kakhulu ukuthenga kubaphakeli abaqinisekisiwe.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Igama-Nomfanekiso: izinhlamvu 人参 (rénshēn) ngokwezwi nezwi zisho ukuthi impande yomuntu — ngenxa yokufana kwempande nesimo somuntu.
• I-Panacea egameni: umkhakha Panax ngokomlando uhlobene negama elithi panacea.
• Isiko Eliphilayo: amasiko okuqoqa i-ginseng e-Changbaishan (长白山采参习俗) ngonyaka wezi-2008 afakwa ohlwini lwamagugu kazwelonke angaphatheki esiko laseChina.
• Isiko Lokusingatha: ukufunwa kwendabuko kwempande yasendle (放山, fàngshān) kuhambisana nolimi lwakho, izinkolelo, namasiko — ngokwesibonelo, ukubopha isitshalo esitholiwe ngentambo ebomvu.
• Inhloko-dolobha Ye-ginseng: isifunda sase-Fusong sizimisa ngokusemthethweni njengendawo ye-ginseng yaseChina.
• Isimo Sokudla: ngonyaka we-2012, i-ginseng etshaliwe eneminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu yafakwa ohlwini lwempahla yokudla entsha yaseChina, okuyinto eyavula ngokusemthethweni ukusetshenziswa kwayo emikhiqizweni yokudla naseziphuzweni.
• Isimo Esimbaxambili: ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ginseng isalokhu iyimpahla esemthethweni ye-pharmacopoeia yaseChina (中国药典, Zhōngguó Yàodiǎn).
• Isihlobo SaseKorea: i-ginseng yaseKorea edumile (高丽参, gāolíshēn) ingaphansi kohlobo olufanayo lwe-Panax ginseng.

Ekuphetheni:

Ama-slabs e-ginseng — angummeleli oqavile wohlobo lwe-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): ayaphekwa futhi aphuzwe njengezinga letiye, kodwa akalona itiye, ngoba awenziwa ngekhasi le-camellia, kodwa ngempande ye-Panax ginseng. Ngemva kwalomkhiqizo obukeka ulula kunamasiko aphelele — indawo yase-Changbaishan, ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwempande ebomvu nemhlophe, impande yasendle neyasemapulazini, amasiko okusingatha aseNyakatho-Mpumalanga, kanye nendima yempande yamakhulu eminyaka njengophawu lwempilo nenhlonipho.

Kufanele ufikile kuyo ngokuzola ngaphandle kokulindela okuyisimangaliso: lokhu kuwumkhiqizo wokudla obalulekile onokunambitheka kwawo, iphunga, nendlela yokupheka i-infusion, hhayi umuthi. Ukukhetha okunengqondo kwempahla eqinisekisiwe, ukunaka izimpawu zomgunyathi, nokulinganisela ekusebenziseni — yilokho kuphela okudingekayo ukuze ukwazi ukwazisa le nfusion ngekhwalithi yayo yangempela, uhlukanise amaqiniso ezimangelweni zokudayisa.

the teas described here are available from teamotea