píngguǒ huā

Izimbali zama-apula (苹果花, píngguǒ huā) — izimbali eziqhakazile nezisacathula zesihlahla sama-apula esitshaliwe, ezomisiwe, ezithi eShayina zifakwe emanzini ashisayo ziphuze njengotshwala obunephunga elimnandi. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ngokushesha: akulona itiye ngomqondo wesayensi yezitshalo — akukho khasi lesihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis kule nto eluhlaza, futhi yingakho lesi siphuzo singaphansi kwesigaba sezinto ezisebenza esikhundleni setiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá), okungukuthi ukufakwa kwamakhambi nezimbali, okufana ne-tiye ngokubukeka nangokwesiko. Into eluhlaza cishe yonke iwumkhiqizo ovela eceleni ekukhiqizeni izithelo kwezimboni: izimbali zikhiwa entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sokulinganisa izimbali nezithelo ezisencane ezindaweni ezinkulu zama-apula — esifundazweni sase-Shaanxi (isifunda sase-Luochuan), e-Shandong (Yantai), nase-Gansu. Ukufakwa kuphuma kuthambe, kukhanyisile, kunomkhondo omncane wephunga lezimbali noju, yingakho izimbali zama-apula zivame ukusetshenziswa hhayi zodwa, kodwa emaxubeni ezimbali. Esikweni lansuku zonke, lokhu kungaphezulu kwesiphuzo “esihle” futhi esilula sesiyingi sansuku zonke, kunomkhiqizo womgcagco.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Ngokwezigaba kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: into esebenza esikhundleni setiye, ukufakwa kwezimbali (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); ekuhlukanisweni kwansuku zonke — ingxenye yeqembu “lamatiye ekhambi nezimbali” (花草茶, huācǎo chá).
• Ubudlelwano besayensi yezitshalo: izimbali zama-apula, umndeni we-Rosaceae (蔷薇科, qiángwēi kē), uhlobo lwe-Malus (苹果属, píngguǒ shǔ).
• Igama lesiLatini: ngokuvamile linikezwa njenge-Malus domestica; ezincwadini kuphinde kutholakale ukubhalwa kwe-Malus pumila kanye ne-Malus × domestica — akukho sivumelwano esisodwa nge-epithet, okufanele kucatshangelwe. Izinhlobo ezihlobene nezinhlobonhlobo zingaphinda zinikeze into eluhlaza.
• Imvelaphi yento eluhlaza: izingadi zama-apula zezimboni zase-Loess Plateau kanye nogu lwase-Bohai Bay.

Ngokuhlukile futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza: i-Camellia sinensis ayikho ngokuphelele kulo mkhiqizo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi “i-tiye lama-apula” — akulona uhlobo lwe-tiye noma ukulingisa kwalo, kodwa wuhlobo oluzimele lokufakwa oluvela ezintweni eziluhlaza zezitshalo. Ohlelweni lwaseShayina lwemikhiqizo yokudla, iziphuzo ezinjalo zidlula njenge-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — “i-tiye esebenza esikhundleni”, noma zichazwa njengesiphuzo sezitshalo. Ukungabikho kwekhasi le-tiye kuphinde kube nomphumela ongokoqobo: i-caffeine ye-tiye ayikho ezimbalini zama-apula, futhi iphrofayili yokunambitheka yakhelwe phezu kwezinto ezinuka kamnandi zezimbali, hhayi phezu kwama-tannin e-tiye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiko, ukunambitheka, kanye nendlela yokufaka emanzini kufanelwe ukuchazwa okuphelele — lolu wuhlobo oluhlukile lweziphuzo, hhayi into engaphezulu nje.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwezamasiko:

• Izimpande zesiko: umkhuba ojwayelekile waseShayina wokufaka emanzini ashisayo izimbali ezomisiwe (i-rose, i-chrysanthemum, i-jasmine, i-cinnamon) njengokufakwa okunephunga elimnandi.
• Indawo yombala wama-apula: isikhundla esisha esilinganiselwe, “sengadi” sohlu, esihlobene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kokutshalwa kwama-apula ezimbonini ngekhulunyaka lama-20 nelama-21.

Isihlahla sama-apula njengesityalo sezithelo enyakatho yeShayina besilokhu sitshalwa kusukela kudala, kodwa izingadi zesimanje zohlobo lwaseYurophu naseMelika zatshalwa ngobuningi engxenyeni yesibili yekhulunyaka lama-20. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwakheka khona isidingo sobuchwepheshe sokulinganisa izimbali, futhi kwavela umfudlana ojwayelekile wezimbali ezikhiwe. Ukuvuthwa kwazo nokuthengiswa njengokufakwa — kuwukuqhubeka okunengqondo komkhuba omdala waseShayina wokuphuza uketshezi lwezimbali. Ngomqondo wezamasiko, umbala wama-apula uhlotshaniswa nentwasahlobo, ingadi, kanye nobuhle “obuthambile”; awunalo lelo sisindo lezincwadi nelomgcagco elikhona, ake sithi, ku-chrysanthemum noma i-oolong, kodwa uthatha indawo eqinisekile phakathi kweziphuzo “ezinhle” zansuku zonke, ezaziswa ngephunga elimnandi nokubukeka kokufakwa.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo Nento Eluhlaza:

• Isitshalo: isihlahla esilahla amahlamvu, engadini ngokuthenwa okulinganiselwe ngokuvamile singamamitha angu-2–5, sinomqhele oyindilinga.
• Imbali: inezitho zobulili obubili, inamacembe amahlanu, esacathula ibomvana noma ibomvu-bomvana, lapho iqhakaze ngokuphelele imhlophe-bomvana; iqoqene ibe izimbaba ezimise okwengamanxeba.
• Izikhathi zokuqhakaza: entwasahlobo, kuye ngendawo nonyaka — cishe ngo-April kuya ekuqaleni kuka-May.
• Into eluhlaza: amathupha nezimbali ezisanda kuqhakaza, zinqunywe nesiqu sembali noma ngaphandle kwaso.

Ngenjongo yokufaka, amathupha nezimbali ekuqaleni kokuqhakaza yiwona aziswa kakhulu: kulesi sigaba ziqinile, zigcina isimo esihle lapho zomiswa futhi zinikeza iphunga elimsulwa ngokwengeziwe. Izimbali eziqhakaze ngokuphelele, “esezikhulile kakhulu” ziwohloka ngokushesha futhi zilahlekelwe amacembe, yingakho entweni eluhlaza eseqediwe azifuneki kangako. Ingxenye yento ngokungenakugwenywa ikhiwa kanye nezicucu ezincane zeziqu zezimbali nama-sepals — lokhu kujwayelekile entweni eluhlaza evela eceleni.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Ezikhethekile Zokutshala:

• Izindawo ezibalulekile: i-Shaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī) — ngaphambi kwakho konke isifunda sase-Luochuan (洛川, Luòchuān); i-Shandong (山东, Shāndōng) — indawo yase-Yantai (烟台, Yāntái); i-Gansu (甘肃, Gānsù).
• Indawo yendawo nesimo sezulu: i-Loess Plateau enomehluko omkhulu wezinga lokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku kanye nomswakama olinganiselwe; izingadi ezisogwini lwase-Shandong.
• Isimo sento eluhlaza: umkhiqizo ovela eceleni wokutshalwa kwezithelo, hhayi isityalo esihlukile “esenzelwe imbali”.

Isici esiyinhloko salesi sikhundla ukuthi imbali lapha — akuyona inhloso, kodwa wumphumela wobuchwepheshe bezolimo. Lapho kuqhakaza izimbali eziningi, ingxenye yezimbali nezithelo ezisencane iyakhishwa, ukuze izithelo ezisele zithole ukudla okwengeziwe futhi zikhule zibe zinkulu futhi zilingane; lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi ukunciphiswa kwezimbali (疏花, shū huā) kanye nezithelo ezisencane (疏果, shū guǒ). Inqwaba ekhiwe iba into eluhlaza yokufaka. Kusukela lapha kuvela ukwethembeka esikhathini sonyaka (ukukhiwa kuhlanganiswe ngokuqinile nenkathi emfushane yokuqhakaza) kanye nekhwalithi eguquguqukayo unyaka nonyaka: isimo sezulu emavikini ambalwa entwasahlobo sinquma ukuthi ingakanani imbali engakhiwa futhi izoba kusiphi isigaba. U-Luochuan no-Yantai abakhulunywa ngengozi — lawa amagama angokomlando aqinile e-apula anezindawo ezinkulu zezingadi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, nenani elikhulu lento eluhlaza yezimbali evela eceleni.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukukhiwa: ngesandla, ngesikhathi sokunciphisa izimbali okuhleliwe.
• Ukukhethwa: ukuhlukanisa amathupha nezimbali emagatsheni amaholo nasemahlamvini.
• Ukwenziwa kwesomiso: ukomisa emoyeni-ethunzini noma ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi; umgomo uwukugcina isimo samacembe nombala.
• Ukuhlengwa nokupakishwa: ukukhipha amacembe awile, imvuthuluka, nezimbali ezifiphele.

Ubuchwepheshe lapha busondele kakhulu ekwenzeni isomiso lwezinto eziluhlaza zezimbali kunasesikhiqizweni se-tiye: akukho ukumiswa kwama-enzyme ngomqondo we-tiye, noma ukusongwa, noma ukuvutshelwa okumisiwe. Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko — ukuqeda amanzi ngokushesha nangobumnene ezimbalini ezintekenteke, ukuze zingabi nsundu futhi zingakhuntelwa. Ukwenziwa isomiso ngokweqile kwenza amacembe aphuke kalula futhi abe nothuli, ukungomiswa ngokwanele kusongela isikhutha lapho kugcinwa, yingakho ikhwalithi yokwenziwa isomiso kuwukuhlukanisa okuyinhloko kobuchwepheshe phakathi kwento eluhlaza enakekelwe kahle kanye nenganakekelwanga. Ngezinye izikhathi izimbali zama-apula zixutshwa ezingxubeni ezisemhlanganweni izimbali kakade esigabeni sokupakisha.

6. Izici Zokuzwa:

• Into eluhlaza eyomile: izimbali ezincane namathupha anombala omhlophe-bomvana nobomvana, anezicucu ezinsundu zama-sepals; iphunga elibuthakathaka, elomile-elinjengezimbali.
• Ukufakwa: kukhanya kakhulu, kusuka kokucishe kube sobala kuya kokuphuzi okuhlambulukile; exubeni umbala ubekwa ezinye izakhi.
• Iphunga: elicashile, lezimbali-noju, elinomkhondo omncane “wengadi”.
• Ukunambitheka: okuthambile, okunoshukela omncane, ngaphandle kwebuqa noma umuncu ogqamile.

Kufanele kushiwo ngokuthembeka: zodwa izimbali ze-apula — ziwuphuzo oluthule. Alinakho ukugcwala kwe-chrysanthemum, noma ukuminyana kwe-rose, noma ukuphunga kwe-cinnamon. Kungalesi sizathu livame ukufakwa emaxubeni: lengeza iphunga elimnandi nobuhle, lingazidluli ezinye izakhi. Kulabo abafuna ukunambitheka okugqamile, umkhiqizo wodwa ungabonakala ungenalutho; kulabo abazisa ukukhanya, ufika ngesikhathi esifanele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Flavonoid nama-Polyphenol: kuhlobo lwe-apula lulonke, iqembu lama-flavonoid liyisici; ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokuhlanganisa ezaziwayo zohlobo, i-phloridzin (根皮苷, gēnpígān) iyaziwa — i-dihydrochalcone glycoside.
• Ama-Phenolic acid: ezicutshini zesihlahla se-apula, kutholakala, ngokukhethekile, i-chlorogenic acid (绿原酸, lǜyuánsuān).
• Izinto ezinuka kamnandi: izinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo ezinomkhondo, ezakha iphunga lezimbali.
• I-Caffeine: ayikho.

Lapha kufanele kube nokucaphuna mayelana nokunemba. Ukwakheka ngobuningi kwembali eyomile ye-apula njengento eluhlaza ethengiswayo kufundwe kancane kakhulu kunokwakheka kwezithelo, amahlamvu, noma amaxolo, futhi kuncike kakhulu ohlotsheni, esigabeni sembali, nasendleleni yokwenziwa isomiso. Ngakho-ke, kulungile ukukhuluma ngokuba yingxenye yama-rosaceous anothe ngama-flavonoid nangobukhona bama-polyphenol jikelele, kodwa hhayi ukunamathisela esiphuzweni “imithamo” eqinisekisiwe yalezo naleyo zinto.

8. Izakhiwo Ezinempilo:

Lesi sigaba sichaza imibono, hhayi amaqiniso ezokwelapha. Umkhiqizo ungowokudla; awuwona umuthi futhi awuhloselwe ukwelapha noma ukuvikela izifo.

• Njengoba kuvame ukucatshangwa ekhaya: ukufakwa kubonwa njengesiphuzo esilula, “esithobisayo” futhi “esenzela ubuhle besikhumba”; emcabangweni wesintu, ukufakwa kwezimbali kuhlanganiswa nomuzwa wokusha nokuthamba.
• Yini ethakasela isayensi: ama-flavonoid nama-polyphenol ama-rosaceous atadishwa njengama-antioxidant ku-vitro; lolu ucwaningo lwento eluhlaza nezithako, hhayi ubufakazi bomphumela wokwelapha wesiphuzo sesokuzimela esiphelele.
• Isimo se-encyclopedia: izithembiso ezithile zempilo ezidayisa ngazo izitolo (zokunciphisa umzimba, “ukuhlambulula”, ukulinganisela kwamahomoni, nokunye okunjalo) zingaphandle kweqiniso elihlolekayo futhi azivezwanga lapha.

Ngokungathathi hlangothi mayelana nezixwayiso: njenganoma yiziphi izinto eziluhlaza zezimbali, ukulinganisela kunengqondo; abantu abane-allergy empova yama-rosaceous noma kwizithelo zalo mndeni kufanele baqaphe; ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, sokuncelisa, nangokuphuza imithi kanyekanye, isinqumo nganoma yikuphi ukufakwa kwamakhambi kufanele kuxoxwe nodokotela. Lezi izinkomba ezijwayelekile, hhayi izincomo noma imithamo.

9. Ukufakwa Emanzini Ashisayo:

• Inani: cishe amagremu angu-3–5 ezimbali ezomile kumamililitha angu-250–300 amanzi (exubeni ingxenye yombala wama-apula ngokuvamile mncane).
• Amanzi: athambile, asanda kubiliswa futhi apholiswe kancane, cishe u-85–90 °C — amacembe athambile akathandi amanzi abilayo ashubile.
• Isitsha: ipotana lengilazi noma i-gaiwan; ingilazi esobala ivumela ukubukisisa izimbali.
• Isikhathi: ukufakwa kokuqala imizuzu engu-2–3, ngemva kwalokho ngokunambitheka.
• Ukuthululelwa: kumelana nokuthululelwa okungu-2–3, ngalokunye iphunga liyancipha.
• Ukunikezwa okubandayo: kuyenzeka — thela amanzi abandayo uyeke amahora ambalwa esiqandisini (ukufakwa okubandayo, 冷泡, lěngpào), kuphumela isiphuzo esilula kakhulu esinephunga elimnandi.

Iseluleko esingokoqobo ngokunambitheka: izimbali zama-apula zivela kahle eduze kwezinto ezigqamile ngokwengeziwe. Zivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-rose, i-chrysanthemum, amajikijolo omisiwe, noma nenani elincane loju, olufakwa esiphuzweni esifudumele kakade, hhayi esibilayo. Njengomkhiqizo wodwa, isiphuzo kufanele sifakwe isikhathi eside kancane futhi siminyene kancane, ukuze kukhishwe iphunga elimnandi.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, emnyama, epholile; isitsha esivaleka ngokuqinile.
• Izitha zento eluhlaza: umswakama, amaphunga angaphandle, ukukhanya okuqondile, nokufudumala.
• Isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi: bheka usuku nezincomo zephakheji; izinto eziluhlaza zezimbali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyafiphala futhi zilahlekelwe iphunga elimnandi.
• Izimpawu zokonakala: iphunga elimunyu, izigaxa ezibambene, imikhondo yesikhutha — into eluhlaza enjalo iyalahlwa.

Izimbali zama-apula — into eluhlaza entekenteke futhi edonsa umswakama kalula, iphunga elimnandi lelo nalelo lingelikhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, lilahleka ngokushesha kunalezo zimbali eziqinile njenge-chrysanthemum. Kunengqondo ukuthatha amaqoqo amancane futhi ugcine imbiza ivaliwe ngokuqinile, kude nezinongo nekhofi.

11. Intengo Namanga:

• Inkomba yentengo yokuthenga ngobuningi: cishe u-36 ¥/kg ngento eluhlaza evamile; lena inkomba yokuthenga ngobuningi, hhayi intengo yokudayisa, futhi iyashintshashintsha ngeminyaka nangekhwalithi.
• Ukuthi ibukeka kanjani into eluhlaza ekahle: amathupha nezimbali eziphelele ezibonakalayo ezinamacembe abomvana akhanyayo namhlophe, umvuthuluka omncane nezingxenye ezinsundu eziwile, iphunga elihlanzekile elincane lezimbali ngaphandle kokunuka.
• Kumiswa ngani futhi kuxutshwa nani: ngaphansi kwesithunzi sombala wama-apula kungahamba umbala wamanye ama-rosaceous (ama-apula okuhlobisa, ipheya, ipulamu, ipentshisi, i-cherry) — izimbali zasentwasahlobo ziyefana ngokubukeka; kuye kutholakale nokuhlelwa okunengxube enkulu yemvuthuluka neziqu zezimbali.
• Yini okufanele ibhekwe: ingxenye yezimbali eziphelele uma iqhathaniswa nemvuthuluka, ukungabikho kwesikhutha nephunga elingaphandle, ukuthembeka kwengxube emaxubeni.

Njengoba lokhu kuyinto eluhlaza eshibhile evela eceleni, amanga amaholo ngenjongo yenzuzo mancane amathuba kunasezikhundleni ezibizayo; okuvame kakhulu akukhona ukumiswa, kodwa ikhwalithi ephansi — inqwaba eyomile ngokweqile enothuli, izimbali ezifiphele, amagatsha amaningi. Ezingxubeni zezimbali, umbala wama-apula ngezinye izikhathi ubalulwa ephaketheni hhayi kangako ngenxa yenani langempela elinesisindo, kodwa ngenxa yokuhlobisa ingxube — kufanele ufunde ilebula ngokuhluzekile.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Imbali njengomkhiqizo ovela eceleni: ukubaluleka komnotho kwesihlahla sama-apula kusezithelo, futhi imbali yokufaka ngokoqobo “ikhishwa emkhiqizweni”, iguqula izindleko zokunciphisa zibe yimpahla ethengiswayo.
• Izihlobo enkomishini: i-rose, ipheya, ipulamu, ipentshisi, i-cherry, i-hawthorn kanye ne-apula ngokwalo — konke lokhu kungama-rosaceous, yingakho ukufakwa kwezimbali zasentwasahlobo kwakuleli qembu kufana kangaka ngephunga nangokubukeka.
• Umdlali othule wamaxube: ukuthamba yikhona okwenza izimbali zama-apula zibe yingxenye “yangemuva” elula yezingxube, lapho zengeza ubuhle nephunga elincane.
• Isizini yehlulela konke: umthamo nekhwalithi yento eluhlaza kunqunywa isimo sezulu emavikini ambalwa okuqhakaza, yingakho unyaka nonyaka ungafani.

Ekuphetheni:

Izimbali zama-apula — ziwummeleli othobekile, kodwa othembekile wohlobo lwezinto ezisebenza esikhundleni setiye zaseShayina (代用茶, dàiyòng chá): akulona itiye, kodwa ukufakwa okulula kwezimbali okuvela entweni eluhlaza eseceleni yokutshala okukhulu kwama-apula. Amandla alo akukhona ekuqineni, kodwa ekuthambeni nasephungeni elimnandi lasentwasahlobo, yingakho lihlala ngaphambili emaxubeni nasendimeni “yokuthula” yesiphuzo sansuku zonke, hhayi inkanyezi ekhazimulayo yodwa.

Uma usondela kulo ngaphandle kokulindela okukhulu nangaphandle kwezimangaliso okuthiwa zithengiswa ezitolo, umkhiqizo omnandi, ongabizi, futhi omuhle enkomishini onomlando wezolimo oqondakalayo. Okufanele ukwazise ngakho yilokhu okuyikho: ngephunga layo elimnandi elintekenteke lasengadini, ngokukhanya okusobala kokufakwa, nangesiko eligcinwe ngenhlonipho lokufaka izimbali ezomisiwe emanzini ashisayo.

the teas described here are available from teamotea