níngméng piàn

Izingcezu zikalamula omisiwe (柠檬片, níngméng piàn) — izingcezu eziwumgqumo eziphambene zesithelo sikalamula (Citrus limon), eziphekwa ngamanzi ashisayo eChina futhi ziphuzwe njengensipho emuncu enephunga elimnandi. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, isiphuzo esinjalo sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “itiye likalamula”, kodwa ngokwesayensi yezitshalo, asihlangene netiye ngalutho: alinayo iqabunga nanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yesitshalo setiye iCamellia sinensis. Ohlelweni lwaseChina lokudla, izinsipho ezinjalo ezivela ezithelweni, ezimbalini nasemakhambi zihlukaniswa njengama “zindlela zokuthatha indawo yetiye” (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) — iziphuzo eziphekwa ngokwesiko letiye, kodwa ezingathathwa njengetiye. Ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko kugxile esifundeni sase-Anyue (安岳, Ānyuè) esifundazweni saseSichuan, esibizwa ngokuthi “inhloko-dolobha yekalamula laseChina”. Umkhiqizo usungene ngokuqinile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke: izimbiza ezinezingcezu zigcinwa emahhovisi nasemakhaya, kufakwa uju, ijinja noma amajikijolo omisiwe ensipheni, kuphuzwa kushisa ngenkathi ebandayo futhi kupholile ehlobo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: insipho yezitshalo, ithatha indawo yetiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); akulona itiye ngomqondo wesayensi yezitshalo
• Umthombo wesayensi yezitshalo: ulamula (Citrus limon), umndeni weRutaceae
• Ingxenye esetshenziswayo: isithelo esiphelele esisikiwe — inyama kanye nekhasi nokhasi olunamakha
• Izwe lesitshalo: iNingizimu neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia; eChina lethiswa ngekhulu lama-20
• Isifunda esiyinhloko sokukhiqiza: isifunda sase-Anyue, isifunda se dolobha saseZiyang (资阳, Zīyáng), isifundazwe saseSichuan

Kufanele kushiwo ngokucacile: naphezu kwegama lokuphila “itiye likalamula”, ezingcezwini zikalamula omisiwe alikho iqabunga letiye leCamellia sinensis. Itiye langempela litholakala emaqabungeni ohlobo olulodwa lwesitshalo, kanti lapha sibheke isithelo se-citrus esomisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kunembe kakhudlwana ukubiza umkhiqizo ngokuthi ithatha indawo yetiye (代用茶) noma insipho yezithelo nezitshalo. Lokhu akusiyona into eyisikhohlakala noma ukulingisa itiye, kodwa uhlobo oluzimele lweziphuzo olunesiko lwalo, indawo nobuchwepheshe, olumane luphekwe ngemithetho efanayo yasekhaya.

Isaziso sesayensi yezitshalo: uhlelo lwesimanje lokuhlukanisa lubheka ulamula njengohlobo oluxubile (kucatshangwa ukuthi i-citron ne-pomerance noma enye i-citrus), ngakho-ke uvame ukubhalwa ngokuthi Citrus × limon; igama elisabalele lombhali — Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Ukwethulwa: ulamula akusilo itshalo lendabuko eChina; ukutshalwa kwezimboni e-Anyue kuqala ngeminyaka yawo-1920
• Isiqu seSifunda: i-Anyue yathola igama elithi “ikhaya lelamula laseChina” (中国柠檬之乡, Zhōngguó níngméng zhī xiāng)
• Inkomba Yendawo: “Ilamula lase-Anyue” (安岳柠檬, Ānyuè níngméng) livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onenkomba yendawo (GI)

Izingcezu ezomisiwe zaba ngumkhiqizo omkhulu ngezikhathi ezisanda kwedlula — kanye nokuthuthuka kokugaywa kwe-citrus nokuhweba nge-inthanethi. Ilamula elisha lihlala isikhathi esilinganiselwe futhi linesisindo ekuthuthweni, kanti izingcezu ezomisiwe zihlangene, zizinzile futhi zilungele ukuphekwa ngenkomishi yamanzi abilayo. Kwigagasi lentshisekelo yeziphuzo “ezilula” ezingenayo i-caffeine, umkhiqizo wangena esikweni lamahhovisi nasempilweni yentsha: ingcezu yekalamula enesipuni soju ebhodleleni eliyigilazi yaba isithombe esijwayelekile.

Ngokohlobo, izingcezu zikalamula omisiwe zisondelene nelinye isiko lamaShayina le-citrus eyomisiwe — ikhasi le-mandarin eligugile laseXinhui (新会陈皮, Xīnhuì chénpí) elivela esifundeni saseXinhui esifundazweni saseGuangdong, elitholakala ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwe-mandarin (茶枝柑, cházhīgān). Lapho nalaphaya, i-citrus eyomisiwe iyaphekwa futhi inikezwe isikhathi, iphunga lekhasi namafutha alo abalulekile kuyathakaselwa, futhi ikhwalithi ihlotshaniswa nendawo ethile. Umehluko ukuthi i-chenpi — ikhasi eligugile iminyaka, kanti izingcezu zekalamula — isithelo esiphelele, futhi ukuguga isikhathi eside akubhekwa njengobuhle kuzo.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

• Isitshalo: isihlahla esincane esiluhlaza unyaka wonke noma isihlahla esikhulu sohlobo lwe-citrus (Citrus)
• Isithelo: siyindilinga eshaya emaceleni, sinongqoza ogqamile phezulu; ikhasi lakhiwa ungqimba lwangaphandle olunombala (flavedo, olunezindlala zamafutha abalulekile) nolwangaphakathi olumhlophe (albedo)
• Uhlobo oluphambili e-Anyue: Eureka (尤力克, yóulìkè) — uhlobo lwelemula lwezimboni olusabalele kakhulu kule sifunda
• Izinto zokusetshenziswa zezingcezu: izithelo ezintsha zokuvuthwa kwezobuchwepheshe noma okugcwele; izithelo eziphuzi zenza izingcezu ezisagolide, ezingavuthiwe — ezinombala oluhlaza

Ukuze zisikwe, kukhethwa izithelo eziyindilinga elinganayo, ezingenakubola nokulimala. Ubukhulu bokusika ngokuvamile buyimamilimitha ambalwa: izingcezu ezizacile kakhulu ziyavuphuka, eziminyene kakhulu zoma kancane futhi ngokungalingani. Ekusikeni, kubonakala izingxenye zenyama, insika emaphakathi nomphetho wekhasi — yikhasi ngempela elithwala ingxenye enkulu yamafutha anamakha nokubaba okugqamile.

4. Indawo Nezici Zokutshala:

• Indawo: empumalanga yeSichuan Basin, indawo enamagquma nezintaba
• Isimo Sezulu: i-subtropical monsoon — efudumele, enomswakama, nobusika obuphansi nenani elanele lokushisa okusebenzayo
• Inhlabathi: ikakhulu i-loam kanye ne-purple soils yamagquma ejwayelekile eSichuan
• Isabelo Ezweni: i-Anyue ithatha cishe u-70–80% wokukhiqiza ulamula eChina

Inhlanganisela yobusika obuphansi, ukushisa okwanele nomswakama kuvumela ulamula e-Anyue ukuthi uthele kakhulu futhi cishe unyaka wonke ngamagagasi ambalwa okuqhakaza. Isifunda sakhe uchungechunge oluphelele oluzungeze itshalo: izindawo zezithombo, izingadi, ukuhlukanisa, ukugcina nokugaya, kufaka phakathi ukukhama ijusi, amafutha abalulekile, amatshakada nezingcezu ezomisiwe. Ukugxila kwezinto zokusetshenziswa nokugaya yikho okwenze i-Anyue yaba ngumthombo oyisisekelo wezingcezu zekalamula emakethe yasekhaya.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Izigaba ezijwayelekile: ukugeza nokucubungula ingaphezulu, ukulinganisa, ukusika kube izingcezu, ukomisa, ukuhlukanisa ngombala nokuphelela, ukupakisha
• Ukomisa (ngomoya) okushisayo (热风干燥, rèfēng gānzào): ukuhelezwa ngomoya oshisayo; izingcezu ziyafiphala zibe yithoni elimsundu njenge-amber, iphunga liba “njengeliphekiwe”, linambitheka njenge-caramel ne-citrus
• Ukomisa nge-sublimation nethempelesha ephansi (冻干, dònggān; 低温干燥, dīwēn gānzào): umswakama ususwa emakhazeni noma ngethempelesha ephansi; izingcezu zihlala zikhanyayo, zigcina umbala ophuzi-oluhlaza nephunga elisha, kodwa ziba ntekenteke futhi zibiza kakhulu

Umehluko wezindlela zokomisa — uphawu oluphambili olusebenzayo walo mkhiqizo. Ngomoya oshisayo, kuba nokuxubana okuthile nokufiphala, uvithamini C nengxenye yamakha aguqukayo kulahleka kakhulu, kodwa ukunambitheka kuphuma kugcwele futhi kuminyene, kanti izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphansi. I-sublimation nethempelesha ephansi ivikela kangcono umbala, uvithamini C nephunga elicashile, ngakho-ke izingcezu ezikhanyayo zithakaselwa ngaphezulu, kodwa zibucayi kakhulu ekugcinweni futhi ziphuka kalula. Ngokubukeka, lokhu akunzima ukukuhlukanisa: ama-plate amnyama, asobala njenge-amber — cishe akomisa okushisayo; ama-plate akhanyayo, angacwebezeli, aluhlaza nokuphuzi okugcinwe — akomisa ngethempelesha ephansi.

6. Izici Zezinzwa:

• Ukubukeka: izingcezu eziyindilinga ezinomklamo wezingxenye; umbala kusuka kokuphuzi okukhanyayo nokuluhlaza kuya kumbala omnyama we-amber ngokuya ngokomisa
• Iphunga: i-citrus egqamile, nenothi yekhasi elinamakha; ezingcezwini ezikhanyayo lipholile futhi “linokuphila”, kwezimnyama — lifudumele, linomsindo we-caramel
• Ukunambitheka kwensipho: kumuncu ngokugqamile, nokubaba okuvela ekhasiweni nesisekelo esincane esimnandi
• Insipho: kusuka kokuphuzi okukhanyayo kuya kokuphuzi okusagolide-amber, ngokuvamile icwebile

Ukubaba kwekhasi — uphawu olujwayelekile nolulindelekile, hhayi isici esingalungile. Kulawulwa ngedosi, izinga lokushisa nesikhathi: uma amanzi eshisa futhi isikhathi sokunikeza sikhulu, izinto ezibabayo neziqinisa kakhulu ziphuma kakhulu ekhasiweni.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-asidi e-organic: ngaphambili yi-citric acid (柠檬酸, níngméngsuān) — yiyo ebangela ubumuncu obuqinile
• Uvithamini C: elamula elisha, uningi ngokugqamile, kodwa ekomasini, ikakhulu okushisayo, ingxenye enkulu iyabhujiswa; ezingcezwini ezi-sublimated, kugcinwa okuningi
• Amafutha abalulekile ekhasi: kuphambili i-limonene (d-limonene, 柠檬烯, níngméngxī); iphunga elijwayelekile “lelamula” linikezwa ama-aldehydes, ikakhulu i-citral, kanye ne-β-pinene ne-γ-terpinene
• Ama-flavonoids: i-hesperidin, i-eriocitrin nezinhlanganisela ezihlobene ze-citrus
• Okunye: i-pectin, inani elincane lama-coumarins nama-furanocoumarins ekhasiweni, izinto zamaminerali

Amanani aqondile ancike ohlotsheni, ekuvuthweni kwesithelo nasendleleni yokomisa, ngakho-ke akulungile ukuwethula njengenani elilodwa “lepasipoti”.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Isaziso esibalulekile: izingcezu zikalamula omisiwe — umkhiqizo wokudla nesiphuzo senjabulo, hhayi umuthi. Ngezansi kuchazwa kuphela ukuthi zithathwa kanjani ngokwesiko lokuphila nokuthi yini enentshisekelo kubaphenyi; lezi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha, futhi izethembiso zezempilo zokuhweba okuthengisa zihlala ngaphandle kwe-encyclopedia.

• Ngokwesiko lokuphila: insipho yekalamula ithakaselwa njengesiphuzo esiqabulayo, esivusayo ngesakhiwo salo, esiqeda ukoma, ngokuvamile noju
• Okufundwa yisayensi: i-citrus iyonke ibhekwa njengomthombo kavithamini C, ama-flavonoids namafutha abalulekile; i-d-limonene nama-flavonoids e-citrus aphenywa ngokwehlukana, kodwa insipho yokuphila evela ezingcezwini ezimbalwa — lokhu akuwona umhlanganiso walezi zinto

Izixwayiso ezinengqondo ziwuhlobo olujwayelekile futhi zethulwa ngokungathathi hlangothi. Insipho imuncu, ngakho-ke abantu abanesisu esibucayi noma oqweqwe lwamazinyo kufanele balinganisele. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukuncelisa nokuphuza imithi njalo, ubudlelwane nakunoma yiziphi iziphuzo zezitshalo ezigxilile kuhle ukuxoxisana ngokohlelo olujwayelekile lokuqapha. Konke lokhu — akuzona izifo noma amadosi, kodwa ukuqapha okuvamile kokuphila.

9. Ukupheka:

• Idosi: cishe izingcezu ezi-1–3 kwi-250–350 ml amanzi; izingcezu eziningi nokunikeza isikhathi eside — ubumuncu nokubaba kuyakhula
• Amanzi nezinga lokushisa: ukuthola iphunga eligqamile nokugcwala kokunambitheka, amanzi ashisayo acishe abe ngu-85–95 °C ayafaneleka; uma kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina uvithamini C, amanzi athathwa epholile kancane, acishe abe ngu-60–70 °C
• Izitsha: ingilazi ilula kakhulu — inkomishi, i-flask noma itiye pot ekhanyayo, lapho insipho ibonakala khona; i-gaiwan nayo iyafaneleka
• Isikhathi: insipho yokuqala — cishe imizuzu e-2–4; ukunikeza isikhathi eside kukhulisa ukubaba
• Ukuthelela okuphindaphindiwe: izingcezu zimelana nokuthelwa izikhathi ezimbalwa, ngokuthelela ngakunye insipho iba lula futhi ibe buthakathaka
• Ukuphakelwa okubandayo: izingcezu zivuleka kahle ekunikezeni izikhathi okubandayo — zifakwa amanzi okuphuza futhi zigcinwe amahora ambalwa efrijini, kutholakala isiphuzo esilula, esingababi kangako
• Izithasiselo: uju lusabalele (蜂蜜, fēngmì), ingcezu yejinja noma amajikijolo omisiwe; uju ngokuvamile lufakwa ensipheni epholile kancane, hhayi emanzini abilayo kakhulu

Iseluleko esisebenzayo: ubumuncu nokubaba kulula ukukunciphisa kunokukwandisa, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuqala ngengcezu eyodwa kuya kwezimbili nokunikeza isikhathi esifushane, bese kulungiswa ngokokuthanda kwakho.

10. Ukugcina:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama, isiqukathi — esivaleka ngokuqinile
• Umswakama: izingcezu zidonsa umswakama; uma kufika umswakama, ziyathambisa, ziyanamathela futhi zibole kalula
• Ukukhanya nomoya: kusheshisa ukulahleka kwephunga nokushabalala kombala, ikakhulu ezingcezwini ezikhanyayo ezi-sublimated
• Isikhathi sokugcina: ngokupakishwa okufanele, umkhiqizo ugcinwa isikhathi eside, kodwa iphunga liyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke ukusha kweqembu kubalulekile

Ukupakishwa okuvuliwe kuhle ukugcinwa kuvalwe ngokuqinile, futhi uma kunenani elikhulu — kuhlukaniswe ngezabelo, ukuze kungangenwa umoya yonke indawo yokugcina njalo uma kusetshenziswa.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

• Inkomba (izinga lenani): amanani e-wholesale ancike kakhulu endleleni yokomisa nasekhwalithini; izingcezu zokomisa okushisayo ngokuvamile zishibhe ngokugqamile, ezi-sublimated — zibiza kakhulu. Amanani athile ayaguquka futhi akusona isethembiso sokuthengisa
• Indlela yokubuka izinto zokusetshenziswa ezithembekile: izingcezu ezilinganayo ezinomoya we-citrus wemvelo; kwezikhanyayo — umbala ophuzi-oluhlaza ogcinwe ngaphandle kokugqama okungemvelo, kwezimnyama — ithoni elinganayo le-amber
• Yini esetshenziswa esikhundleni nokuthi yini eyonakalisa iqembu: izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela ezithelweni ezivuthwe kakhulu noma ezonakele; izingcezu ezimnyama kakhulu, “ezishile” ezivela ekomasini okungalungile; ama-sweeteners, izithasiselo zephunga noma izifaka-mbala ezifakwe “ukwenza kubukeke”; imizamo yokuveza ezinye i-citrus ezishibhe kakhulu esikhundleni selamula
• Yini okufanele ibhekwe: iphunga lemvelo eliphilayo, ukungabibikho kwephunga lamakhemikhali angaphandle, ukuphelela nokufana kwezingcezu, ukumakwa okuqotho kwendlela yokomisa nokwakheka ngaphandle kwesithasiselo esingadingekile

Ngemuva kokunye, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi umbala ogqamile ngokungemvelo, “one-neon” wezingcezu ezikhanyayo — kuyisizathu sokuxwaya: ulamula omswe ngobunono unethoni ethobekile.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• I-Anyue — akuyona inhloko-dolobha yekalamula yomlando, kodwa “eyakhiwe”: itshalo lapha lisemincane, lekhulu lama-20, kodwa yilona elinikeza ingxenye enkulu yamalamula aseChina
• Uhlobo oluhamba phambili lwesifunda — i-Eureka (尤力克, yóulìkè), elijwayele nakwimakethe yomhlaba
• Ngombala wengcezu, ubuchwepheshe buvame ukuqagula: i-amber emnyama — ukomisa okushisayo, okukhanyayo okuluhlaza — ithempelesha ephansi noma i-sublimation
• Isihlobo esiseduze ngokohlobo — ikhasi le-mandarin eligugile laseXinhui (新会陈皮, Xīnhuì chénpí): nayo i-citrus eyomisiwe, ephekwako, kodwa yona, ngokungafani nelamula, ukuguga kubhekwa njengobuhle
• Ukunikeza izikhathi okubandayo — indlela ethandwayo yasehlobo: inikeza isiphuzo esilula nesinokubaba okuncane kunamanzi abilayo kakhulu

Ekuphetheni:

Izingcezu zikalamula omisiwe — isibonelo esibonakalayo sokuthi ilebula elilula lokuphila “itiye” liyisithela kanjani isimo esihluke ngokuphelele somkhiqizo. Lapha sibheke hhayi iqabunga leCamellia sinensis, kodwa isithelo se-citrus esomisiwe, okuthi ngohlelo lwaseChina lwedlule ngokuthembeka njengethatha indawo yetiye (代用茶) — insipho yezitshalo enendawo yayo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nesimo sokunambitheka. Isikhungo sale ndaba — i-Anyue yaseSichuan enezingadi zayo zekalamula nokugaya, futhi ukhiye wokuqonda umkhiqizo eshalofini — indlela yokomisa, efundeka ngokushesha ngombala nephunga lengcezu.

Lesi siphuzo kufanele sisithathe ngokuthula nangokwenhloso yaso: njengensipho enamakha, emuncu nepholile yenjabulo yansuku zonke, hhayi njengomuthi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kokubili ukukhetha izinto zokusetshenziswa nokupheka kuba lula — izingcezu ezimbalwa, izinga lokushisa elifanele, izitsha eziyingilazi nokulinganisela esikhathini sokunikeza, futhi uma uthanda isipuni soju noma ingcezu yejinja. Kukulokhu kulula impela lapho kuhlala khona ukuthandwa komkhiqizo, omi eduze netiye, kodwa okungelona itiye.

the teas described here are available from teamotea